=================================================================

                     ᪨ ⨢ "*.*"
                     㪮⢮ ૮ ..



                   -  ⥬
               ணࠬ஢   2.0

                      

                        #1/5 ( 1-5)




                        .᪢, 1990 .

=================================================================
                           

........................................................6
ॡ  ணࠬ  ⭮ ᯥ祭.............7
  㪮⢥............................................7
㪮⢮ 짮⥫........................................7
襭  祭......................................9
 1. ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ  ⥬..................12
  ਡ⨢ ᪥..................................12
⠭ ࡮ ᥬ.....................................14
 2. 砫 ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ஬.....................16
 ࢠ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ......................18
ᥬ஢ 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ.........................19
 ணࠬ...........................................21
 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ..................................21
 ந室?................................................22
䨪 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ.........23
뢮 ଠ樨  ன⢮ ..........................25
  ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ......................27
 ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM ..................................28
 3.    ப ࡮ ᥬ...........30
   ࡮ ᥬ  DOS...............................30
ࠬ  ப.....................................34
  ࠬ /A..................................................35
  ࠬ /B..................................................35
  ࠬ /C..................................................35
  ࠬ /D..................................................36
  ࠬ /E..................................................36
  ࠬ /H  /?...........................................37
  ࠬ /I..................................................38
  ࠬ /J..................................................39
  ࠬ /KH.................................................39
  ࠬ /KS.................................................40
  ࠬ /L..................................................40
  ࠬ /LA.................................................41
  ࠬ /M..................................................41
  ࠬ /ML.................................................42
  ࠬ /MU.................................................43
  ࠬ /MV#................................................43
  ࠬ /MX.................................................44
  ࠬ /N..................................................44
  ࠬ /P..................................................45
  ࠬ Q...................................................46
  ࠬ /R..................................................46
  ࠬ /S..................................................47
  ࠬ /T..................................................47
  ࠬ /V..................................................48
  ࠬ /W..................................................48
  ࠬ /X..................................................50
  ࠬ /Z..................................................50
  ࠬ /ZD.................................................50
  ࠬ /ZI.................................................51
ᢥ  䠩......................................53
 䨣樨.............................................54
 4. த 몠 ᥬ..............................55
⥪ .........................................55
  ᥬ...............................................58
 8088  8086.........................................61
  8086....................................62
.........................................................63
  뢮...................................................66
.......................................................68
 䫠.................................................70
 饣 祭.....................................72
 AX.....................................................73
 BX.....................................................74
 CX.....................................................75
 DX.....................................................77
 SI.....................................................78
 DI.....................................................79
 BP.....................................................81
 SP.....................................................82
⥫ 権...........................................86
 ॣ............................................87
 CS.....................................................92
 DS.....................................................92
 ES.....................................................92
 SS.....................................................93
 権  8086...............................94
 IBM PC  XT.........................................99
ன⢠   뢮.....................................100
⥬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ᥬ⢠ IBM PC........101
樮 ⥬ DOS......................................103
祭 ᨬ  ...............................105
뢮 ᨬ  ࠭.......................................106
뢮 ᨬ  ࠭.......................................108
 ⥬ -뢮..................................110
롮 ० ࠭...........................................110
 室    ।⢠...........112
㣨 ................................................112
 5. ᭮  ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ......113
   ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ............113
१ࢨ஢ ᫮.......................................116
ଠ ப.................................................118
⪨.........................................................119
 権  ४⨢..............................123
४⨢ END.................................................124
࠭......................................................127
஢ ࠭..........................................128
࠭-⠭............................................129
ࠦ.....................................................132
࠭-⪨................................................133
 樨  .....................................136
ਨ...................................................147
४⨢ । ᥣ⮢...............................151
饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢....................151
४⨢ .STACK, .CODE  .DATA...............................152
४⨢ DOSSEG..............................................157
४⨢ .MODEL..............................................158
㣨 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢.............161
⠭ ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢...................162
४⨢ SEGMENT.............................................164
४⨢ ENDS................................................164
४⨢ ASSUME..............................................164
⠭  饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢?...169
뤥 ..............................................169
,   ᭮.......................................171
।⠢ ᫮ 祭...............................175
롮 ᭮  㬮砭..................................181
樠஢ .....................................183
樠 ᨢ........................................185
樠 ப ᨬ..................................187
樠 ࠦ  ⮪...............................189
樠஢ ...................................191
 祩 .....................................193
६饭 ............................................197
롮 ࠧ ..........................................199
     ..................................202
८ࠧ ࠧ஢ ................................204
  ᥣ ॣࠬ.................................207
६饭   ⥪   ⥪..........................209
 묨.................................................210
-뢮....................................................211
樨......................................................213
䬥᪨ 樨.......................................213
  ⠭..........................................214
32-ࠧ來 ࠭.........................................215
祭  㬥襭.......................................218
  ...........................................220
 ...............................................224
᪨ 樨...........................................225
  横᪨ ᤢ...................................228
  室..............................................233
᫮ 室..........................................233
᫮ 室.............................................238
.........................................................242
ணࠬ..................................................247
믮 ணࠬ........................................248
। ࠬ஢...........................................253
頥 祭.........................................254
࠭ ॣ஢..........................................254
ਬ ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ..........................256



                               
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ࡮ ᥬ  Borland ।⠢  ᮡ  -
室 ᥬ  ࠧ襭 ० 뫮,  ᪮ -
ᥬ஢  48000 ப   (    IBM  PS/2,
 60), ᮢ⨬  ஠ᥬ஬  Microsoft MASM 
⥫쭮    ᯮ짮  ०  ७
ᨭ⠪. ᨬ  襣   ணࠬ஢ , -
ᮬ,  業  ᮡ,   ⠪  㣨  ।,
  ⥫쭮    ணࠬ஢   ᥬ.
। ⠪ ।  ⪮  㯮  ᫥騥  (஡
  ᠭ ):

     -  প  80386;
     - 襭 ᨭ⠪᪠ ஢ઠ ⨯;
     - 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢;
     - 襭 ࠢ ⨭;
     - ७ 権 POP  PUSH;
     - ७  CALL  㬥⠬    易⥫
       ࠬ஬ 몠;
     -  ⪨;
     -  䨪  ⥪  㬥 맮  -
       楤;
     -   ꥤ;
     -  ४⨢;
     - ० QUIRK, 㫨騩 MASM;
     -  ⫠  ஢ 室 ⥪    ࡮
       ⫠稪;
     - ஥ ⨫ 樨 ४ 뫮 (TCREF);
     - 䠩 䨣樨   䠩.

     ࡮ ᥬ    ᥬ஬,  ࠡ騬  
 ப,  ਭ  室 䠩 (䠩-
  ७ .ASM)  ᮧ   ꥪ 㫨 (䠩 
७  .OBJ).  ᫥  ⮣   ᯮ짮 ணࠬ-
-騪  Borland TLINK.EXE, ⫨ ᮪ ᪮-
 ,    祭 ꥪ 㫥 
ᮧ 믮塞 䠩 (䠩  ७ .EXE).

     ࡮ ᥬ ᮧ  ࠡ  ࠬ ਨ 8086
  8087  (  ஡    権  ஢  ਨ
8086/8087 ᠭ  ᮮ⢥ 㪮⢠  Intel).



ॡ  ணࠬ  ⭮ ᯥ祭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ⠥    ᥬ⢠  IBM  PC,
   XT, AT  PS/2,  ⠪   ᮢ⨬ 
 .   ࠡ ࡮ ᥬ ॡ -
 ⥬ MS-DOS (ᨨ 2.0   )      
256 ⨢ .

     ࡮  ᥬ    樨  ஢  8086,
80186,  80286   80386,  ⠪ 樨  饩 窮 
䬥᪨ ᮯ஢ 8087, 80287  80287.


  㪮⢥
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᠭ ࡮ ᥬ ⠢     ᮡ:
"㪮⢠  짮⥫   ࡮ ᥬ" ( ⥪) 
"ࠢ筮 㪮⢠   ࡮  ᥬ".    "㪮⢥
짮⥫"    ᭮ 樨  ᯮ짮 ࡮
ᥬ  ਢ 뢠饥 㪮⢮  ணࠬ-
  ࡮ ᥬ.  "ࠢ筮 㪮⢥" 뢠
,  ।। ᨬ    ४⨢,  ᯮ㥬
࡮ ᥬ஬.

     ᬮਬ ᮤঠ "㪮⢠ 짮⥫"   -
஡.

                       㪮⢮ 짮⥫
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       1 "⠭ ࡮  ᥬ  ⥬"  ᪠-
  䠩,  ᮤঠ  ਡ⨢ ᪥,    ⮬,
 㦭 , ⮡ ⠭  ⥬ ࡮ ᥬ.

       2 "砫 ࠡ    ࡮  ᥬ஬"  ᮤন
   ணࠬ஢ ᥬ  ਢ ᪮쪮
 ணࠬ, ⮡    ࠬࠬ, ᯮ-
묨     ப.

        3 "   ப" ஡ 뢠
 ࠬ  ப,   ⠪ ᪠뢠    䠩
䨣樨   䠩.

       4 "த 몠 ᥬ"  㦤 
 楫   8088  ⭮.

       5 "᭮  ணࠬ  ᥬ" -
 ᭮  ᥬ, ਢ  -
室 ଠ   ४⨢, , 饭  -
, ᥣ  ..

       6 " ஡  ணࠬ஢   ᥬ"
ࠧ  ⥬  5:   ஡ ᪠뢠  ண-
ࠬ஢  ࡮ ᥬ,  㦤   २-
⢠  ࡮  ᥬ,   ⠫쭮 뢠 ४⨢,
ப 樨  ..    ਢ ⠪ -
 ⨯ 訡,  묨     ண-
ࠬ஢.

       7 "䥩  ࡮  ᥬ஬    ࡮  "
뢠,   ᯮ짮 ᮢ⭮  몮 ᥬ 
ணࠬ஢ ᮪ ஢ ࡮ . ,   
  㫨  ᥬ   ﬨ ࡮ ,  ⠪ 
뢠  ࡮  㭪樨 ࡮ ᥬ.

       8 "⢨ ࡮ ᥬ  ࡮ ᪠"
᪠뢠,   ࣠   ணࠬ  -
 ᥬ 䥩  ࡮  ᪠.    ⢥  ਬ஢
ਢ  ணࠬ.

        9 "⮥ ணࠬ஢   ࡮  ᥬ"
 ஡ ᢥ頥  ,  祬 ᪠뢠  ।-
   (䨪  ८।  ᥣ⮢,  ப,
४⨢ । ᥣ⮢  ..).

       10 " 80386  㣨 " 뢠
ணࠬ஢  ᯮ짮  80386.

       11 "襭 ० ࡮ ᥬ" ᪠뢠-
  襭 ० (Ideal Mode)    祣    ⥫쭮
ᯮ짮.

     㪮⢮  ⠪  ६  ਫﬨ.    
 ਫ 뢠 䥩 ࡮ ᥬ    ࡮
ᨪ  ࡮ ஫,  ᫥ 饭 ⢥⠬  騥
.


                      襭  祭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       㪮⢥ ᯮ ᫥騥 ᮣ襭:

   祭 |   ᠭ 祭
--------------------------------------------------------------
               | ⮫  祪 । ப,  뢠-
     .         |  ᨭ⠪  ਢ ਬ ணࠬ-
     .         | ,      ⮬,   ࠣ ணࠬ
     .         | 饭.
               |
 ࠦ     | , 㪠   ਬ 묨 㪢-
               | , 뢠,        
               | ⠢  祭.  ਬ,    -
               |  ᨭ⠪  FFSET:
               |
               |       OFFSET ࠦ
               |
               |  뢠,     ஬ OFFSET -
               |   ᫥    ࠦ.   
               | 室   ᮮ⢥⢨   ⨬ ᨭ⠪-
               | ᮬ   :
               |
               |      OFFSET here+6
               |
               |   here+6  ࠦ.
               |
 [[_]] |     ᪮  砥 -
               | 易⥫  ᨭ⠪᪨ .  -
               | , ᨭ⠪ ᭮    
               | ᫥騬 ࠧ:
               |
               |  [[ࠦ.1]][ࠦ.2]
               |
               |  㪠뢠  ,    "ࠦ.1" 
               | 易⥫,  ᪮    祭  
               |   ᪮.    "ࠦ.2"
               |  易⥫    祭
               |  ᪮.
               |
               |     ,  ᮮ⢥饣  
               | ᨭ⠪,    [bx], ᨢ
               | 易⥫쭮 "ࠦ.1",   test(5),
               | ᯮ test  ⢥ "ࠦ.1".
               |
{롮1|롮2}|  ᪮    ⨪  ࠧ⥫
               | 㪠뢠  室 롮  
               |   ⠬. ਠ  롮 -
               |   䨣 ᪮  ࠧ -
               | 쭮 ⮩.      -
               | ਠ⮢.
               |
               | ਬ, 易⥫ ࠬ /W (஢
               | ।०  ᮮ饭    訡) 
               | ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:
               |
               |           /W{0|1|2}
               |
               |    /W0, /W1  /W2, 㪠 -
               |  ࠧ  ஢  ।०.
               |  㪠뢠 /W3  ᪠, ᪮-
               |  3  ᮤন        ਠ⮢
               | 롮,  㪠  䨣 ᪮.
               |
騥  |  窨, ᫥騥  ⠬, 뢠-
 ...   | ,    ⠪     襥
               | ⢮ ⮢.  , ਬ, ਢ-
               |  ᨭ⠪ ४⨢ PUBLIC:
               |
               |         PUBLIC [[,]]...
               |
               | 窨      ⮬ "" 㪠뢠,
               |       ⮫쪮  , ᪮쪮
               | ,     㤥 ।-
               |  .  , ᪮ ࢮ 
               |  祭     ᪮,  
               |   ࠩ   .
               |
।塞   |  窨    ।塞  ⥪
 ନ      | ନ.  ਬ,  ନ  "஬",
 "᪠"   | ᫨  ।   ࠧ, 砥-
               |   窨.
               |
 | 묨 㪢 㪠뢠 ⠪ 
               |    ᫥⥫쭮⥩ , 
               |   .  ⢥ ਬ஢ 
               | ਢ ENTER  CONTROL+C.
--------------------------------------------------------------

      ਬ:  ᫥饬 ਬ ,    㪮-
⢥ ᯮ ᮣ襭  祭.

     TAS[[_ࠬ]] _䠩[[, [[ꥪ_䠩]][[,
[[䠩_⨭]][[, [[䠩_४_뫮]]]]]]]][[;]]

      ᨭ⠪ 뢠,    ᭠砫   
ணࠬ (TASM), ⥬   - ⢮ 易-
⥫ ࠬ஢, 易⥫쭮 㦭    室 䠩
"_䠩",   ⥬             ꥪ⭮    䠩
"ꥪ_䠩", ।  ⠢  ,     
⠪    䠩  ⨭  "䠩_⨭" (।    ⠪
 㪠뢠 , ⤥     ꥪ⭮
   室   䠩)         䠩   ४   뫮
"䠩_४_뫮" (।  ⠪ 㦭 㪠 ,  -
     ⠫ 䠩).

       㪮⢥     IBM PC  ᮢ-
⨬   ,     ⨬  ࠧ㬥  ,  
஬ ᯮ  8088, 8086, 80186, 80286  80386
(  ⮩ ਨ  砥 筮,  8086).


 1. ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ  ⥬
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     । ⥬,     ணࠬ஢    ࡮
ᥬ,   㦭 ᤥ ᫥饥. 쬨 ਡ⨢
᪨ ࡮ ᥬ  ᤥ      (  
⨫ DOS) ࠡ . ᫥ ⮣ 室 (ਡ⨢)
᪨ 㡥   .

     ᫨  ᮡࠥ ᯮ짮 ࡮ ᥬ  MASM
(஠ᥬ    Microsoft),  ⠩  ਫ    
"ࠢ筮 㪮⢥"  ᬮ,   祬  ࡮ -
ᥬ ⫨砥  MASM.

           ਬ砭: । 砫 ࠡ   ᮤ-
       䠩 READ.ME,  ஬  ᮤঠ ଠ
       ᫥ ,  ⠪   㪮⢠.
                       ਡ⨢ ᪥
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ਡ⨢ ᪠ ࡮ ᥬ ᮤঠ ᫥-
騥 䠩:

     - TASM.EXE: ࡮ ᥬ;
     - TLINK.EXE: ࡮ 騪;
     - MAKE.EXE: ⨫  MAKE,  ࠡ    ०  
       ப;
     - TLIB.EXE: ࡮ ⥪;
     - README.COM: ணࠬ  뢮  ࠭ ⥪    䠩
       README;
     - README: ᫥ ଠ  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  
       㬥樨;
     - TCREF.EXE: ⨫ 樨 ४ 뫮  室
       䠩;
     - OBJXREF.COM: ⨫ 樨 ४ 뫮  ꥪ-
        䠩;
     - GREP.COM: ⨫ GREP;
     - TOUCH.EXE: ⨫  䠩;
     - INSTALL.EXE: ணࠬ ⠭;
     - MMACROS.MAC: 娢 䠩 ப ० MASM.

     ᯮ짮   㪮⢥  ਬ஢  ᮤঠ  
᫥ 䠩:

    HELLO.ASM
    HELLO2.ASM
    HELLOPRN.ASM
    REVERSE.ASM
    ECHOCHAR.ASM
    MODCHAR.ASM
    DELAY.ASM
    DSLYSTR.ASM
    USE_ES.ASM
    STDSEG.ASM
    STRINGS.ASM
    PRNTSTR.ASM
    CNTWORDS.ASM
    MAIN.ASM
    SUB1.ASM
    PLUSONE.C
    PLUSONE.ASM
    SQRETBLE.C
    SQRTBLE2.C
    STRINGUP.C
    DOTOTAL.ASM
    SHOWTOT.C
    DOTOTAL2.ASM
    TOGLFLAG.C
    TOGFLAG.ASM
    CALLCT.C
    COUNT.ASM
    COUNTLG.ASM
    CALCAVG.C
    AVERAGE.ASM
    SAMPLE.PAS
    ASMPROC.ASM
    TSAMPLE.PAS
    HEXTEST.PAS
    HEXSTR.ASM
    XCHANGE.PAS
    XCHANGE.ASM
    ENVTEST.PAS
    ENVSTR.ASM


                      ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᪥ INSTALL  ணࠬ   INSTALL.EXE, -
    ⠭  ⥬ ࡮  ᥬ. 
ணࠬ   :

     1. ⠭    ⪨  .   ⮬   
⠫,    㦥 䠩.

     2. ⠭   .      
⠭    室  ᯮ짮 ࡮ -
ᥬ 䠩  稨  ⥬  ᪮    
᪮.

     ⮡   ⠭,  ⥪騩 ᪮ 
,  ᮤন ணࠬ INSTALL,   INSTALL.  ࠬ-
       ࠭   뢮 ᪠  -
樨. ਬ, ᫨  믮 ⠭  ᪠ A, -
:

       INSTALL

     । 砫  ⠭   ଠ樥  
ॠ樨 ࡮ ᥬ (䠩 READ.ME).

          ਬ砭: ᫨  ࠡ⠥  ⥬,   ᯮ-
       ᯫ   ⠫,   । ᪮ ண-
      ࠬ INSTALL 㦭 ⠭ ୮- ०   
      :

        mode bw80

           ⠪ 㪠 ணࠬ INSTALL,   㦭 ࠡ-
       ୮  ०.  ⮣  ᯮ  ࠬ
     /b:

        INSTALL /b

      ⠭   ࡮  ᥬ        ⨫
INSTALL.  ᫨    ⪨ ,  ᮧ ⠫  
TASM.EXE  (  㤥    ᯮ짮).  ⥬
᪮ TASM.EXE   ⠫.  ᫨  ᯮ  ⥬
⮫쪮    ᪠,  ᪮ TASM.EXE    
᪮.


     ᫥ ⮣ ᪮    ⠫  ⨫,  -
묨  ᮡࠥ ࠡ.   .  ᫥饩   -
 ᭮ ணࠬ஢   ࡮ ᥬ TASM.


               2. 砫 ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ஬
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᫨   ࠭  ணࠬ஢  몥  ᥬ-
,   筨   .   室 ,
 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ -    ⥬,  㯭
⮫쪮 饭  栬.   ⮬.  ᥬ -
   祬 祫᪠ ଠ 몠  ᠬ  ,  
,     뫮 ।,  襩 ⥯ 祭. 
 ⠪ ,   ᥬ -  祭  .
᪨,  ணࠬ஢    ᥬ  ।⠢ ᮡ
⢥ ᯮᮡ ॠ樨 ᥣ ᯥ ⥩ -
஢  ਨ 8086  Intel,   "楬"  -
஢ ᥬ⢠ IBM PC  ᮢ⨬   ஢.

        ணࠬ 楫  몥 ᥬ  ,
᫨  ,  ᯮ짮  ᥬ  ணࠬ, -
ᠭ  ࡮ , ࡮ ᪠, ࡮ ஫, ࡮  ᨪ,
  㣨  몠.     砥   몠 ᥬ 
ᬮ ࠧࠡ뢠     ணࠬ.   
᪮ 讥 祭  ணࠬ  몥  ᥬ 
⠪    ࠢ ᥬ ᯥ⠬ ࠡ ,
 ᫥ ⠪ ⥬ ⠩.

           몮 ᥬ   -
 㭨  ᢮⢠  ணࠬ஢   .  砫 
   ᪮쪮 ࠡ ணࠬ,  ᠭ 
ᥬ.       ⢮ ᠬ ,
⠪    ࠡ⮩  ᥬ.  ⥬  -
  騬 ࠪ⨪ ஢,   ⭮,   -
஬ 8086,     業 ⮨⢠  몠  -
ᥬ   ⮣,   ᠥ  8086.  ᭥
⠪ ⤥ ᯥ⮢ ணࠬ஢   ᥬ,  ᯥ-
  ஢ IMP PC.

        த    5  ("᭮  
ணࠬ   몥 ᥬ"),  ன 뢠 
ணࠬ  ᥬ,  ᭮  ,  ,   㦥
㧭        㬬  뢠饩 ணࠬ-
-ਬ.

       6 (" ஡  ணࠬ஢    ᥬ-
")    9 ("⮥ ணࠬ஢  ࡮ ᥬ")
த ᠭ ணࠬ஢  ᥬ (த
⠯).  ⮬ ᪠뢠   ,  ப 
㣨  ࠧ⮣ ணࠬ஢.

      ᠬ , 稢 ᪮쪮 , , 筮,  ᬮ-
  ᯥ⮬  ணࠬ஢  ᥬ.    -
 ᭮ 몠  ᬮ   ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ண-
ࠬ.  ⥫쭮 ४㥬  ⥫쭮   -
㬥樨 ᯮ짮    ॢ室  ,  饭
ணࠬ஢    몥  ᥬ  ⥪ IBM PC (.
祭    㪮⢠). ஬ ⮣,  ४㥬
  ᯮ짮 "孨᪮ ࠢ筮 㪮⢮  -
 ⥬ DOS", "ࠢ筨  䥩    ⥬
-뢮"   "ࠢ筮 㪮⢮  ᮭ쭮 -
 XT"  IBM.  ( ᯮ짮 ⠪   -
᫥  ,     ⥬⨪  ,  ਬ
  ᥬ  ஢ 8088    ।.)  
㪮⢠   DOS  BIOS   IBM  ⠪ -
 䥩 ᥬ  ⥬  ணࠬ ᯥ祭
  ᯥ祭 ᮭ ஢  IBM.

     । 쭥訬 祭       ॡ-
       3 "ࠢ筨   ப",
⮡   ࠬࠬ  ப.    -
 ⠪ ⠭  ⥬  ࡮ ᥬ (ᤥ ࠡ-
稥  ᪮ ࡮ ᥬ  ᪮஢ 䠩  -
⨢ ᪮  ⪨ ),  ᠭ   1 "⠭-
 ࡮ ᥬ  ⥬".

     , 㦭 㯮  ⮬,    ᥬ  -  
᫮  ⥬   ॡ    ⮣, ⮡ -
  ⭮⥫쭮  ணࠬ  ⮬ 몥.   
ਬ   ᯮ짮  ।⢠,  । ⨬ 
㦤 (    祣- ).        
頥,   㤥 ᭥ . ᫨ , ,  -
 - ⭮ ।⢮,    "४-
⨢" "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".

       㯨  ࢮ ணࠬ.


                ࢠ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ணࠬ஢ ࢮ  ணࠬ  ࠤ樮  
ணࠬ,  뢮  ࠭ ᮮ饭 "ਢ!".  㤥 -
祭   ணࠬ, ᪮   襩 ࠢ-
 窮.   ⥪⮢ । (   ।஢,
 ନ 䠩   ASCII)   ᫥騥  ப
ணࠬ   HELLO.ASM:

   DOSSEG
   .MODEL SMALL
   .STACK 100h
   .DATA
Message  DB 'ਢ!',13,10,'$'
   .CODE
   mov    ax,@Data
   mov    dx,ax                   ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                  ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
                                  ;  ᥣ 
   mov    ah,9                    ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
   mov    dx,OFFSET Message       ; 뫪  ᮮ饭 "ਢ!"
   int    21h                     ; 뢥 "ਢ!"  ࠭
   mov    ah,4ch                  ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                  ; ணࠬ
   int    21h                     ;  ணࠬ
   END

     ᫥ ⮣,     ணࠬ,  ࠭    
᪥.

     ᫨    몠   ᪠,      -
,      ணࠬ ᪮쪮 .  -
⢨⥫쭮 ⠪, ணࠬ  ᥬ , ᪮ 
  ᥬ  믮   㭪権, 祬 
᪠  .  㣮 ஭,  ।⠢ ᢮,  
   ஢  樨 ᥬ ⠪,  -
.  砥,   ⫨稥  몮   ᪠,  ᥬ-
     ணࠬ஢  ⠪ ࠧ, 
 㤥  ,   ᯮᮡ.   ⮨  ᪮쪨
⥫ ப.


                ᥬ஢ 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᫥ ⮣,   ࠭ 䠩 HELLO.ASM,   -
  ணࠬ.  ,  । ⥬,   ᬮ  -
,  ॡ ८ࠧ ணࠬ  믮塞  .
      .  2.1,   ࠦ  横 ᮧ
ணࠬ (।஢, ᥬ஢,   믮-
),  ॡ  ⥫ 蠣 - ᥬ஢ 
.

                            ணࠬ
                                     |
    -------------------------------->|
    |                                |
    |                          ஢
    |                                |
    |                                V
    |          ------------------------------------------------
    |          |     室 䠩 ᥬ HELLO.ASM       |
    |          ------------------------------------------------
    |                                |
    |                         ᥬ஢
    |                                |
    |                                V
    |          -----------------------------------------------
    |          |          ꥪ 䠩 HELLO.OBJ           |
    |          -----------------------------------------------
    |                                |
    |                            
    |                                |
    |                                V
    |          -----------------------------------------------
    |          |         믮塞 䠩 HELLO.EXE          |
    |          -----------------------------------------------
    |                                |
    |                            믮
    |    ----------------------      |
    ----( ᫨ 㦭  )------
         ----------------------

     . 2.1 ஢, ᥬ஢,     -
 ணࠬ.

      ⠯ ᥬ஢  室  (⥪  ணࠬ)
ॢ頥   ஬ ,  뢠 ꥪ
㫥,   ⠯    ᪮쪮 㫥  -
  믮塞 ணࠬ. ᥬ஢   
 믮    ப.

      ᥬ஢ 䠩 HELLO.ASM  :

        TASM hello

   ENTER. ᫨        㣮  ,  䠩
HELLO.ASM  㤥  ᥬ஢    䠩 HELLO.OBJ. (⨬, 
७  䠩   ॡ. ࡮ ᥬ -
ࠧ㬥  ⮬ 砥,  䠩  ७ .ASM.)  -
࠭  㢨 ᫥饥:

 Turbo Assembler Version 2.0 Copyright (C) 1990        (1)
                                     by Borland International
 Inc.
 Assembling file: HELLO.ASM       (2)
 Error messages: None             (3)
 Warning messages: None           (4)
 Remaining memory: 266K           (5)

1 - ࡮ ᥬ,  2.0; ᪨ ࠢ    Borland,
1990 .; 2 - ᥬ஢ 䠩 HELLO.ASM; 3 - ᮮ饭  訡-
: ; 4 - ।०騥 ᮮ饭: ; 5 - ⠥  -
: 266

     ᫨   䠩 HELLO.ASM  筮 ⠪,  ,
     ।० ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭
 訡. ᫨  砥 ⠪ ᮮ饭,    
࠭     ࠬ ப, 㪠뢠騬 ப,  ᮤ-
 訡.  祭 ᮮ饭  訡 ஢ 室-
  (⥪) ணࠬ  㡥,   룫廊 筮 ⠪,
 室   襬 ਬ,    ⥬  ᭮  ᥬ
ணࠬ.


                          ணࠬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᫥ ᥬ஢ 䠩 HELLO.ASM  த㫨 ⮫쪮
   蠣   ᮧ ணࠬ. , ᫨  ᪮-
 ⮫쪮  祭 ꥪ   믮塞 , 
ᬮ  ணࠬ.

         ணࠬ  ᯮ  ணࠬ   TLINK,
।⠢ ᮡ ⠢塞   ࡮ ᥬ஬ -
騪.   ப:

       TLINK HELLO

        ॡ    ७    䠩.
TLINK    㬮砭  ।,  ⨬ ७ 
७ .OBJ.    (ᠬ 襥 १
᪮쪮  ᥪ㭤),  騪  ⮬᪨  ᢮ 䠩 
७ .EXE , ᮢ饥   襣 ꥪ⭮ 䠩-
 (᫨   । 㣮 ).  ᯥ譮  
࠭  ᮮ饭:

     Turbo Linker Version 3.0 Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 by by Bor-
land International Inc.

             訡  (  
ணࠬ   ⭮). ᫨  稫 ᮮ饭  訡-
  ( 뢮  ࠭),    室  
ணࠬ ⠪, ⮡   筮 ᮮ⢥⢮ ⥪ ணࠬ-
  ਢ  ਬ,  ⥬ ᭮ 믮  ᥬ-
஢  .


 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ணࠬ    믮.  ⮣  
⢥  ᪠ 樮 ⥬ DOS  hello   -
 ENTER.  ࠭ 뢥 ᮮ饭:

        ਢ!

  .  ⮫쪮  ᮧ  믮 ᢮  ண-
ࠬ  ᥬ!.


                             ந室?
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,   稫  믮  ணࠬ  HELLO.ASM,
  ୥     ᬮਬ ஡,  ந室 
  ⥪ ணࠬ   믮.

        ࠧ  室  ணࠬ  ᥬ-
,    ⥪ ࠭ ⥪⮢ ।஬  . ᫨
⠭      - 稭 㤥 몫-
祭,  室  㤥 , ⮬  ४㥬  -
 ࠭ 室 , ⮡  ⠪ ࠣ. ᫥
⮣,      ࠭ 室   ᪥, ﭭ 
⥪ 㤥 ᠭ  䠩 HELLO.ASM,  ࠭  -
 몫祭  ᡮ ⠭ (  䠩   -
  १  ᪠, ⮬ ४ ॣ୮ -
  १ࢭ    䠩).  HELLO.ASM -  ⠭
⥪c⮢ 䠩   ASCII.   뢥   ࠭, -
  ⢥  ᪠ DOS :

        type hello.asm

  ⠪ ।஢   ⥪⮢ ।.

       ᥬ 䠩 HELLO.ASM, ࡮ ᥬ ॢ-
頥  ⥪  権  ⮬ 䠩     
ꥪ⭮ 䠩 HELLO.OBJ.  䠩  ஬  䠩-
 (஬    室  ⥪⮢  -
塞 䠩).  HELLO.OBJ ᮤন  ଠ,  -
室  ᮧ 믮塞   権, ᮤঠ-
  䠩 HELLO.ASM,   ᠭ  ,    
஢    㣨 ꥪ묨 䠩  ᮧ 
ணࠬ.   5 (" ஡  ணࠬ஢  ࡮
ᥬ")   㢨,  ᪮쪮    
 ࠧࠡ⪥  ணࠬ.

       䠩 HELLO.OBJ ⨫ TLINK ८ࠧ 
 믮塞 䠩 HELLO.EXE,    ᪠,  hello
 ⢥  ᪠ DOS.

       :

        dir hello.*

 ⮬ 㤥 뢥 ᯨ᮪ 䠩 HELLO   ᪥.    
䠩 HELLO.ASM, HELLO.OBJ, HELLO.EXE  HELLO.MAP.

        䨪 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᭮   ।  㥬 ணࠬ  -
  ࠧ,  ⮡      ਭ -  
譥 । (⮩ "譥 ।" 㤥 ,   
   ).  ணࠬ ᫥騬 -
ࠧ:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL SMALL
        .STACK 100h
        .DATA
     TimePrompt DB ' ६ ᫥ 㤭? (/) - [Y/N]$'
     GoodMorningMessage LABEL BYTE
                DB 13,10,'஥ !',13,10,'$'
     GoodAfternoonMessage LABEL BYTE
                DB 13,10,'ࠢ!',13.10,'$'
        .CODE
        mov    ax,@Data
        mov    dx,ax             ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                 ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
                                 ;  ᥣ 
        mov    dx,OFFSET TimePrompt ; 뫪  ᮮ饭-
        mov    ah,9              ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
        int    21h               ;  ⢥  
                                 ; ᨬ
        cmp    al,'Y'            ; 㪠 ६ ᫥ 㤭
                                 ; (ய᭠ 㪢 Y)
        jz     IsAfternoon       ; , ६ 㪠 ᫥
                                 ; 㤭
        cmp    al,'y'            ; 㪠 ६ ᫥ 㤭
                                 ; (筠 㪢 y)
        jnz    IsMorning         ; , ६ 㪠 
                                 ; 㤭
     IsAfternoon:
        mov    dx,OFFSET GoodAfternoonMessage ; 㪠뢠 
                                 ; ਢ⢨ "ࠢ"
        jmp    DisplayGreeting
     IsMorning:
        mov    dx,OFFSET GoodMorningMessage ; 㪠뢠 
                                 ; ਢ⢨ "஥ "
     DisplayGreeting:
        mov    ah,9              ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ᮮ饭
        int    21h               ; 뢥 ᮮ⢥饥
                                 ; ᮮ饭
        mov    ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                 ; ணࠬ
        int    21h               ;  ணࠬ
        END

      ࠧ    ணࠬ  祭  
।⢠:        ਭ⨥ 襭.  ணࠬ
訢  ,    ६ ६ ᫥  -
㤭,  ਭ  ⢥ ( ᨬ)  . ᫨ ⠪
⢥⮬ 㤥 㪢 Y  孥   ॣ ( 砥
⢥ ),  ணࠬ 뢮 ᮮ饭 "ࠢ!",  -
⨢ 砥 뢮 ᮮ饭 "஥ !".    ண-
ࠬ     ᭮   ணࠬ:  
ଠ樨 譥 ।, ࠡ⪠   ਭ⨥ 襭.

     ࠭  ஢ ணࠬ  ᪥. ( ⮬
室  䠩 HELLO.ASM  ஢ ,
⮬   㤥 ﭠ.) ᫥ ⮣   ᥬ-
    ᪮ ணࠬ,   ।饬 ਬ. -
  ᭮,  hello  ⢥  ᪠ DOS. 뢥
ᮮ饭:

         ६ ᫥ 㤭? (/) - [Y/N]

      㤥   ᫥ ᨬ     
⢥.  Y. ணࠬ ⢥:

        ࠢ!

      ࠧ HELLO.ASM ⠫ ⥯ ࠪ⨢  ணࠬ-
  ਭ⨥ 襭.

      室 ᥬ஢ , 筮,  ࠧ ᮮ-
饭  訡 - ࠢ쭮  ணࠬ  訡 
ᨭ⠪. ࡮ ᥬ 墠뢠 ⠪ 訡, ᮮ 
. 뢮 ᮮ饭  訡 ࠧ   ⥣ਨ:
।०  訡. ᫨ ࡮ ᥬ 㦨 -
⥫쭮,   易⥫쭮 ୮,  뢮 ।०-
饥 ᮮ饭.   ।०騥 ᮮ饭  -
஢,   ᥣ   ஢  㡥  ⮬,    
    ஡.   㦥 祣-  -
쭮  襩 ணࠬ,    襭 -
ᥬ஢   ନ஢  ꥪ⭮ 䠩,  ࡮ ᥬ
뢮 ᮮ饭  訡.

     㣨 ᫮, ।०騥 ᮮ饭  ᢨ⥫-
  ᪨ 訡,    ६  訡,   -
  ᮮ饭  訡,    ࠢ । -
᪮ ணࠬ.  ਫ E "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠" ᮤ-
  祭 ᮮ饭  訡  ।०  -
饭.

         ணࠬ஢, ࡮ ᥬ   
ᯮ  訡     ணࠬ. ࡮ ᥬ ⮫쪮
ᮮ頥 ,    ᥬ㥬   믮  ⮬
,   ,     ᤥ 뢮  ⮬, 㤥 
ணࠬ ࠡ ⠪,   ⮣ .  ⮬    -
 ⮫쪮  ᠬ.

      ᯮ, ᫨  ᥩ  ᮢᥬ  㫠 
ਢ    ਬ ணࠬ  ᥬ.  ணࠬ-
⠬, 騬  ࠡ  㣨  몠,  ॡ  ஥
६,  ⮡ ᢮  몮 ᥬ  8086. -
 , ⮡   稫 ।⠢  ⮬,  -
廊 ணࠬ   ᥬ.   ⮩     "-
  ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ"   襬  
 ।⠢ ணࠬ.

     ⮡  ᯥ ணࠬ (뢥    ன-
⢮ ),    㪮  । ⥪⮢.  -
室 䠩 ࡮ ᥬ ।⠢ ᮡ   ⥪-
  䠩      ASCII  (ਪ᪨  ⠭  
ଠ樥),  ⮬   ⠪  室  ⥪
ணࠬ  ᥬ ( ன⢥ )    
PRINT,    ⢥  ᪠ 樮 ⥬ DOS.

                 뢮 ଠ樨  ன⢮ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ன⢮  (ਭ) -  祭  ன⢮.
   ⮫쪮 ॡ ᯥ ⥪ ணࠬ, 
 ।   ਭ  뢮  ଠ.    
ணࠬ 뢮 ଠ  ࠭  ਭ:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL SMALL
        .STACK 100h
        .DATA
     Message  DB 'ਢ!',13,10,'$'
     Message_Length EQO $ - Message
        .CODE
        mov    ax,@Data
        mov    dx,ax             ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                 ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
        mov    ah,40h            ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
                                 ;  ன⢮
        mov    bx,4              ; ⥫ ਭ
        mov    cx,Message_Length ; ᫮ ⠥ ᨬ
        mov    dx,OFFSET Message ; 뫪  "ਢ!"
        int    21h               ; 뢥 "ਢ!" ਭ
        mov    ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                 ; ணࠬ
        int    21h               ;  ணࠬ
        END

       ᨨ ணࠬ 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப  ࠭
  㭪 DOS,  । ଠ  ࠭
ன⢮   䠩,   砥 -   ਭ.    
  ணࠬ.  ᬮ,   ⠥  ਭ
᫮ "ਢ!". (। ᪮ ணࠬ     -
  襭 ࠡ  ।.   ⮬ ணࠬ 㤥
࠭  䠩 HELLO.ASM,   ।  ணࠬ 㤥
ﭠ.)

       ஢  ணࠬ ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡
  ᭮  뫠 室   ࠭,    ன⢮
,   ப:

        mov   bx,4     ; ⥫ ਭ

 ப:

        mov   bx,1     ; ⥫ ⠭⭮ 뢮

      ⠪ ,  ⥬ ᭮ 믮 ४-
    ४  ணࠬ  ।   ᪮. ⨢
ணࠬ,  㢨,  ᮮ饭   ࠭,    -
 ᨬ 㤥 ᪨ ᨬ ॢ ଠ (㦮
 ⨪ ).  ᨬ ணࠬ  ।    ਭ,
⮡ 㤨  ᫥ 뢮 ᮮ饭 믮 ॢ -
. ᪮  ࠭ ࠭ ,  祣    -
  ଠ   뢮  ࠭ ᨬ   ᨬ
 .

                 ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ⮢  ⮬, ⮡    ணࠬ,
 ⢨⥫쭮 - . ୨  ⥪⮢ ।-
   ᫥ ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM:

       DOSSEG
       .MODEL SMALL
       .STACK 100h
       .DATA
    MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH  EQU  1000
    StringToReverse        DB   MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH  DUP (?)
    ReverseString          DB   MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH  DUP (?)
       .CODE
       mov    ax,@Data
       mov    dx,ax             ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
       mov    ah,3fh            ; 㭪 DOS ⥭ 
       mov    bx,0              ; ⥫ ⠭⭮ 
       mov    cx,MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH ;   ᨬ-
                                ;  ᫠ ᨬ
       mov    dx,OFFSET StringToReverse ; ࠭ ப
       int    21h               ;  ப
       and    ax,ax             ; 뫨 ⠭ ᨬ?
       jz     Done              ; , 
       mov    cx,ax             ;   ப 
                                ; ॣ ,  
                                ; ᯮ짮,  稪
       push   cx                ; ࠭  ⥪ 
                                ; ப
       mov    bx,OFFSET StringToReverse
       mov    si,OFFSET ReverseString
       add    si,cx
       dec    si                ; 㪠뢠   
                                ; ப
    ReverseLoop:
       mov    al,[bx]           ;  ᫥騩 ᨬ
       mov    [si],al           ; ࠭ ᨬ 
                                ; ⭮ 浪
       inc    bx                ; 㪠⥫  ᫥騩
                                ; ᨬ
       dec    si                ; 㪠⥫  ।
                                ; 祩 buffer
       loop   ReverseLoop       ; ६ ᫥騩
                                ; ᨬ, ᫨  
       pop    cx                ;   ப
       mov    ax,40h            ; 㭪  DOS
       mov    bx,1              ; ⥫ ⠭⭮
                                ; 뢮
       mov    dx,OFFSET ReverceString ;  ப
    Done:
       mov    ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                ; ணࠬ
       int    21h               ;  ணࠬ
       END

       㢨,  ᬮ   ணࠬ.  -
    ࠭ (  REVERSE.ASM).

                      ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᪠ ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM    ᭠砫  ᥬ-
஢ :

        TASM reverse

 ⥬ :

        TLINK reverse

 ᮧ 믮塞 䠩.  ணࠬ,   -
  ᪠ DOS ᫮ reverse.  砥 뢮  ᥬ-
஢ ᮮ饭  訡, ⥫쭮 ஢ 室 ,
ࠢ   ਢ ⥪⮬,  ⥬ ⠩ 
.

     ᫥ ᪠ ணࠬ  ࠭ ⠭  騩  -
. 祢, ணࠬ ,   - . -
஡ :

        ABCDEFG

 ⥬   ENTER. ணࠬ 뢥  ࠭:

        GFEDCBA

  ࠡ.   reverse    ப.  
 ࠧ :

        0123456789

   ENTER. ணࠬ 뢥  ࠭:

        9876543210

      ᭮,   ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM:   
冷  ᨬ   ப  .  ࠡ
 ப  ᨬ -    ⥩,     ᥬ-
  ॢ室   ᢮ ⢠.  㢨  
᫥ ᪮쪨 .

       ࠢ!  ⮫쪮  , ᥬ஢  
᪮  ᪮쪮  ணࠬ  ᥬ , ⠪ ࠧ,
  ⢨  ᭮ ணࠬ஢   ᥬ-
: , ࠡ⪮   뢮.

     ᫨    ᮧ ꥪ 䠩,    -
 䠩 ⨭,  ᫨    䠩 ४
뫮,    ᮧ 䠩 ⨭  ꥪ  䠩,
    ⢥    䠩  ⮥  (㫥)  ன⢮
(NULL). ਬ, :

        TASM FILE1,,NUL,

ᥬ 䠩 FILE1.ASM  ꥪ 䠩 FILE1.OBJ,  ᮧ-
 䠩 ⨭,  ᮧ 䠩 ४ 뫮 FILE1.XRF.

       ⮢  ⮬,  ⮡    ᭮  
ணࠬ஢   몥 ᥬ,    ᪠뢠 
 5 " ணࠬ  ᥬ".



 3.    ப ࡮ ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       饭       易⥫묨
ࠬࠬ    ப ࡮ ᥬ.  襬 
ࠬ  ப,       ᯮ짮  
⮣,  ⮡    ᥬ,  ,   
ᯮ  䠩. ,  襬 ⠪ 䠩  -
䨣樨.

                     ࡮ ᥬ  DOS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ࡮ ᥬ  祭      ᨭ⠪
 ப. ᫨   ࡮ ᥬ,   -
 㬥⮢, ਬ:

        TASM

  ࠭ 뢥 ࠢ筠 ଠ,  ( ᪮ -
) 뢠 ⢮ ࠬ஢  ப  ᨭ⠪
 ᯥ䨪樨 ᥬ㥬 䠩.  . 3.1 , 
 룫廊.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Turbo Assembler Version 2.0 Copyright (C) 1990
                                    by Borland International, Inc
Usage:

TASM [ࠬ] _䠩 [,ꥪ_䠩] [,⨭] [,_뫪]

/a,/s         冷稢  ᥣ⮢    䠢⭮  浪
               浪 室 

/c              ⨭ ४ 뫮

/dSYM[=VAL]   । SYM = 0  SYM = VAL

/e,/r         㫨㥬  ⢨⥫ 樨  -
              饩 窮

/h,/?         뢮  ࠢ筠 ଠ

/lPATH        砥 䠩   ,  ।塞
              PATH

/jCMD         । 砫 ४⨢ ᥬ (-
              , jIDEAL)

/kh#,/ks#     魮 -⠡ #, 魮 ꥬ ப #

/l,/la         ⨭: l= ⨭, la=७-
              

/ml,/mx,/mu   稬  ॣ 㪢 䨪஢:
              ml=, mx=, mu= ࠧ

/mv#           ᨬ  䨪஢

/m#           蠥  믮 ᪮쪨 室  㤮-
              ⢮७ ० 뫮

/n              ⨭ ⠡ ᨬ
              (䨪஢)

/p            ஢ઠ ४ ᥣ   饭
              ०

/q             ᥩ .OBJ,  ॡ騥  -
              

/t             ᮮ饭  ᯥ譮 ᥬ஢

/w0,/w1,/w2     ஢ ।०:  w0=
              ।०, w1=w2= ।०

/w-xxx,/w+xxx 饭  ࠧ襭 ।० ⨯ xxx

/x            祭  ⨭  ᫮ ᥬ஢-
              

/zi,/zd       ଠ  䨪  ⫠:  zi=-
              , zd=⮫쪮   ப
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     . 3.1  ப ࡮  ᥬ.

       ࠬ஢  ப    
    ᪮쪨 ᥬ㥬 䠩,  ⠪ ࠬ,
ࠢ騥  ᥬ஢.

     騩   ப 룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

        TASM 䠩 [; 䠩]...

     窠  ⮩ ᫥  ⭮ ᪮   
     ப ᥬ஢ ᪮쪮 㯯 䠩.
        㯯  䠩  ࠧ
ࠬ, ਬ:

        TASM /E FILE1; /A FILE2

      饬 砥 㯯 䠩   ப   
:

 [ࠬ]..._䠩 [[+] 室_䠩]...
              [,[ꥪ_䠩] [, [䠩_⨭],
              [, [䠩_४_뫮]]

      ᨭ⠪ 뢠,  㯯 䠩  稭-
   ࠬ,    ਬ  ⨬ 䠩,
 ⥬  ᫥ 䠩,     ᥬ஢.
 䠩     䠩,     ᯮ짮-
   ᨬ DOS *  ?   㯯 -
ᥬ㥬 䠩. ᫨ ७  䠩  㪠, -
 ᥬ ᯮ  㬮砭 ७ .ASM.

        TASM MYFILE,,,MYXREF

       ⮩    䠩  MYFILE.ASM  ᥬ    䠩
MYFILE.OBJ, ⨭  뢮  䠩   MYFILE.LST,   -
४ 뫪 -  䠩 MYXREF.XRF.

     ᫨  ᯥ䨪樨 ᥬ㥬 室 䠩   -
    ᨬ,    ᯮ짮 ⠪ 
  䠩 ⨭  ꥪ⭮ 䠩. ਬ, ᫨  
⥪饬 ⠫ ᮤঠ 䠩 XX1.ASM  XX2.ASM,  
ப:

        TASM XX*,YY*

ᥬ  䠩, 稭騥  㪢 XX,  ꥪ-
  䠩,       稭  YY,   ⠫
  ନ  ᮮ⢥⢨     室  䠩.
騥 ꥪ 䠩 , ⠪ ࠧ,  YY1,
OBJ  YY2.OBJ.

     ᫨    ᮧ ꥪ 䠩,    -
 䠩 ⨭,  ᫨    䠩 ४
뫮,    ᮧ 䠩 ⨭  ꥪ  䠩,
   ⢥  䠩  㫥 (䨪⨢) ன-
⢮. ਬ:

        TASM FILE1,,NUL,

       ᥬ 䠩  FILE1.ASM    ꥪ  䠩
FILE1.OBJ.   ⮬ 䠩 ⨭  ᮧ,  ᮧ 䠩
४ 뫮 FILE1.XRF.



                      ࠬ  ப
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     易⥫ ࠬ  ப    -
ࠢ  ᥬ,   ⠪ ⥬,   ଠ 
뢮  ࠭,   ⨭  ꥪ 䠩.  ࡮ ᥬ
।ᬮ७   ࠬ,    믮 
⢨,   ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᮢ⨬ ⥪饩 ᨨ
TASM      ।騬   ﬨ   MASM   (஠ᥬ  
Microsoft):

        /B         ࠧ 
        /V        뢮  ࠭ ⥫ ⨪

         ࠬ,  ।⠢騥  ᮡ  
 㪢  孥   ॣ. ஬ ⮣, ࠬ-
     浪 (஬ ࠬ஢ /I  /J), 
   ⮬ ࠡ뢠 ᫥⥫쭮.  ᯮ짮
ࠬ /D 㦭  ⥫: 䨪  ।-
  ⮣,    ᯮ짮  ᫥ ࠬ
/D.

           ਬ砭:   ४⨢, 㪠  襬  -
      室  ,   ⬥   ࠬ
      ᥬ.

      . 3.1 (. ) ਢ ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢ ࡮  -
ᥬ.     ࠬ  ᠭ ஡ (  ⠪
 㪢   ॣ).



                              ࠬ /A
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  䠢⭮  -
浪.

     ⠪: /A

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /A 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  ᥣ-
  ꥪ⭮ 䠩   ࠧ饭  䠢⭮ -
.  ⭮  ᯮ짮    室    ४⨢
.ALPHA.

     ⨬ ࠬ஬ 筮 室 짮 ⮣,  
    ᥬ஢  室  䠩, ᠭ  ࠭
ᨩ ᥬ஢  Microsoft  IBM.

     ࠬ /S  ⢨  ࠬ  ⭮,
࠭  ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᫥⥫쭮 㯮冷稢-
 ᥣ⮢.

     ᫨  室 䠩       ४⨢  .SEQ
᫥⥫쭮  㯮冷稢  ᥣ⮢,    ⬥ -
⢨ ࠬ /A,    ப.

     ਬ:

        TASM /A TEST1

       ப ᮧ  ꥪ  䠩  TEST1.OBJ,
ᥣ ண 㯮冷稢  䠢⭮ 浪.


ࠬ /B
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⠪: /B

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /B ᯮ ⮫쪮  楫  ᮢ-
⨬  㣨 ﬨ.   ਢ    ⢨ 
 뢠 ﭨ  ᥬ஢.



ࠬ /C
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 蠥   ⨭ ४ 뫪.

     ⠪: /C
     ਬ砭: ࠬ /C ࠧ蠥 祭  䠩  ⨭
ଠ樨    ४ 뫪. ࡮ ᥬ 砥 -
ଠ  ४ 뫪  ⠡ 䨪஢  
䠩 ⨭. ⮡  ଠ  ४ 뫪,
 㦭 ⠪      ப    䠩
⨭   ᯮ짮  ࠧ襭 ନ஢ 䠩 -
⨭ ࠬ /L.

       䨪  ४ 뫪 㪠뢠-
  ப,    ன  ।   ப,   
 뫪.
                              ࠬ /D
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: । 䨪.

     ⠪: /D䨪[=祭  ࠦ]
     ਬ砭: ࠬ /D ।  䨪  室-
  䠩,  筮  ⠪,   ᫨   ।  ࢮ
ப 室 䠩   ४⨢ =.    ப
 ࠬ  ᯮ짮  ᫮ ࠧ.

       ⮫쪮 ।  䨪,  ࠢ  㣮
䨪,    ﭭ  祭.  ࠢ   -
⢠ (=)  ᪠ ᯮ짮 ࠦ    ﬨ.
ਬ,  ⨬ /DX=9  /DX=Y,  ࠬ /DX=Y-4  -
.

     ਬ:

        TASM /DMAX=10 /DMIN=2 TEST1

        ப  ।    䨪
MAX  MIN,    뫠 㣨   室
䠩 TEST1.ASM.
                              ࠬ /E
-----------------------------------------------------------------


     㭪:  樨 樨 ࠡ    饩
窮.

     ⠪: /E

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /E 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
 ஢ 樨 ࠡ  饩 窮,  -
 믮     ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  (
権    饩  窮).  ᯮ  ࠬ, ᫨
 ணࠬ ᮤন ⥪ 樨  ࠡ    饩
窮,    㫨  㭪樨 䬥᪮ ᮯ
8087.

     筮  ࠬ ᫥ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⮬  -
砥, ᫨    ᥬ   ணࠬ, -
ᠭ  몥 ᮪ ஢,  ன ᯮ -
⥪ 樨 ࠡ  饩 窮 ( 権  -
饩 窮 ন ࡮ , ࡮ ᪠, ࡮  ᨪ
  ࡮  ஫).      ᪮ ணࠬ 
ᥬ  ⥪ 樨, ⠪    ।,  
⥪  樠஢ 砫  .

     ࠬ /R  ⢨  ࠬ  ⭮,
ࠧ  ᥬ஢  ⢨⥫  権  饩
窮,   믮 䬥᪨ ᮯ஬.

     ᫨  室 䠩  ᯮ  ४⨢  NOEMUL,  
 ⬥ ⢨ ࠬ /E   ப.

     ࠬ  ப /E 뢠   ⢨,  
ᯮ짮   砫 室 䠩 ४⨢ EMUL,  -
⥭ ࠬ  ப /JEMUL.

     ਬ:

        TASM /E SEGANT
        TCC -f TRIG.C SEGANT.OBJ


ࠬ /H  /?
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 뢮  ࠭ ᯫ ࠢ ଠ.

     ⠪: /H  /?

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /H 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    
࠭  ᯫ  㦭  뢥 ࠢ ଠ, 뢠
ᨭ⠪  ப.  ࠢ筠 ଠ 砥  
ᥡ  ᯨ᮪  ࠬ஢,  ⠪ ࠧ   䠩-
. ࠬ /?    ᠬ.

                              ࠬ /I
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:   㯠  砥 䠩.

     ⠪: /I

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /I 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
 ᪠ 䠩, 砥  室 䠩  ४⨢ INCLUDE.
  ப  㪠 ᪮쪮 ࠬ஢ /I ( -
 ࠭祭 ⮫쪮 ࠧࠬ ⨢ ).

      ࡮ ᥬ  㦨  ४⨢  INCLUDE,  
,    㤥 ᪠ 砥 䠩 । ⥬, -
   䠩  ४⨢ INCLUDE ⮬ 㯠  -
,     䠩.

     ᫨   ⢥   䠩 㪠뢠 ,  
᭠砫  ⪠ ᪠   ,  ⥬ -
 ᥬ  믮   ⠫,    ࠬ
 ப /I ( ⮬ 浪,    㪠   
ப). ⥬    䠩  ᥬ ⠫,    -
 /I 䠩 䨣樨.

     ᫨  ᯥ䨪樨  䠩   㪠뢠 , 
࡮  ᥬ  믮 ᭠砫   ⠫,  
ࠬ  ப /I, ⥬ -  ⠫,    
ࠬ /I 䠩 䨣樨, , ,  ⥪饬 ⠫.

     ਬ:

        TASM /I\INCLUDE /ID:\INCLUDE TEST1

     ᫨ 室 䠩 ᮤন :

        INCLUDE MYMACS.INC

 ࡮ ᥬ ᭠砫  䠩  \INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC,  ⥬
D:\INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC.  ᫨        襫  䠩,    䠩
  MYMACS.INC   ⥪饬 ⠫. ᫨   室
䠩 ᮤঠ :

        INCLUDE INCS\MYMACS.INC

   ࡮   ᥬ   ᭠砫   ᪠      砥   䠩
\INCS\MYMACS.INC,    ⥬    \INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC,   ,   
D:\INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC.

                              ࠬ /J
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: । ४⨢ 樠樨 ᥬ.

     ⠪: /J४⨢

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /J   ।  ४⨢,
  㤥  ᥬ஢  ।  ࢮ ப 室
䠩. "४⨢"  ।⠢ ᮡ  ४⨢ ࡮
ᥬ,    ॡ  㬥⮢,  ਬ,  .286,  IDEAL,
%MACS, NOJUMP  ..  ᠭ  ४⨢  ࡮  ᥬ
ᮤন  "ࠢ筮 㪮⢥"   3.

       ப   㪠    ࠬ
/J.  ⮬   ࠡ⠭ ᫥ ࠢ.

     ਬ:

        TASM /J.286 .JIDEAL TEST1

      ⮬ ᥬ 䠩 TEST1.ASM  ࠧ襭묨  -
ﬨ    80286  ࠧ襭 ᨭ⠪᪮ 
ࠦ  ० IDEAL.

                             ࠬ /KH
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ᨬ쭮 ⨬  ᫮  䨪-
஢.

     ⠪: /KHn䨪஢

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /KH  ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ᫮
䨪஢,  ஥    ᮤঠ ணࠬ. ᫨  
ᯮ  ࠬ,  ணࠬ  ᮤঠ ⮫-
   8192 䨪஢. ᯮ짮 ⮣ ࠬ -
 㢥  ᫮ 䨪஢  祭 "n䨪-
஢" ( 祭   ॢ 32768).

     ᯮ  ࠬ, ᫨  ᥬ஢  ண-
ࠬ  砥 ᮮ饭 "Out of hash space" (୮ -
࠭⢮ ௠).

      ࠬ  ⠪ ᯮ짮  㬥襭  -
饣  ᫠ 䨪஢  祭, 襣 祭 
㬮砭 (8192).    ᢮  ஥  ⢮
,      ,   ⠥ ᥬ-
஢ ணࠬ,     墠⠥ .

     ਬ:

        TASM /KH10000 BIGFILE


ࠬ /KS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ࠬ  ᨬ ࠧ  ப-
 ࠭⢠ ࡮ ᥬ.

     ⠪: /KHk

     ਬ砭: 筮 ࠧ ப ।  ⮬᪨
  ࠨ   ॡ.  ᫨    室-
 䠩,  ਢ  ᮮ饭 "Out of string space"  (
墠⠥  ப ࠭⢠),     ࠬ
  㢥 ப ࠭⢮. ⠩  
祭  100  㢥稢 ,   ணࠬ  㤥 -
ᥬ஢  訡. ᨬ쭮 ⨬ 祭 ( -
) - 255.

     ਬ:

        TASM /KS150 SFILE


ࠬ /L
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  䠩 ⨭.

     ⠪: /L
     ਬ砭: ࠬ /L 㪠뢠,        ᮧ
䠩  ⨭,    ᫨        ப
.  ⨭    ,   室 䠩,   -
७ .LST.

     ਬ:

        TASM /L TEST1

       ப ਢ  ᮧ 䠩 ⨭ 
 TEST1.LST.

ࠬ /LA
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 뢠  室 䠩  䥩  몮
᮪ ஢.

     ⠪: /LA

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /LA 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    
䠩 ⨭ 㦭 ࠧ  㥬 ,  ,
   १ ४⨢ 몠 ᮪ ஢
.MODEL.

     ਬ:

        TASM /LA FILE1
                              ࠬ /M
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ᨬ쭮 ᫮ 室 ᥬ.

     ⠪: /M[᫮_室]
     ਬ砭: 筮 ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ⠥,  室-
 ᥬ.  易⥫  ࠬ  /m   
ᨬ쭮 ᫮ 室,  ᥬ  믮 
 ᥬ஢.  ࡮ ᥬ TASM ⮬᪨ -
।,    믮   ᫠ 室.
᫨     㪠뢠  ᫮ 室,    㬮砭 -
 祭 5.

      㫨 ᮤঠ 樨,  ࠢ쭮 -
ᥬ ⮫쪮      믮    室.  ᫨  
ࠧ襭 믮 ᪮쪮 室,   ⠪  ਢ
 樨  ࠩ   ।०饣 ᮮ饭:

     "Pass-dependent construction encountered"
     (㦥 ,   室)

     ᫨ 㪠 ࠬ /m,   ࡮ ᥬ 㤥 ࠢ쭮
ᥬ஢ ⠪ ,   㤥 ⨬஢  ண-
ࠬ, 㤠 樨 NOP (ᨬ  㪠 ᫠ -
).  ⮬ 砥 뢮 ᮮ饭:

     "Module is pass dependent - compatibility pass was done"
     (     室 - 믮 室  ᮢ-
      )

     ਬ:

        TASM /M2 TEST1

       㪠뢠 TASM,  ᥬ஢  TEST1
㦭 믮   室.

                             ࠬ /ML
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ࠧ稥  ॣ 㪢  -
஢.

     ⠪: /ML

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /ML 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,   
  䨪  㦭  ࠧ  㪢  ࠧ  ॣ
(  ய). 筮    ய  㪢  -
ᬠਢ,    , ⮬  ABCxyz, ABCXYZ 
abcxyz      䨪.  ᫨    
ࠬ /ML,    䨪   ࠧ-
.   ,  ᫥  ࠬ /ML 祢 ᫮
ᥬ      孥, ⠪    ॣ.
祢 ᫮ ।⠢ ᮡ  䨪,  ஥  
ᥬ,   ᯥ樠쭮 祭 ( -
権, ४⨢  ).

     ਬ:

        TASM /ML TEST1

 TEST1.ASM ᮤন ᫥騥 :

 ABC   DW   1
 abc   DW   0          ;   㡫騩 䨪
       Mov  Ax,[Bp]    ;  祢 ᫮ ᪠ ᯮ짮-
                       ;  ࠧ ॣ

                             ࠬ /MU
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: ८ࠧ 䨪  孨 ॣ.

     ⠪: /MU

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /MU 㪠뢠 ᥬ,  㦭 -
஢  ॣ   䨪.  㬮砭  ࡮
ᥬ ,   䨪   㪢    -
    ८ࠧ뢠   孨 ॣ (᫨  
⬥   ४⨢ /ML).

     ਬ:

        TASM /MU TEST1

 ⮬  䨪  ८ࠧ  孨 ॣ
(   㬮砭):

            EXTRN  myfunc:NEAR
            call   myfunc       ;  ,  뫠
                                ; । 㭪:
                                ; MYFUNC, Myfunk,...


ࠬ /MV#
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ᨬ  䨪஢.

     ⠪: /MV#

     ਬ砭:   ࠬ  ᨬ  -
䨪஢,  㤥 ࠧ TASM.  ਬ,  
ࠬ /mv3  TASM 㤥 ஢ 䨪 ABCC 
ABCD,      䨪.

                             ࠬ /MX
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ࠧ稬     ய -
  (孨   ॣ)  譨  饤㯭 -
䨪.

     ⠪: /MX

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /MX ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,  ࠧ-
 ॣ 㪢 㦭 ⮫쪮  譨 (External)  饤-
㯭 (Public) 䨪.  㣨 䨪   -
室  䠩    ஢,  ࠭  孥
ॣ.

     ᯮ짮  ४⨢ ᫥  맮 楤 
㣨 㫥,  ᥬ஢  ஢ ⠪,
 ࠭ ࠧ稥    ய 㪢 (ਬ,
㫥,  ஢  ࡮ ).

     ਬ:

        TASM /MX TEST1

 TEST1 ᮤন ᫥騥 室 ப:

 EXTRN Cfunc:NEAR
 myproc PROC NEAR
 call Cfunc
 .
 .
 .


ࠬ /N
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:   䠩 ⨭ ⠡ 䨪஢.

     ⠪: /N

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /N 뢠,     䠩  -
⨭     ᯮ짮  ⠡ 䨪஢.
筮   䠩 ⨭ ᮤন  ⠡ -
஢,    䨪,    祭.

        䠩 ⨭   ࠧ (  -
 ப),    ࠬ /L.  ⨢ 砥 -
ࠬ /N  ਢ    ⢨.

     ਬ:

        TASM /L /N TEST1

                              ࠬ /P
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: ஢ 稥 "४⭮"   饭
०.

     ⠪: /P

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /P ।,      
।०      樨, 饩  饭
० "४" (impure) . 樨, ६騥 -
    ⥬ ८। ॣ CS:  饭 -
 ᬠਢ,  ४, ᪮    饭-
  ०    ࠡ ୮, ᫨  ਭ ᯥ樠
.

      ࠬ 㦭 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⮬  砥,  ᫨
   ணࠬ, 믮塞   80286  80286 
饭 ०.

     ਬ:

        TASM /P TEST1

 TEST1 ᮤন ᫥騥 :

          .286P
  CODE    SEGMENT
  temp    DW    ?
          mov   CS:temp,0   ;  饭 ०  믮-
                            ;  ४⭮


ࠬ Q
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:   .OBJ,  ॡ騥  -
.

     ⠪: /Q

     ਬ砭:  ࠬ 㤠  砥  १-
 䠩 (䠩) .OBJ   ᪨ ࠢ  ᨬ
䠩.   ࠬ  ᫥ 㪠뢠,  ᫨  ᯮ
⨫ MAKE   ணࠬ,   ࠡ -
  .

                              ࠬ /R
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ॠ 樨  饩 窮.

     ⠪: /R

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /R 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
  ஢  ॠ  樨  饩 窮 (
樨 㫨㥬 権  饩 窮). ᯮ
  ࠬ,  ᫨   믮 ᢮ ணࠬ  -
, ᭠饭 䬥᪨ ᮯ஬ 8087.

     ⢨  ࠬ   ⭮  ࠬ  /E
(  ⮬    㫨㥬 樨  饩 -
).

     ᫨  室 䠩  ᯮ ४⨢ EMUL,   
⬥ ⢨ 樨 /R, 㪠   ப.

     ࠬ  ப /R    䥪,    -
짮  砫 室 䠩 ४⨢ NOEMUL  ᮢ
 ⢨ ࠬ  ப /JNOEMUL.

     ਬ:

        TASM /R SEGANT
        TPC /$N+ /$E- TRIG.PAS

     ࢠ  ᥬ   ॠ묨  ﬨ
  饩 窮.   ப  室
 ᪠  ॠ묨 ﬨ  饩 窮, -
   ꥪ 䠩 ᥬ.

                              ࠬ /S
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  ᫥⥫쭮 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢.

     ⠪: /S

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /S 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  ᥣ-
  ꥪ⭮ 䠩 㦭 ࠧ  ⮬ 浪,  ஬
࡮ ᥬ 㦨    室  .    㬮砭
࡮ ᥬ ᯮ  ⠪ 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢,
᫨       ࠬ /A   ப
  䠩 䨣樨.

     ᫨   ४⨢ .ALPHA  室      
㯮冷稢  ᥣ⮢   䠢⭮ 浪,   ४⨢
⬥ ࠬ /S,    ப.

     ਬ:

        TASM /S TEST1

        ᮧ ꥪ 䠩 (TEST1.OBJ), ᥣ-
  ண  㯮冷祭   ⮬ 浪,   ᮤঠ 
室 䠩.


ࠬ /T
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪:  뢮 ᮮ饭  ᫮  ᥬ-
.

     ⠪: /T

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /T   뢮 ࡮ ᥬ-
    ࠭  ଠ, ஬ ।०  ᮮ饭 
訡,   १ ᥬ஢.

       ᯮ짮  ࠬ    ᥬ஢
᪮쪨 㫥,   ࠭ ⥫쭮 뢮 ⮫쪮 -
饭  訡.

     ਬ:

        TASM /T TEST1


ࠬ /V
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⠪: /V

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /V ᯮ  楫  ᮢ⨬.
  ਢ    ⢨   뢠 ﭨ  -
ᥬ஢.

                              ࠬ /W
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: ࠢ 樥 ।० ᮮ饭.

     ⠪: /W
                 W-[ ।०]
                 W+[ ।०]

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /W ࠢ 뢮 ࡮  ᥬ஬
।० ᮮ饭.

     ᫨   㪠  ࠬ  /W,      뢮
"᫠"  ।०.  ।० 뢠,  
 ᪮쪮  䥪⨢ 襩 ணࠬ.

     ᫨   ࠬ /W-   ।०,  
  ।०  .  ᫨  ࠬ஬ 㪠뢠
 ।०,   ⮫쪮    ।०.
  ।०饥  ᮮ饭    䨪   
㪢:

   ASS  - ࠧ㬥 ᯮ짮 16-ࠧ來 ᥣ;
   BRK  - ॡ  ᪮;
   ICG  - 䥪⨢  ;
   LCO  - ९ 稪 ;
   OPI  -   ᫮ IF;
   OPP  -  楤;
   OPS  -  ᥣ;
   OVF  - 䬥᪮ ९;
   PDC  - ,   室;
   PRO  -     饭 ० ॡ
          ८। ॣ CS;
   RES  - ᫮ १ࢨ஢;
   TPI  - ⨬  ࡮ ᪠.

     ᫨  㪠뢠 ࠬ /W+     ।०,
    ।०  ࠧ襭. ᫨   ࠬ
/W+  ᮬ ।०  ।饣 ᯨ᪠,   ࠧ-
襭 ⮫쪮  ।०.

      㬮砭 ࡮ ᥬ ᭠砫 稭  ᥬ஢-
 室 䠩  ࠧ襭  ।०, ஬ -
०  䥪⨢  (ICG).

      ࠢ 뢮 ।  ᮮ饭    
⪥ ணࠬ  䠩  室    ᯮ짮
४⨢ WARN  NOWARN.  ஡   ४⨢ -
᪠뢠   3 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".

     ਬ:

        TASM /W TEST1

     騩   ணࠬ TEST1.ASM 뢥  ।०-
饥 ᮮ饭,  ஥    ࠭,  ᫨  㪠
ࠬ /W:

         mov   bx,ABC     ; ।०  䥪⨢ 
         ABC   = 1

        ப:

        TASM /W-OVF TEST2

᫨ 䠩 TEST2.ASM ᮤন ४⨢:

         DW   1000h = 20h

।० ஢  .


ࠬ /X
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 砥  ⨭  ᫮ ᥬ஢.

     ⠪: /X

     ਬ砭: ᫨  ᫥  IF, IFNDEF,  IFDEF  
..  砥  祭 FALSE,  ࠬ /X ਢ  ⮬,
 , ᮤঠ騥  ᫮ ,  -
  ⨭ ᥬ஢.   ४⨢  ⨭ 
⠪ 祭 ᠬ ४⨢ ᫮  ᥬ஢  (筮
  ⨭  ).

         ப    ࠬ /L  -
 ⠪ 室 樨 䠩 ⨭,  ࠬ
/X ⢮  㤥.

     ਬ:

       TASM /X TEST1


ࠬ /Z
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 뢮  ࠭   ᮮ饭ﬨ  訡 -
⢥騥 ப 室 ⥪.

     ⠪: /Z

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /Z 㪠뢠 ᥬ,    -
樨  ᮮ饭  訡  ࠭ 㦭 뢥 ᮮ⢥
ப 室 䠩 (  訡 ). 맢 訡-
  ப  뢮  । ᮮ饭  訡.  饭
 ࠬ ࡮ ᥬ  뢮 ᮮ饭,  -
뢠饥 訡.

     ਬ:

        TASM /Z TEST1

ࠬ /ZD
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 蠥 祭  ꥪ 䠩 ଠ樨  
 ப.

     ⠪: /ZD

     ਬ砭: ࠬ /ZD ਢ  ⮬,   ࡮ ᥬ-
  㤥   ꥪ 䠩 ଠ   ப.
  ⮭ ⫠稪  Borland (࡮ ⫠-
) 뢮  ࠭ ⥪饥   室 ,   -
  ⢫   ⠬ .

     ᫨  ⪥ 믮 ⫠ ணࠬ   -
 ⫠稪   墠 ,    ᯮ짮  -
 /ZD   㫥  ࠬ /ZI -  㣨.

     ਬ:

         TASM /ZD TEST1
                             ࠬ /ZI
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     㭪: 蠥 祭  ꥪ 䠩 ଠ樨 
⫠.

     ⠪: /ZI
     ਬ砭: ࠬ /ZI 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    
ꥪ  䠩  㦭 뢥  ଠ  ⫠. 
ଠ 砥  ᥡ    ப (  ᨭ஭-
樨 뢮  ࠭ 室 ⥪)  ଠ  ⨯ -
,  ஢  ஢  ணࠬ.

     ࠬ /ZI   ᯮ짮   ।⢠  ࡮
⫠稪   宦 ணࠬ  ஢ન   
⮢ .   ᯮ짮 ࠬ  /ZI    
㫥 ணࠬ  ⮫쪮    ,  ⫠  
. ᪮ ࠬ /ZI  ଠ  ꥪ-
    믮塞 䠩,    ⥫  -
짮   㫥 ணࠬ   믮  ணࠬ
࡮ ⫠稪 (ਬ,    墠⪨ -
).

     ਬ:

        TASM /ZI TEST1


                       ᢥ  䠩
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ,     ப, ࡮ -
ᥬ       ᢥ  䠩,  -
 㪠 ।   ᨬ @. ਬ:

        TASM /DTESTMODE @MYPROJ.TA

       ਢ  ⮬,  ᮤন 䠩  MYPROJ.TA
⠭     ப ( ᫨     -
ন ।⢥).

       ।⢠     
ᯮ㥬    ப  ᯨ᪨ 䠩  ⤥ 䠩.
 ⮬  室    ப    
ᢥ  䠩,  ᪮     ப ᪠
ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮 室 䠩    묨  㬥⠬,
ਬ:

         TASM @MYFILES @IOLIBS /DBUF=1024

      ࠧ   ᯮ짮  ᯨ᮪ ⠭-
 䠩  ࠬ஢,  祬    -
 ᥬ   ᥬ஢.

            ࠬ 䠩  
ப   䠩,  ࠧ   ᪮쪮 ப, 
 室.


                           䨣樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ࡮ ᥬ   ⠪   
ᯮ㥬  ࠬ    䠩 䨣樨  ⥪饬 ⠫.
 ࠧ,   ᪠ ࡮ ᥬ,    㤥  
⥪饬 ⠫ ᪠ 䠩 TASM.CFG. ᫨ ࡮ ᥬ -
  䠩,   㤥 ஢  ,    ᢥ
䠩,  ࠡ뢠    ப .

        ,    ନ  "஥"
ணࠬ (  ணࠬ 砥  ᥡ ᪮쪮 䠩), 
 䠩 ஥ 室   ⠫.  ⮬  ,
ਬ,  ᥣ 믮 ᥬ஢  ᯮ짮 -
஢ 権  饩 窮 (ࠬ /E).   ⮣
    ࠬ  䠩 TASM.CFG,  ᫥ 祣  
㦭 㤥   ࠧ  ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ.

     ন 䠩 䨣樨      ଠ,    
ᢥ  䠩.  䠩  ᮤঠ  ⨬  -
 ப ଠ  ᮤঠ ⮫쪮 ப, ᪮쪮  -
室.  ࠬ ࠡ뢠 ⠪,  ᫨   ᮤঠ-
   ப.

     ন 䠩 䨣樨 ࠡ뢠    㣨
㬥⮢  ப.    ⬥  -
ࠬ,   䠩 䨣樨,  㪠   
ப  ࠬ,    ⨢ ⢨. -
, ᫨  䠩 䨣樨 ᮤন ࠬ:

        /A /E

  뢠 ࡮ ᥬ :

        TASM /S /R MYFILE

 MYFILE - 䠩 襩 ணࠬ,  ᥬ஢  㤥  -
    ᫥⥫ 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢ (/S)  -
묨 ﬨ  饩 窮 (/R),   䠩 -
樨  ᮤঠ  ४⨢  /A   /E, 騥 㯮冷稢
ᥣ⮢  䠢⭮ 浪  㫨஢ 権  -
饩 窮.


 4. த 몠 ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       㦥 ਫ ࠭,   ᥬ -    "த"
 ,  ⮡ ,    砥,  㦭 ᭠砫
ࠧ,   ।⠢ ᮡ  ᠬ  . ⥬  
᪠   ⮬,     ᥬ 㭨 ।
㣨 몮 ணࠬ஢.

         ᬮਬ      
8086   ⭮.      ᨫ ஭ ண-
ࠬ஢  몥 ᥬ    8086.    ⠪
஭  ᯥ ணࠬ஢,  ⭮ ⭮
 ࠬ IBM PC.

                        ⥪ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ஢  -    ,  ன⢮
 ६饭       (   ன-
⢥)   㣮,    ஬  믮 ⠪ ᪨
 䬥᪨ ८ࠧ .    楫 -
,  ,  ᬠਢ ,  ⥬,  
 㭪樮 ⥬:  , ࠢ, 䬥᪮
 ᪮ ࠡ⪨,    (. . 4.1).


                        ------------------------------------
                        |    䬥᪠ ⥬     |
                        | (᫮, ⠭, 㬭, |
                        | , 樨 "", "",    |<----
                        | "᪫饥 "  ..)        |    |
                        ------------------------------------    |
                                                                |
    ----------------------        -------------------------     |
    |  ⥬   |        | ⥬ ࠢ |<-----
    | (,       |<------>| (न      |
    | "", -  |   ---->| 㭪権)              |<-----
    |  "⨪"    |   |    -------------------------     |
    | ..)              |   |                                  |
    ----------------------   |    -------------------------     |
                             |    |   ⥬    |     |
    ----------------------   |    | ( 1  -   |<-----
    | ⥬ 뢮  |   |    |    -  |
    | (ᯫ, ਭ, |<---    |   , -  |
    | 䮯ந⥫,  |        | 㯭 ⮫쪮  - |
    | )              |        |  - )            |
    ----------------------        -------------------------

     . 4.1  ⥬ .

     (  砥  ਬ    , -
஢  ࠬ 8088  ⪮ ᭥ .)

     䬥᪠ ⥬  -   ᯥ,  -
஬  設⢮    ਢ몫 ᬠਢ  .
  ⠪, ,   ᫨⥫쭮 ன⢮? -
뢠, ,   樨  ᫠ 設⢮ -
஢  祭  ६.     䬥᪠  -
⥬   祭  .  ஬  ⮣,    믮    ⮫쪮
䬥᪨ 樨 (᫮,  ⠭,  㬭  -
),   ⠪ ᪨ 樨,  "" (and), "" (or) 
"᪫饥 " (xor).

     䬥᪨ 樨 - , 筮,  ,    㤠
㯠  室  祭  権  㤠 뢠 
१?  믮 ᢮ 㭪樨 ⥬  -
,  ।⠢ ﭭ 㯭  ࠭  
ᨬ  ᥫ .    ⠪ ᪮ 
⪨      ᪠, ᯥ稢騥 ﭭ,  ⭮-
⥫쭮     讣 ꥬ.   ⠪
᪮  ।⠢ ᮡ ன⢠ -뢮,   
⥬ .

     ⥬    ணࠬ  ࠡ뢠  
 譥 ।, 稭  ⤥ ⨩   ६-
  ⨯ "",  楫  ,  ࠭ 
᪠    䠩. ⥬ 뢮  ணࠬ -
   १  ࠭  ਭ, 뢠  -
    䠩  ᪠   . ணࠬ  
 뢮 쭮 ।, ᪮       ਭ
    譥 ।    祣 ᤥ  祭묨
१⠬.

     , ⥬ ࠢ ꥤ  ࠡ  ⠫
 ⥬  ࠢ ६饭 .

     ⥬ ࠢ  䬥᪠ ⥬  -
ࠧ  ,   ⭮,  ࠡ뢠饥 ன⢮  -
.  -      ,  ᯥ稢饥
ࠡ    ࠢ ⥬ ,   뢮-
.   ⮭ ᥩ ࠡ , ⠪    
 ࠢ ࠡ⮩   ⥬  न 
  ᮣᮢ ࠡ騩 .    饥  ६  
  ।⠢ ᮡ ᥣ     ⥣ࠫ
奬.  ⠪ ஬   8088, 믮-
騩  䬥 ࠡ, ࠢ  騩 -
䥩  , 뢮  .

     ,  ⠪ ,  ᭨    ⥪-
ன   㭨쭮 த 몠 ᥬ.

                             ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       㦥 ᪠,  ࠢ  ⥫쭮  
 ⥬ : ᫮ 祭, ६饭  
  ன⢮ 뢮,  ..      -
,  㤠   ,   樨 㦭 믮-
?   ,   ᥬ 室묨  ᢮-
,     業,  ஬   ࠡ.

     ⢥  㤨⥫쭮 :    
,     㪠뢠 ,  㦭 .  -
 筮 뢠 ﬨ,  樨 -  -
  ࠭    祭,   㣨 .
 権,   믮  (  -
権  )  筮 ᮮ⢥ ⥬ ⢨, -
  믮 ⭮  ᯥ祭  .  㣨
᫮, 樨  墠뢠  樨, 믮
  㪠  ணࠬ ᯥ祭.

     ਬ, ᫨   㬭,  -
  ᯥ祭     믮 㬭. 
⮣ 㬭 믮 ணࠬ  ᯥ祭    
権 ᤢ  ᫮,  ⠪ 㬭 믮 -
⥫쭮 . 祢   ⮨  ⮬,   
権  ࠦ ⢨,   -
 ᯥ祭. ⮬  ᥬ   㭨-
    ⮣   (    㭨
ᮡ , ⠪ ࠧ, 㭨  権).

     祭   樨        
,  ண  । . ਬ, 祭 -
樨 4   8088 ( 8086),    㦭  ᫮
祭,  ࠭饥   ᫥饩 祩 ,   ॣ஬ AL
(  ᬮਬ,     ॣ).  ⮣  㪠
,  ⮡   믮  ᫥⥫쭮 -
⢨   ᮮ⢥饣    祭  権.  
⢨⥫쭮  ணࠬ  ।⠢ ᮡ  ᫥-
⥫쭮 権  祣 .

     㤠   ,   㦭  믮
᫥饩?    ᫥ ७ 㪠⥫, 
㪠뢠     ,  ࠭  祭  ᫥饩
믮塞 樨.    뢠  믮
᫥ , 㪠⥫ ६頥   ᫥  -
.   樨  ⠭ 㪠⥫ -
権   祭,       믮-
    権   ண ᫥⥫쭮   믮
ࠧ 㯯 権,  ᨬ  ।  ᫮-
.

     ४᭮,      ⭮襭     ᥬ-
?.   :  権  ।⠢ -
   ᥬ. , 筥 ,  ᥬ  -
  ਥ஢  祫 ମ  権 -
 ( 뢠  ⠪  設  몮).  ᥬ
८ࠧ  設 . ᪮ 設    -
ᥬ 㭪樮쭮 ,  몥 ᥬ  
  ணࠬ஢. ஬ ⮣,  筮  ࠢ
ணࠬ஢   権 ⨯:

     add al,1

祬

     4
     1

 ࠢ ?   ࠡ ,      ᥬ
       ᪨  権 
設 몥.  ⮬ ᥬ ࠭᫨ 樨  -
᪮    設 . , ᮬ, -
讥 २⢮, ⠪      筮  䥪-
⨢ 㬠  ᫮ 몠.  ᭮  ᥬ ।-
⠢ ᮡ אַ  設 몠,   ॠ  
⮬ ,      䥪⨢ ࠡ.

     娬 ⢮ ᥬ  ,    
  ࠢ  ⢨ﬨ  ⠯ ( )  
ᨬ쭮 䥪⨢.    ⪮  ⭥-
  䠪,     ⤥쭮 ⮬ ⢨  
믮  ᮢᥬ    㭪権,   ࠦ ࠭祭
 ⮣,     ⢨⥫쭮 ᯮᮡ  .
ਬ,   ᫮   楫 ᥫ  ࠭
१  쥬 楫 祭   몥    ⮫쪮
 ப:

     i = j + k;

  ᥬ  8088  ॡ  ப:

       mov   ax,[j]
       mov   dx,[j+2]
       add   ax,[k]
       addc  dx,[k+2]
       mov   [i],ax
       mov   [i+2],dx

     筮, ꥬ ᪮஢   몥   㤥  
  ( ⭥ ᥣ ), 祬  設 権
 몥 ᥬ,      ப    ,  祬
  ᥬ (室 ,  樨 ᥬ-
 ࠦ  "ᯮᮡ" ,    ணࠬ,
ᠭ     몠, , 祢, । 믮
࠭᫨஢  設 ).

     祬  ⮣  ᯮ짮 ᥬ,  ᫨    
ணࠬ஢  㤭, 祬  㣨 몠? 稭 ⮨ 
⮬,  ᥬ   ⨣      
।⢥  ࠢ    ன⢮ -뢮, -
 ணࠬ  ᥬ    ,   ᯮ-
  .    㣮  ஭, ᪮ ᥬ 
"த" 몮 ,  ᠭ  ᥬ ண-
ࠬ     訬 ६ 믮. -
⢮ 믮塞 , 砥  㣨  몠,  ࠤ
 ⮣,  室 믮 ࠭  ⮣ 몠  -
設 ,    몥 ᥬ  ⮡ࠦ    設
 ।⢥,  襩  䥪⨢.  몥
ᥬ  㪠뢠 ,  㦭 ,   -
   -     .

     筮, ᫨     ᥬ 䥪⨢ ண-
ࠬ,   㤥  ࠡ, ᪮  ࠡ⠥
 筮 ⠪,   । ணࠬ. 筮,  -
 ᥬ  ப প ஥  ८-
 ⨯   ।࠭  ⠪  訡,
 砩   ६  室   ᨢ. 
 砥,    ᥬ    祭  
ࠧ ணࠬ,   ⠪ ணࠬ ॡ     
⢠  ,  祬 ணࠬ,  ᠭ  㣨 -
.

     ,   﫨 ᮮ⭮襭  ஬   
몮  ᥬ,   ᬮਬ ⭮  ᥬ
 8088.

                         8088  8086
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      8088  -    ,    ᯮ  
 IMP PC  XT,   ஬ ᮧ   -
 㤠 ᥬ ஢.   8088 ।-
⠢ ᮡ ⮫쪮    ਨ ஢, -
,   iAPx86. 㣨   ਨ   
ᥡ   8086, ᯮ㥬   IBM  25 
30,  80286, ᯮ㥬   IBM AT  IBM  PS/2
( 50  60)   80386, ਬ塞   IBM
PS/2  80.    ஬ ⠪    ⫨-
      8088.    11 " 80386  㣨
" ࠧ  ਨ iAPx86  㦤  
஡.  ਨ iAPx86 ꥤ  饥 ᢮⢮:
   믮 , ᠭ   ஢  8086  
8088.

      8086 ।⠢ ᮡ ᭮ ᥩ ⢨  -
஢ ਨ iAPx86.  8086 -     8088
 ७ 設 譨 .   ६   8086
 ⢫ ।        16 -
⮢  ,  8088  ।  ⮫쪮 
8 .       権.  
,  ᥬ, ᯮ㥬  ணࠬ஢  IBM
PC  ᫥ ,  ⥭,   ᥬ -
 8086,     ᥬ  8088.  ⮬ 
祭  ⠫쭮      㦭   ,  
 ᥬ  8086 砥  ᥡ  ⠪  ᥬ
 8088.


                        8086
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᮢ६ ⠭⠬  8086   ஬묨
ﬨ.  ஬  ⮣,  8086  ࠧࠡ⠭ 
 ,  10  孮᪮ 樨 ᫨   
   ஥஢ 奬.   ,  8086
த   ஫.   稭 ⮣  
饥 ⢮ ᮭ ஢ IM PC  ᮢ-
⨬   ஢.     ஢   祬
⨬  ஢. 㣠 稭, , -
砥  ⮬,   ᥣ  8086 ⢥砥 ॡ-
 ࠧ⮣ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.

      8086  ᮢ  讬  ꥬ  
(     ᨬ  㣨 ⮢ (8-⮢)
祭),    権      ᮮ⢥饬
ணࠬ஢     ᯥ稢  ࠡ  ᮪䥪⨢
ணࠬ.   8086 ।⠢  ᮡ  ᢥ
.    ᯥ稢   8086 
ந⥫쭮   㣮   ࠢ    ᥬ-
஬    ࠧࠡ⪥  ॢ室  ணࠬ   8086.
( 8086 ࠡ⠥  ᪮ 4.77  8  ,  -
 80286 -  ᪮ 6, 8, 10, 12   16 , -
 80386  ࠡ  ᪮ 16, 20  35 .)

     ணࠬ, ࠡ饬  ᥬ, ।⠢ -
    8086,  , 䥩 -뢮,
ॣ , 筮, 樨. ᬮਬ   .


                                
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      8086  ᮢ   ꥬ  1  -
  (   ⮩ ⥯  1048576 祥 , -
 ࠧ஬ 8 ).       0,  ᫥-
 -  0FFFFFh (. . 4.2).

      0FFFFFh  -    ⭠筠 ଠ ( ᭮
16) ,   祬  䨪 h.  筮  ( ᭮-
 10)  ⭮ 祭 1048575. ᯮ짮 
 ⭠筮  - ⢥  ணࠬ஢ 
ᥬ.  ⭠筮    ᭥   5 "-
  ணࠬ  ᥬ".

   ⭠    ----------------------   
            00000  |                    | 0
                 00001  |                    | 1
                 00002  |                    | 2
                 00003  |                    | 3
                 00004  |                    | 4
                 00005  |                    | 5
                 00006  |                    | 6
                 00007  |                    | 7
                 00008  |                    | 8
                 00009  |                    | 9
                 0000A  |                    | 10
                 0000B  |                    | 11
                 0000C  |                    | 12
                 0000D  |                    | 13
                 0000E  |                    | 14
                 0000F  |                    | 15
                 00010  |                    | 16
                        |--------------------|
                        .                    .
                        .                    .
                        .                    .
                 FFFEF  |                    | 1048559
                 FFFF0  |                    | 1048560
                 FFFF1  |                    | 1048561
                 FFFF2  |                    | 1048562
                 FFFF3  |                    | 1048563
                 FFFF4  |                    | 1048564
                 FFFF5  |                    | 1048565
                 FFFF6  |                    | 1048566
                 FFFF7  |                    | 1048567
                 FFFF8  |                    | 1048567
                 FFFF9  |                    | 1048569
                 FFFFA  |                    | 1048570
                 FFFFB  |                    | 1048571
                 FFFFC  |                    | 1048572
                 FFFFD  |                    | 1048573
                 FFFFE  |                    | 1048574
                 FFFFF  |                    | 1048575
                        ----------------------

     . 4.2 ࠭⢮ ᮢ   8086.

        ࠧ஬  8   ᮤঠ  ᨬ,  
 楫 祭    0  255.   砥, 
 8086   ࠡ  訬 祭ﬨ.  
( 뢠 ᫮)   楫 祭  
 0  65535.  8086  ࠡ   ⠬, ⠪ 
 ᫮.

         ( 뢠   ᫮-
)     ᮤঠ  楫  祭        0  
4294967295   祭  饩 窮 (饩  -
⮩)  ୮ 筮.     (⢥୮
᫮)  ᮤঠ  祭  饩  窮  
筮.   8086   ࠡ뢠   ᫥ ⨯
 ।⢥,   ᮯ 8087  ।-
⢥  ࠡ  祭ﬨ  饩 窮  楫묨 -
ﬨ  ७ 筮.  稨 ᮮ⢥饣 ண-
ࠬ  ᯥ祭   8086  믮 㠫
ࠡ  ⨯ ,   .

        ணࠬ  8086     
 ᮤন    祬 1000000  . -
ਬ, ࠣ ணࠬ:

      .
      .
      .
      mov   ax,0
      mov   dx,ax
      mov   bx,0
      mov   al,[bx]
      .
      .
      .

㦠 ᮤন    0   ॣ  AL.    
⮨  ᯮ  ⠫:  ᠬ  ࠭⢮ ᮢ
  8086 ᯥ稢   ࠡ  祭,
᪮쪮 ॢ 1000000,    8086  -
 ,   ⨢ .

       -   , ⢥ , 祬
64  (2  ⥯ 16  65536 ),  㥬 -
ࠬ,  ।騬 ࠬ 8086.  㣮 ஭, -
   ⮩ ਨ,  80386,  -
     4000 ࠧ 襩,  祬   8086.
⮬,    ,  8086   쬠 -
祭  ᯮ짮 .  ஬ ⮣,   IBM PC 
  ᭮ ࠭⢠ 㯭   饣  -
짮 ⮫쪮 640 (). ⠫쭮 ᭮ ࠭-
⢮ ।祭  ᯮ짮 ⥬ ணࠬ ᯥ-
祭,    ⠪    ,  ᯮ㥬    ࠡ  
ᯫ ().  ⮬ ,  ᫥ 뢠  ⮬, 
樨,   ⠪ ,  ࠭  , ⮬  
 ணࠬ         ꥬ
  640.

       ६   8086   ᮢ    
ꥬ  1 , ࠪ᪨  ⠪  ६ -
    祬 64 (64 ) .  易 
ᯥ᪨ ।⢮, ஥ 뢠 ᥣ樥. -
    ᬮਬ  ᫥ ࠧ (" ॣ-
").


                               뢮
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      8086 ন  ன⢠  -뢮  
ᯮᮡ:   権 -뢮  १  -
.  ன⢮  뢮 ࠢ    -
⮢,  ।⠢ ᮡ ᯥ樠  -뢮 
⤥쭮  1  ᭮ ࠭⢥   64  (.  .
4.3).

                          -뢮 ()
       ----------------------             ----------------------
00000  |                    |       0000  |                    |
00001  |                    |       0001  |                    |
00002  |                    |       0002  |                    |
00003  |                    |       0003  |                    |
00004  |                    |       0004  |                    |
00005  |                    |       0005  |                    |
00006  |                    |       0006  |                    |
00007  |                    |       0007  |                    |
00008  |                    |       0008  |                    |
00009  |                    |       0009  |                    |
0000A  |                    |       000A  |                    |
       |--------------------|             |--------------------|
       .                    .             .                    .
       .                    .             .                    .
       .                    .             .                    .
       |--------------------|             |--------------------|
FFFF5  |                    |       FFF5  |                    |
FFFF6  |                    |       FFF6  |                    |
FFFF7  |                    |       FFF7  |                    |
FFFF8  |                    |       FFF8  |                    |
FFFF9  |                    |       FFF9  |                    |
FFFFA  |                    |       FFFA  |                    |
FFFFB  |                    |       FFFB  |                    |
FFFFC  |                    |       FFFC  |                    |
FFFFD  |                    |       FFFD  |                    |
FFFFE  |                    |       FFFE  |                    |
FFFFF  |                    |       FFFF  |                    |
       ----------------------             ----------------------

     . 4.3    -뢮  8086.

     ᮢ -뢮   8086   ,  祬
ᮢ .    ६   孨᪨   ॠ
64 ᮢ  -뢮,  ࠪ᪨  ⮫쪮 4 ᮢ
-뢮.   ⮬   -뢮  ᯮ  
࠭  祭,    㦠  ࠢ  ।  
 ன -뢮.  ਬ,  ᫥⥫  -
ன⢠,  ⠪,   ,  ࠢ 楫   -
쪨 ᮢ -뢮.

       ᠬ -뢮      
ᯥ樠  権,  IN  OUT,     祣 
ᯮ. ਬ, :

          out    dx,al

뫠 ᮤন ॣ AL   -뢮, ।塞
ॣ஬  DX.    IN  OUT  ୥   5 "-
  ணࠬ  ᥬ".

      ன⢠ -뢮 ।⠢ ᮡ ன-
⢠    ⮡ࠦ  .  砥,   ࠢ
१   ,     -뢮.  ᮡ
  ⭮  ᯫ ࠬ,   ᯮ짮
16, 32   256  ࠭⢠  ᮢ    
8086  ᢮ ⮢ ᨢ (ᨢ, 뢠 窨, -
  뢮  ࠭).

      ன⢮  ࠢ       ᮢ
-뢮, ⠪    ᮢ ⮡ࠦ . -
᪨,  ࠡ  ᯫ묨 ࠬ    㭪権
ᯮ 樨 -뢮,   㣨 -  -
.


                               
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       8086  ᪮쪮  ⮢ 
  ⥣ࠫ  奬,  뢠 ॣࠬ. 
 ᬠਢ,  祩 ,     8086
    ॥,  祬   筮 ,   ⮫쪮
 ᮡ⥩ ॣ஢.   ॣ஢   㭨-
  த    ।⠢  । , 
㣨 ॣࠬ  祩   ন.

      ࠧ   ⥣ਨ:  ॣ  䫠,
ॣ 饣 祭, 㪠⥫ 権  ᥣ -
 (. . 4.4).

                              䫠
         15                                                     0
         --------------------------------------------------------
   FLAGS |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------

                        饣 祭

         --------------------------------------------------------
   AX    |          AH             |            AL              |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   BX    |          BH             |            BL              |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   CX    |          CH             |            CL              |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   DX    |          DH             |            DL              |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   SI    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   DI    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   BP    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   SP    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
                         ⥫ 権

         --------------------------------------------------------
   IP    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------

                          ॣ

         --------------------------------------------------------
   CS    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   DS    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   ES    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------
         --------------------------------------------------------
   SS    |                                                      |
         --------------------------------------------------------

     . 4.4   8086.


                             䫠
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      16-ࠧ來 (16-⮢) ॣ ᮤন   -
  ଠ   ﭨ  8086  १ -
 権 (. . 4.5).

 15                                                         0
 ------------------------------------------------------------
 |   |   |   |   | O | D | T | S | Z |   | A | P | P |  | C |
 ------------------------------------------------------------

     ⮢ 䫠:

     O - 䫠 ९;
     D - 䫠 ࠢ;
     I - 䫠 뢠;
     T - 䫠 墠;
     S - 䫠 ;
     Z - 䫠 ;
     A - 䫠 ⥫쭮 ७;
     P - 䫠 ⭮;
     C - 䫠 ७.

     . 4.5  䫠  8086.

     ਬ, ᫨   , 祭   ⠭ -
 १, ।⢥ ᫥ ⮩ 樨  ᫥-
 ஢ 䫠  ( Z  ॣ 䫠). ᫨    -
 (   㫥 祭),   㤥   
⮬,   १ 㫥. 㣨 䫠, ⠪,  䫠 -
  ९  ࠧ  ᮮ    १
䬥᪨  ᪨ 権.

     㣨 䫠 ࠢ  ०  権    8086.
  ࠢ  ࠢ  ࠢ,    ஬ ப
樨 믮 ६饭,    䫠  뢠  ࠢ
⥬, 㤥  ࠧ襭 譨  ।⢠, ⠪, -
ਬ,    , ६ ਮ⠭  ⥪-
騩   믮 㭪権, ॡ  㦨-
.  墠 ᯮ ⮫쪮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭,
஥  㦨  ⫠ 㣮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 (-
稪).

      䫠  뢠        -
।⢥.   ⮣ ॣ 䫠 ࠢ  饬 -
砥   ᯥ樠 権 (⠪,  CLD, STI  CMC),
 ⠪   䬥᪨  ᪨ 権, -
 ⤥ 䫠.  , ᮤন ⤥ ࠧ-
 ॣ 䫠    믮  権  (ਬ,
JZ,  RCR  MOVSB).   䫠  ᯮ  ᠬ ,
 祩 ,  ⮣  㦨  ஫  -
  ࠢ ஬ 8086.

      , 㣨 ॣ    ᮤঠ  ,  
ॣ  䫠  ᮤন ଠ  ᮮ⭮襭  묨,
१ 権  ﭨ  8086  楫.


                       饣 祭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᥬ ॣ஢  饣  祭  (   ॣ஢)
 8086 ( ࠧ஬ 16 ) ᯮ  
設⢠ 権  ⢥ 筨  ਥ  -
६饭   ᫥,  㪠⥫   祩    
稪.   ॣ 饣 祭  ᯮ짮
 ࠭ 16-⮢ 祭,   䬥᪨  ᪨
,  믮   ॣ஬   (-
  ॣ    ).  ਬ,    ࠣ-
 ணࠬ:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,5
                mov   dx,9
                add   ax,dx
                .
                .
                .

祭 5 㦠  ॣ AX, 祭 9 -  DX,   
祭 ᪫뢠 .  ⮬ १ (14) ࠭
 ॣ AX.  ॣ஢ AX  DX    ᯮ짮
ॣ CX, SI   㣮 ॣ 饣 祭.

     ஬ ⠪ 饣 ᢮⢠ ॣ஢,  ᯮ짮 
  ࠭  祭    ⢥ 筨  ਥ 
ࠡ    묨,  ॣ 饣  祭
  ᢮  ᮡ.  ⮬ ᬮਬ    
⤥쭮.


                               AX
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      AX 뢠 ⠪ ⥫ (஬).  
ॣ  ᥣ  ᯮ   㬭   
 ⠪    ॣ஢,   ᯮ짮
  䥪⨢ 権 (䬥᪨, ᪨ 
権 ६饭 ).

     訥 8   ॣ AX 뢠 ⠪ ॣ஬ AL,  
訥 8  - ॣ஬ AH.    㤮  -
  묨 ࠧ஬  .   ࠧ,  ॣ AX 
ᯮ짮,    ⤥ ॣ.   ᫥饬 ࠣ
ணࠬ  ॣ AH ⠭  祭 0,   祭
  AL  ⥬  ॣ AL  1.

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ah,0
                mov   al,ah
                inc   al
                .
                .
                .

      १  ॣ  AX 㤥 ᠭ 祭  1.  -
  BX, CX  DX   ࠧ ᯮ짮 
  16-ࠧ來 ॣ,    8-ࠧ來.


                               BX
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      BX  ᯮ짮  뫪  祩  
(㪠⥫).  ஡  ᬮਬ    5 "᭮
 ணࠬ    ᥬ".  ᫨    ⪮,  
16-⮢ 祭, ᠭ  BX,  ᯮ짮   -
⢥   祩 ,  ன ந .
ਬ,  ᫥騩   㦠  AL ᮤন  
9:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,0
                mov   ds,ax
                mov   bx,9
                mov   al,[bx]
                .
                .
                .

       , । 饭  祩 ,  -
 㪠뢠 BX,   㧨  DS 祭 0 (१  ॣ
AX).  १ ᥣ⭮ ࣠樨   8086,
 ன  㦥 ࠭ 㯮. ( ⮩ ⥬  ୥  ࠧ-
 " ॣ".)  㬮砭,   BX ᯮ
 ⢥ 㪠⥫  祩 ,   뫠   ⭮-
⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮ ॣ DS.

       ॣ AX, CX  DX, ॣ BX    -
,   쬨⮢ (8-ࠧ來) ॣ - BH  BL.


                               CX
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     樠 ॣ CX - ᯮ짮  ⢥ -
. ।,  ⨬ 10 ࠧ  믮  -
権.   ᤥ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   cx,10
Begin:          .
                .
                .
                .
        < 権,  㦭 >
                .
                .
                .
                sub   cx,1
                jnz   Begin
                .
                .
                .

      ᯮ, ᫨  ணࠬ  㢨  -
.   ,  樨  ⪮ Begin  樥
JNZ     ,   ᮤন ॣ CX 
⠭ ࠢ 0. ⨬,  ⮡ 㬥 ᮤন CX  -
३   砫  横  Begin,  ᫨  ॣ CX   ࠢ 0,
 ᯮ  樨 - SUB CX,1  JNZ.

     襭 祭 稪  横 -   ᯮ㥬
  ணࠬ, ⮬   8086 ᯮ ᯥ-
쭠   ⮣, ⮡  横  믮﫨  ॥  
뫨   묨.   뢠 LOOP. -
 LOOP ( 横) ⠥ 1  祭 ॣ  CX 
믮  室,  ᫨  ᮤন ॣ CX  ࠢ 0 (
   樨).   ਢ  ਬ  -
 ⠪ :

                .
                .
                .
                mov   cx,10
Begin:          .
                .
                .
                .
        < 権,  㦭 >
                .
                .
                .
                loop Begin
                .
                .
                .

      ᬮ७ 横  ୥   5  "᭮  -
  ணࠬ   몥 ᥬ".   ,  -
 CX ᮡ   ᯮ짮  横   ⢥
稪.

       ॣ AX, BX   DX, ॣ CX   -
,   8-ࠧ來 ॣ - CH  CL.


                               DX
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      DX -  ⢥ ॣ,   ᯮ-
    ⢥ 㪠⥫  -뢮  
IN  OUT. ᪨, ஬ ᯮ짮 ॣ DX  㣮
ᯮᮡ ᮢ  ⠬ -뢮  256  65535. -
,  ᫥饬 ࠣ ணࠬ      1000  뢠
祭 62:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   al,62
                mov   dx,1000
                out   dx,al
                .
                .
                .

     㣨 㭨 ⢠ ॣ DX ⭮  
  㬭.    32-  16-⮢ ⥫,
訥 16      饭  ॣ DX. ᫥
믮  ⮪ ⠪ ࠭   DX.  (訥  16
    饭  AX.  ⭮   ⠪
㤥 ᠭ   AX.)  筮,      ६  
16-⮢ ᮬ⥫, 訥 16  ந ࠭ 
DX (訥 16  뢠  ॣ AX).

       ॣ AX, BX   DX, ॣ DX   -
,   8-ࠧ來 ॣ - DH  DL.


                               SI
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ॣ BX, ॣ SI  ᯮ짮,   㪠-
⥫  祩 . ਬ:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,0
                mov   ds,ax
                mov   si,20
                mov   al,[si]
                .
                .
                .

      8-⮢ 祭, ᮤঠ饥   20, -
  ॣ AL. ᮡ  ᯮ짮 ॣ SI 
뫪    ப   8086.  -
:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,0
                mov   ds,ax
                mov   si,20
                mov   al,[si]
                lodsb
                .
                .
                .

       ⮫쪮 ᮤন   ,   㪠-
뢠 SI,  ࠭  ॣ AX,    SI ⠪ 
1.     祭 䥪⨢  ࣠樨 㯠
  ᫥⥫ 祩  (ਬ,   ப  ⥪).
஬ ⮣,  ᤥ ⠪,  ப 樨  -
⮬᪨  । ᫮ ࠧ  ᢮ ⢨,  ⠪
 ⤥쭠   믮 ⭨,    
⢨. ப 樨   ⠫쭮 㤨 .


                               DI
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      DI 祭 宦  ॣ SI  ⮬  ,    
  ᯮ짮    ⢥ 㪠⥫ 祩 .  -
짮   ப       ⠪  ᮡ
᢮⢠. ਬ:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,0
                mov   ds,ax
                mov   di,1024
                add   bl,[di]
                lodsb
                .
                .
                .

      8-⮢ 祭, ᯮ   1024,  -
뢠   ॣ BL.  ᯮ짮   ப -
 ॣ DI ᪮쪮 ⫨砥  ॣ SI.   -
  SI ᥣ ᯮ  ப ,  㪠-
⥫  室 祩  (筨), DI ᥣ 㦨  㪠-
⥫   楫 祩  (ਥ). ஬ ⮣,  -
  ॣ SI 筮      ⭮-
⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮  ॣ  DS,  ⮣   DI ᥣ -
   ⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮ ॣ ES. ( ॣ
SI    DI  ᯮ   ⢥ 㪠⥫  祩  
㣨  ( ப),   ᥣ   -
 ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ DS.) ਬ:

                .
                .
                .
                cld
                mov   dx,0
                mov   es,dx
                mov   di,2048
                stosb
                .
                .
                .

     ப  STOSB ᯮ      -
 祭  ॣ AL (  ,   㪠-
 ॣ DI),      ᮤন ॣ DI  1.
  ᪮쪮   ।:  । 祭 -
 権  㦭 ᯥࢠ 㧭  ᥣ  ᥣ
ॣ. ப 樨   ⠫쭮 㤨  
  㪮⢥.


                               BP
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ॣ BX, SI  DI, ॣ BP ⠪  ᯮ짮-
  ⢥ 㪠⥫  祩 ,    -
 ⫨.  BX, SI  DI 筮  뫠    
⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮ ॣ DS (,  砥 ᯮ짮
 ப  ॣ DI, ⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮ -
 ES),  ॣ BP    ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ-
 SS (ᥣ ॣ ⥪).

       ᭮  ᪮쪮 ।, ᪮ ᥣ
   ᬠਢ,   ਭ樯  ⠪.   -
 ᯮᮡ । ࠬ஢  ணࠬ ⮨  -
  ࠬ஢   ⥪.     몠 ᪠   (.
 "䥩 ࡮ ᥬ  ࡮  ",    ,
    祬    몥    । ࠬ஢ ᯮ
⥪).

     ⥪ 室  ᥣ,   㪠뢠 ॣ  SS.
ਬ:

                .
                .
                .
                push  bp
                mov   bp,sp
                mov   ax,[bp+4]
                .
                .
                .

      믮 饭  ᥣ ⥪  㧪  
AX  ࢮ ࠬ, ।  맮 ࡮  ண-
ࠬ  ᥬ.

     ᫨  ⪮,  ॣ BP ᮧ    ᯥ祭
ࠡ    ࠬࠬ, 묨 ६묨 㣮 樨 
  ᯮ짮 ⥪.


                               SP
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      SP 뢠 ⠪ 㪠⥫ ⥪.   "
騩"    ॣ஢ 饣 祭, ᪮  ࠪ᪨
ᥣ ᯮ  ᯥ樠쭮  楫  -  ᯥ祭  ⥪.
⥪  -    ,  ன  ࠭ 祭 
 ன   ⥬      樯  "᫥-
-襫--襫"  (FIFO).    ᫥ ࠭ 
⥪ 祭 㤥  祭, ஥      
⥭  ⥪. ᪮  ⥪  ⮯ -
५. ᪮ ५   ⮫쪮  ᢥ  ⮯  (
 ⠪),  ࢠ  ५ 㤥 ᫥, -
  ᬮ .

      SP    ६ 㪠뢠  設 -
.     砥 ⮯ ५, 設 ⥪ -   ,
 ஬  ⥪ ࠭ ᫥饥 饭 㤠 祭.
⢨,  饥   ᥭ 祭  ⥪, 뢠 ⠪
"⠫" (pushing)  ⥪.  ᠬ ,    PUSH
ᯮ  ᥭ 祭  ⥪. 筮, ⢨,
饥  祭 (롮થ) 祭  ⥪, 뢠 ⠪-
  "⠫"  (popping)    ⥪ ( ⮣ ᯮ
 POP).

      . 4.6 뢠,   ॣ SP,  AX  
BP    믮 ᫥饣  ( ⮬ ࠧ㬥,
 砫쭮 祭 SP ࠢ 1000):

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,1
                push  ax
                mov   bx,2
                push  bx
                pop   ax
                pop   bx
                .
                .
                .

                                               .                .
                                               .                .
                                               .                .
   砫:                                    |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  AX |     ?       |                    996    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  BX |     ?       |                    998    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  SP |    1000     |-----------------> 1000    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
                                               |----------------|
                                               .                .

                                               .                .
                                               .                .
                                               .                .
   ᫥ mov ax,1 / push ax:                   |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  AX |     1       |                    996    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  BX |     ?       |        --------->  998    |       1        |
     ---------------        |                  |                |
     ---------------        |                  |----------------|
  SP |    998      |---------          1000    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
                                               |----------------|
                                               .                .

                                               .                .
                                               .                .
                                               .                .
   ᫥ mov bx,2 / push bx:                   |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  AX |     1       |        --------->  996    |       2        |
     ---------------        |                  |                |
     ---------------        |                  |----------------|
  BX |     2       |        |           998    |       1        |
     ---------------        |                  |                |
     ---------------        |                  |----------------|
  SP |    996      |---------          1000    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
                                               |----------------|
                                               .                .

                                               .                .
                                               .                .
   ᫥ pop ax:                               |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  AX |     2       |                    996    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  BX |     2       |        --------->  998    |       1        |
     ---------------        |                  |                |
     ---------------        |                  |----------------|
  SP |    998      |---------          1000    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
                                               |----------------|
                                               .                .

                                               .                .
                                               .                .
                                               .                .
   ᫥ pop bx:                               |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  AX |     2       |                    996    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  BX |     1       |                    998    |       1        |
     ---------------                           |                |
     ---------------                           |----------------|
  SP |    1000     |-----------------> 1000    |       ?        |
     ---------------                           |                |
                                               |----------------|
                                               .                .

     . 4.6  AX, BX, SP  ⥪.

       8086   뢠 祭  SP 
᪫뢠    ࠭騥  ॣ SP 祭 ( 
   묨 ॣࠬ  饣  祭),    
᫥  ⮬ ਡ,  ᫨    ⮣ ।७-
. ᫨   SP,   ᯮ 設 -
,    ਢ  ⭮.

     祬?  ᥭ  ⥪  祭     -
 ⢥ ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮 ⥪. ⥪ ᯮ
直 ࠧ,   뢠  頥   ணࠬ
(楤    㭪樨).  ஬ ⮣, ⥪ ᯮ 
⥬  (⠪,     ⥬  ⠩),
  뢠  8086, ⮡ 믮 ᢮ 㭪樨.
  砥,  ⥪        ॡ.
᫨    SP,   ᪮쪮 権,  ࠢ쭮
祭 ⥪   㯭,    ॡ
⥬ ᠬ.

      , ⠢ SP  , ᫨ ⮫쪮    -
   ᯥ樠쭮.  ᢮ 믮 樨
ᥭ  ⥪  祭  , 맮   ࠢ-
,     祭 ॣ SP ।⢥. 
 㣨 ᥬ ॣ஢ 饣 祭   ᯮ  -
   .


                         ⥫ 権
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⥫ 権 (ॣ IP) ᥣ ᮤন ᬥ饭 
,    ஬  ࠭ ᫥ 믮塞 .
 믮  , 㪠⥫ 権 ६-
 ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ 㪠뢠   ,  ࠭
᫥ . 筮  ᫥饩  믮塞  樥
 , ࠭  ᫥饬  ,  -
 樨, ⠪,  맮  室,  ਢ-
   ⮬,   㪠⥫ 権 㤥 㦥  -
祭.  ࠧ, 㤥 믮 室    㣮  ⮪
ணࠬ.

     祭 稪 権      
।⢥.  㧨  㪠⥫ 権  祭
 ⮫쪮 ᯥ樠쭠  室 (筠  ⮫쪮
 ᠭ).

     ⥫ 権 ᠬ  ᥡ  । ,  -
஬  室 ᫥ 믮塞 . ⨭ 
 ᫮ ᥣ⭠ ࣠      8086.
  祭  樨 ।ᬮ७ ॣ CS,  ࠭
 ,  ⮬ 㪠⥫ 権  ᬥ饭  -
⥫쭮 ⮣  .

      ࠧ,   ਬ  樨 ,  -
  㯮  ᥣ.    ࠧ  ⪫뢠  ⮬
 ᭥  .  諮 ६  ⨬  -
.


                           ॣ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       諨   筮  ᯥ  
8086  - ᥣ樨 . ᭮ ।뫪 ᥣ樨 -
 ᫥饥:  8086  ᮢ  1 
.   樨  ᥬ 祩 ᭮ ࠭⢠  1
 室 20-ࠧ來 ᥣ ॣ.  -
  8086 ᯮ  ⮫쪮  16-ࠧ來 㪠⥫  祩
. ᯮ, ਬ,   뫪   ᯮ
16-ࠧ來  ॣ  BX.    ⮣ ᮣᮢ 16-ࠧ來
㪠⥫  8086  20-ࠧ來 ?

     ⢥ ⮨  ⮬,   8086 ᯮ  -
  奬 樨. , ᯮ 16-ࠧ來 㪠-
,   ଠ ।⠢ ᮡ ⮫쪮   奬 -
樨.  16-ࠧ來 㪠⥫   ᬥ饭 -
  ᮤন 16-ࠧ來 ᥣ⭮ ॣ  -
஢ 20-ࠧ來  .

       ᬥ饭  ᫥騬 ࠧ:  -
 ᥣ ᤢ   4 (  㬭  16),  
⥬ ᪫뢠  ᬥ饭,    . 4.7.

          ---------------------------       ----------------
          | 16-ࠧ來 ᥣ |       | 16-ࠧ來 |
          |        ॣ          |       |   ᬥ饭   |
          ---------------------------       ----------------
                     |                              |
                     V                              |
           --------------------                     |
          (   㬭  16  )                    |
          ( /ᤢ   4/ )                    |
           --------------------                     |
                     |                              |
                     V                              |
           ----------------------                   |
           | 祭 ᥣ, |                   |
           | 㬭  16,  |                   |
           | ࠢ 20-ࠧ來- |                   |
           |  祭        |                   |
           ----------------------                   |
                     |                              |
                     |           -----              |
                     ---------->(  +  )<-------------
                                 -----
                                   |
                                   V
                 ---------------------------------------
                 | 20-ࠧ來 祭   |
                 ---------------------------------------

     . 4.7 20-ࠧ來  .

     ᬮਬ, ਬ, ᫥騩 ࠣ ணࠬ:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,1000h
                mov   ds,ax
                mov   si,201h
                mov   dl,[si]
                .
                .
                .

       ᥣ⭮ ॣ DS  ⠭  祭
1000h,  SI  ⠭  祭 201h.   ।⠢
   4ᥣ:ᬥ饭" - 1000:201h. (䥪⨢ ᫥
   "ᥣ:ᬥ饭"  믮 ⮫쪮   ᭮-
 16.    稭  室   -
筮 䬥⨪.)   DL,   ண  㦠
, ।⠢ ᮡ:

     ((DS * 16) + SI)  ((1000h * 16) + 201h)

               1000h
                16
              ------
              10000h

      ਬ   . 4.8.

           ---------------------------       ----------------
       DS  |         1000h           |   SI  |     201h     |
           ---------------------------       ----------------
                      |                              |
                      V                              |
            --------------------                     |
           (   㬭  16  )                    |
           ( /ᤢ   4/ )                    |
            --------------------                     |
                      |                              |
                      V                              |
            ----------------------                   |
            |      10000h        |                   |
            ----------------------                   |
                      |                              |
                      |           -----              |
                      ---------->(  +  )<-------------
                                  -----
                                    |
                                    V
                         -----------------------
              |        10201h       |
                         -----------------------

     . 4.8 ᫥     樨 mov.

      㣮 ஭   ᬠਢ      ᤢ
祭  ᥣ   4 ,    ⭠ ,
 ⭮ 㬭  16:

                1000
               + 201
               -----
               10201

        ,   ணࠬ  砥    
 ᭮ ࠭  1    ᯮ짮-
 ⮫쪮  "ᥣ:ᬥ饭". ᪨,  㯠  -
    ᥣ  ᯮ짮  "ᥣ:ᬥ饭". 
樨  ० 樨  8086  㬮砭  ࠡ-
 ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣   ᥣ⭮ ॣ,   -
    㪠,    㦭  ᯮ짮
 ᥣ ॣ.

      । ॡ 㦠 祭  ।⢥  
ᥣ ॣ.  ⮣  㤥 㦠  ᥣ
ॣ  ᥣ⮢,   室 ᥬ஢,  -
  믮 ॢ  ᫠.  室, ᪮-
  ᯮᮡ ᪠ ࠭,       㤥  室
  ᥣ:    ᨨ DOS, ᫠  ࠧ १-
   ணࠬ,  ⠪ ॡ   ⠫쭮
 ணࠬ. ᯮ짮  ᥣ⮢  ࡮ -
ᥬ  樮 ⥬ DOS 믮    ᫥-
.

      騬  ᥣ  @Date, ஥  -
饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢ ᯮ  뫪
 ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᥣ . ਬ:

         DOSSEG
         .MODEL  SMALL
         .DATA
var1     DW      0
         .
         .
         .
         .CODE
         mov     ax,@data
         mov     ds,ax
         .
         .
         .
         END

      ॣ DS 㦠 ⠪  ࠧ,      㤥
㪠뢠   ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᥣ ,  ஬
室 Var1.

         ।: 饭 ४⨢ ।-
 ᥣ⮢  㧪 ᥣ ॣ஢  㤨  ᫥-
饩 .

     ᯮ짮 ᥣ⮢  8086 ਢ  
  ⠬.     ⮨  ⮬,  ⮫쪮 
 ࠧ஬  64        ᮢ  १
ᥣ  ॣ, ⠪  64 -  ᨬ ꥬ ,
 ன  ᮢ   16-⮢ ᬥ饭.  
     ࠡ  訬 ( 64) -
 , ⠪   祭 ᥣ⭮ ॣ,  ᬥ饭,
ਤ  .

       訬       8086  
।⠢     㤭, ᪮,  ⫨稥  -
஢ 饣 祭 ( ॣ஢), ᥣ  ॣ
    ᯮ짮   ⢥ 筨  ਥ 
䬥᪨  ᪨ . ᪨, ⢥
,    믮  ᥣ묨 ॣࠬ, -
⮨  ஢ 祭  ᥣ묨 ॣࠬ  㣨-
 騬 ॣࠬ  . ਬ, ⮡  -
 100  ॣ ES, ॡ ᫥饥:

                .
                .
                .
                mov   ax,es
                add   ax,100
                mov   es,ax
                .
                .
                .

      ᥣ ⮣  ᤥ 祭,    8086
 室  ࠡ    ,  ॢ 64.

     ன  ᯮ짮 ᥣ⮢  ⮨    ⮬,  
  祩   १   ⠭
"ᥣ:ᬥ饭". ਬ,   100h    -
 ᫥ 祭 "ᥣ:ᬥ饭": 0:100h, 1:F0h, 2:E0h
 .., ⠪   ᫥      "ᥣ:ᬥ饭"
砥 祭  100h.

     筮 ॣࠬ 饣 祭  ᥣ -
  ࠥ  ᢮,  ஫.  CS 㪠뢠  
ணࠬ, DS 㪠뢠  , SS -  ⥪, ᥣ (ᥣ-
  ॣ)  ES  -  "" (⥫) ᥣ,
  ᯮ짮 ⠪,   室.  ᬮਬ
ᥣ ॣ  ஡.


 CS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      CS 㪠뢠  砫   ꥬ 64, 
ᥣ  ,  ஬ 室 ᫥ 믮塞 -
.  ,  㦭 믮, 室  
ᬥ饭,  ।塞  ᥣ  ॣ஬ IP,   
 㪠뢠  ( ଥ "ᥣ:ᬥ饭") CS:IP. 
8086         ᥣ, ⫨筮
 ⮣,  । ॣ஬ CS.

      CS      権, -
  ⤥ 樨 室, 맮   ࠢ.
     ⥫⢠ ॣ CS  㧨 -
।⢥.

      㣨 ० 樨  㪠⥫ , ⫨-
  IP,   ଠ쭮 ࠡ ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ CS.


 DS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      DS 㪠뢠    砫  ᥣ  ,  
।⠢  ᮡ    ꥬ 64,  ஬ 室
設⢮ ࠧ饭   ࠭. 筮  뫪  
  ᯮ ᬥ饭, ।騥 ᯮ짮
ॣ஢ BX, SI  DI.  ᭮ ᥣ    ।⠢
ᮡ  ,  祬   :  ࠢ  ᥣ, 
஬ 室 ⥪騩  .   㦤-
  ,    5 "᭮  ணࠬ  몥 -
ᥬ".


 ES
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ES 㪠뢠  砫   ꥬ 64, -
  뢠  ⥫  ᥣ⮬.   ࠧ㬥
 , ⥫ ᥣ  㦨  - -
⭮  楫,   㯥 ⮣,     室-
.  ⥫ ᥣ ᯮ    뤥
⥫쭮    ꥬ 64  .  -
    ⥫쭮 ᥣ  䥪⨢, 祬 -
    ᥣ  (.  10 "⮥ ணࠬ-
஢  ࡮ ᥬ").

     ᮡ   ⥫ ᥣ,  ᯮ
ப 樨.  ப 樨,  믮
  , ᯮ  ⢥  ,    
㦭  믮  ,  ॣ஢ ES:DI.  砥, 
ॣ ES ᮡ   ᯮ짮   ⢥  -
 ᥣ  ஢ , ࠢ ப, ᬮ-
   ⪥  .  ᬮਬ ப  -
樨   ᯮ짮  裡   ॣ ES   5 "-
 ஡  ணࠬ஢  ࡮ ᥬ".


 SS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      SS  㪠뢠    砫  ᥣ  ⥪,  
।⠢  ᮡ    ꥬ 64,  ஬ 室
⥪.  樨,   ᯮ ॣ SP (-
  ᥭ  ⥪, 祭  ⥪, 맮   -
ࠢ), ࠡ  ᥣ⮬ ⥪, ⠪  ⮫쪮 ॣ  SP
 ᯮ짮  樨   ᥣ ⥪.

       㦤 ࠭, ॣ BP  ⠪  ࠡ⠥  ⭮-
⥫쭮  ᥣ ⥪.   ᯮ짮 ॣ BP 
㯠  ࠬࠬ  ६,  ࠭  ⥪.  -
    ஡       㤨  ᫥饩
.


                    権  8086
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ணࠬ 祢 ᮬ  8086  
  権.     㦥 㦤 ࠭,  権
砥  ᥡ  ⢨,  ணࠬ  ⠢
믮  8086.   権 ࡮ ᥬ-
 ਢ   4.1.

       ,   権  8086 -
  ⢮  権.    樨 믮 ⢮
⢨,  ⮩ 樨,   믮   㭪-
権 (NOP),   ஢ 65535  (REP MOVSB). ஡ -
饭  権  㤥  ६   㣨  -
.

               権 ࡮ ᥬ
                                                       4.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------
ADD                                SAL                
OR                                 SHL                
ADC                                SAR                
SBB                                SHR                
AND                                RCL                
SUB                                RCR                
XOR                                AAA                
CMP                                AAS                
XCHG                               CBW                
TEST                               CWDE               386
MOV                 (1)            CLC                
ESC                                CLD                
JMP                                CLI                
CALL                               CMC                
INT                                CMPSB              
INC                                CMPSW              
DEC                                CMPSD              386
PUSH                               CWD                
POP                                CDQ                386
AAD                 (2)            DAA                
AAM                 (2)            DAS                
IN                                 HLT                
OUT                                INTO               
LEA                                IRET               
LDS                                IRETD              386
LES                                LAHF               
LSS                386                LODSB              
LFS                386                LODSW              
LGS                386                LODSD              386
DIV                                MOVSB              
MUL                                MOVSW              
IDIV                               MOVSD              386
IMUL                (3)            NOP                
NEG                                POPF               
NOT                                POPFD              386
ROL                                PUSHF              
ROR                                PUSHFD             386
SAHF                               REPE               
SCASB                              REPZ               
SCASW                              REPNE              
SCASD              386                REPNZ              
STC                                SEGCS               (4)
STD                                SEGSD               (5)
STI                                SEGSS               (6)
STOSB                              SEGES               (7)
STOSW                              SEGFS              386 (8)
STOSD              386                SEGGS              386 (9)
WAIT                               RET                
XLATB                              RETN                (10)
STOS                               RETF                (11)
SCAS                               JA                  (12)
LODS                               JNBE                (12)
XLAT                               JAE                 (12)
MOVS                               JNB                 (12)
CMPS                               JNK                 (12)
PUSHA            186-386              JB                  (12)
PUSHAD             386                JNAE                (12)
POPA             186-386              JC                  (12)
POPAD              386                JBE                 (12)
LEAVE            186-386              JNA                 (12)
INSB             186-386              JE                  (12)
INSD               386                JG                  (12)
OUTSB            186-386              JNLE                (12)
OUTSW            186-386              JGE                 (12)
OUTSD              386                JNL                 (12)
INS              186-386              JL                  (12)
OUTS             186-386              JNGE                (12)
BOUND            186-386              JLE                 (12)
ENTER            186-386              JNG                 (12)
LOCK                               JNE                 (12)
REP                                JNZ                 (12)
JNO                 (12)           SETA               386
JNS                 (12)           SETAE              386
JNP                 (12)           SETB               386
JPO                 (12)           SETBE              386
JO                  (12)           SETC               386
JP                  (12)           SETE               386
JPE                 (12)           SETG               386
JS                  (12)           SETGE              386
LOOP                (13)           SETL               386
LOOPE               (14)           SETLE              386
LOOPZ               (14)           SETNA              386
LOOPNE              (14)           SETNAE             386
LOOPNZ              (14)           SETNB              386
LOOPW               (15)           SETNB              386
LOOPWE              (16)           SETNC              386
LOOPWZ              (16)           SETNE              386
LOOPWNE             (16)           SETNG              386
LOOPWNZ             (16)           SETNGE             386
LOOPD              386 (17)           SETNL              386
LOOPDE             386 (17)           SETNLE             386
LOOPDZ             386 (17)           SETNO              386
LOOPDNE            386 (17)           SETNP              386
LOOPDNZ            386 (17)           SETNS              386
JCXZ                (18)           SETNZ              386
JECXZ              386 (19)           SETO               386
BT                 386                SETP               386
BTC                386                SETPE              386
BTR                386                SETS               386
BTS                386                SETZ               386
BSF                386
BSR                386                APPL            286p+386p
MOVSX              386                CLTS            286p+386p
MOVZX              386                LLDT            286p+386p
SHLD               386                LMSW            286p+386p
SHRD               386                LTR             286p+386p
SLDT            286p+386p             FXAM             8087-387
SMSW            286p+386p             FXTRACT          8087-387
STR             286p+386p             FXAM             8087-387
VERR            286p+386p             FXTRACT          8087-387
VERW            286p+386p             FYL2X            8087-387
LGDT            286p+386p             FYL2XP1          8087-387
LIDT            286p+386p             FNCLEX           8087-387
SGDT            286p+386p             FNDISI           8087-387
SIDT            286p+386p             FNENI            8087-387
LAR             286p+386p             FNINIT           8087-387
LSL             286p+386p             FADDP            8087-387
FMULP           8087-387              FDIVP            8087-387
FADD            8087-387              FDIVRP           8087-387
FDIV            8087-387              FSUBP            8087-387
FDIVR           8087-387              FSUBRP           8087-387
FMUL            8087-387              FXCH             8087-387
FSUB            8087-387              FCOMPP           8087-387
FCOM            8087-387              FFREE            8087-387
FCOM            8087-387              FIADD            8087-387
FCOMP           8087-387              FICOM            8087-387
FST             8087-387              FICOMP           8087-387
F2XM1           8087-387              FIDIV            8087-387
FABS            8087-387              FIDIVR           8087-387
FCHS            8087-387              FIMUL            8087-387
FCLEX           8087-387              FIST             8087-387
FDECSTP         8087-387              FISUB            8087-387
FDISI           8087-387              FISUBR           8087-387
FENI            8087-387              FLDCW            8087-387
FINCSTP         8087-387              FSTCW            8087-387
FINIT           8087-387              FSTSW            8087-387
FLD1            8087-387              FNSTCW           8087-387
FLDL2E          8087-387              FNSTSW           8087-387
FLDL2T          8087-387              FLDENV           8087-387
FLDLG2          8087-387              FRSTOR           8087-387
FLDLN2          8087-387              FSAVE            8087-387
FLDPI           8087-387              FSTENV           8087-387
FLDZ            8087-387              FNSAVE           8087-387
FNOP            8087-387              FNSTENV          8087-387
FPATAN          8087-387              FLD              8087-387
FPREM           8087-387              FSTP             8087-387
FPTAN           8087-387              FILD             8087-387
FRNDINT         8087-387              FISTP            8087-387
FSCALE          8087-387              FBLD             8087-387
FSQRT           8087-387              FBSTP            8087-387
FIST            8087-387              FWAIT            8087-387
-----------------------------------------------------------------

(1)  - ॠ   386  ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠
       ॣ஢;
(2)  -  樥  ᫥  8-⮢ ।-
        祭  ( 㬮砭 10);
(3)  - ७  286;
(4)  -  ८। CS,  ᫥  -
       樥;
(5)  -  ८। DS,  ᫥  -
       樥;
(6)  -  ८। SS,  ᫥  -
       樥;
(7)  -  ८। ES,  ᫥  -
       樥;
(8)  -  ८। FS,  ᫥  -
       樥;
(9)  -  ८। GS,  ᫥  -
       樥;
(10) -   ࠢ  ⨯;
(11) -   ࠢ 쭥 ⨯;
(12) -  室 ਭ 㬥   쭥
       ⨯;
(13) - ࠧ ࠭    横  ।  ࠧ஬
       ᥣ;
(14) - 筮 LOOP;
(15) - ࠧ ࠭  横 ᥣ ࠢ ᫮ (CX);
(16) - 筮 LOOPW;
(17) - ࠧ ࠭  横 ᥣ ࠢ  ᫮ (ECX);
(18) - ࠧ ࠭  JCXZ ࠢ ᫮ (CX);
(19) - ࠧ ࠭  JECXZ ࠢ  ᫮ (ECX).


                         IBM PC  XT
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ।稫  ᬮ७ 몠 ᥬ  -
  8086,        ⮨  ⮬,   8086
।⠢ ᮡ  ᫨⥫쭮 ⥬,    ணࠬ-
஢    몥 ᥬ  让 ⥯  ⭠
䨣  樮 ⥬.

     饥 設⢮ - ᠭ  
8086  ணࠬ  (, , 設⢮ ணࠬ, ᠭ 
६ ⢮ ) ᠭ  ஢ IBM PC   XT  
ᮢ⨬   設,  ࠡ  ࠢ -
樮 ⥬ MS-DOS (  㤥  뢠  ᥬ-
⢮ ஢ IBM PC).  ⠪, ⭮,  ࠧࠡ-
뢠 ணࠬ  ᥬ  樮 । IBM PC.

       ⭮ 䨣樨   樮  ⥬,
 ࠢ ன  ࠡ  ணࠬ,  -
    뢮     ࠡ ணࠬ-
.    㤥 㦤   ஢ IBM  PC  
⥬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ᪠   -
 ࠪ⨪ IBM PC, ।,   ᠬ⥫쭮
 ᮮ⢥騥   㪮⢠.


ன⢠   뢮
-----------------------------------------------------------------

        IBM PC    ,  ᯫ
   ,  ⠪ ᪮   ᪥.  ⠪
 ⠪ ன⢮,  , ਭ, ""   ⪨
᪨.        ன  ࠢ   쬠
᫮ ᫥⥫쭮 饭   ⠬  -뢮  
 (  ⮬  㣮). ਬ, 롮  ०
 梥⭮ ᪮  (CGA) ॡ 믮  30
権  OUT,   ᫥⥫쭮 権, ᯮ騥
 ࠢ ன,   ᪮   ᫮.

     砥  ,   ᠭ    ᥬ  
ணࠬ   IBM PC  ॡ ᢮ ᪮ ᫥-
⥫쭮 権 ࠢ?    ,  ⥬  ண-
ࠬ  ᯥ祭  襣 IBM PC 믮    
⮩ ࠡ.


        ⥬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ᥬ⢠ IBM PC
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⥬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 -    ⠪  ணࠬ
ᯥ祭,  ஥  㦨  ࠢ  ᯮ  -
⢥ ஬筮 ஢  ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ-
祭  (ਬ,  ࡮  ᥬ஬   Quattro)  
ᯥ祭 襣  (. . 4.9).

   --------------------------------------------------------------
   |          ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭                |
   --------------------------------------------------------------
      |                        |                          |
      |                        V                          |
      |      --------------------------------------       |
      |      |              DOS                   |       |
      |      |  (饭  DOS १ 㭪樨    |       |
      |      |    INT 21  㣨 뢠)     |       |
      |      --------------------------------------       |
      |                                   |               |
      |                                   V               V
      |                         ---------------------------------
      |                         |              BIOS             |
      |                         | (饭   ⥬  |
      |                         | -뢮 (BIOS) १     |
      |                         | 㭪樨 BIOS   -  |
      |                         |  뢠)             |
      |                         ---------------------------------
      |                                            |
      V                                            V
   --------------------------------------------------------------
   |             ⭮ ᯥ祭 IBM PC                  |
   |   ᯫ , , ਭ, , "",   |
   |   ⨪  .. 饭  ன⢠ - १     |
   |   -뢮  祩  (        |
   |   ன)                                               |
   --------------------------------------------------------------

     . 4.9 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 DOS  BIOS  窨  ७
ࠢ  䥩᭮ ஢.

      ⭮, ⥬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ࠡ뢠
  ᫮  ࣠樨 䥩  ⤥묨 ன⢠.
ਬ,  ⮣, ⮡ ࠡ  襬   IBM  PC
 ⨥ , ॡ ணࠬ  ᪮쪮 ⥭ ப
 ᥬ,    ணࠬ   ᨬ ()
   ⮫쪮  ⥬ 㭪樨.   ⠫ -
    ᭮ ⮢ ⥬ ணࠬ-
 ᯥ祭 IBM PC: 樮 ⥬ DOS   ⥬
-뢮 BIOS.

         .  4.9, ⥬ ணࠬ  ᯥ-
祭 DOS  BIOS 㦠 ࠢ騬  ஬ ஢ 
ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭   ᯥ祭 IBM
PC.  ਪ  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ᥣ  
ࠢ 묨 ।⢠  ।⢥,      
 짮 㭪ﬨ DOS  BIOS.


                       樮 ⥬ DOS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     樮 ⥬ DOS (⭠ ⠪,    PC-DOS  
MS-DOS)  -    ணࠬ,  ࠢ 訬 ஬ 
 뢠  ᪠ ᫥ 祭 ⠭    
 몫.  DOS    640  㯭  ⨢
,        㤭,   묨 諮
 ⮫    ⢨. DOS 뢮  ࠭ ᪠-
  A>    C>  (  ᪠,  ᫨    襬
).   DOS ਭ  믮 ⠪  ,
 DIR.

       ⮫쪮   DOS.  樮 ⥬ -
ᬮ७  ⠪ 讥 ᫮ 㭪権,  ப ᯮ-
  ਪ 祩.   㭪権  DOS  ਪ
 믮 ⥭  䠩     , 
ᨬ ,  ⠭   ⥪饥 ६.  -
ਬ, ࠣ ணࠬ  ᥬ:

                   .
                   .
                   .
                   mov   ah,2   ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ᨬ
                   mov   dl,'A' ; A -  ᨬ, 
                                ; 㦭 뢥  ࠭
                   int   21h
                   .
                   .
                   .

뢠 㭪  DOS  뢮  ࠭,  ⮡ 뢥 ᨬ A 
⥪饩 樨 .

     㭪樨 DOS ᫥ 뢠,    ,    ⠪
権,       䠩,  뢮  ࠭ 
 䠩   ଠ樨.  ᪮ ᠬ 樮  ⥬
DOS -    ,  ணࠬ  ᥬ,  ணࠬ-
  ᥬ     ,      樮
⥬,      訬 ⮤ ணࠬ஢.
  -  ,    DOS    뢠
ࠧ  .   ࠧ,  ᫨   㭪樨
DOS  室 ।⢥  ,   ணࠬ -
  ࠡ  㣨 設.

     ஬ ⮣  ,  ணࠬ, ࠡ騥   -
室  DOS,   ᬮ ⢮  㣨 ணࠬ, -
,  ⠪ १묨   ணࠬ,   SideKick  
SuperKey.  ⮬  祬  譨 ,  DOS 㦥 ᤥ-
    ࠡ? , ᫨ 㭪 DOS    믮
,   㦭, ᯮ .

     ᭮ ࠢ筨  㭪 DOS   㦨  "-
筮  㪮⢮  DOS". ( ⠪   ᪮-
   ࠢ ணࠬ  DOS,   
  ଠ  㭪 DOS  BIOS.)

      ⮬ 砥,  DOS  ᯥ稢 㦭   㭪,
  ᯮ짮  㭪 BIOS.  ⪮ ᪠  㭪
BIOS,   ᭠砫 ᬮਬ  ⢥ 㭪樨
DOS, 믮騥 , 뢮  襭 ணࠬ.


                    祭 ᨬ  
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ଠ樨   -      ᭮  ᯮᮡ
⢨  ஬ IBM PC.  DOS ᯥ稢   㭪-
権,    ணࠬ  ᥬ  ࠡ뢠
 .  㤨 ⮫쪮   .

          ᯮᮡ 祭 ᨬ-
    㭪 "  ",   㭪
DOS  1. 㭪樨 DOS 뢠 ⥬ 饭   㭪-
樨  ॣ AH  믮 ⥬ 樨 INT 21h. (⢨-
⥫쭠 ࠡ 樨 INT ᪮쪮  ᫮,    ᥩ
 ॡ ⮫쪮 ,   ࠧ  맮 㭪樨 DOS
  믮  INT 21h.) 騩  ࠭  
 ᨬ 頥  ॣ AL.

     ਬ,  믮 :

                   .
                   .
                   .
                   mov   ah,1
                   int   21h
                   .
                   .
                   .

樮 ⥬  DOS 頥 ᫥騩 ࠭  -
 ᨬ  ॣ AL.  ⨬,   ᫨    ,
DOS  㤥 ,    㤥 , ⮬  믮
 㭪樨  ॡ । ६.



                        뢮 ᨬ  ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᫨    ⢨  짮⥫  
ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,   ࠭  . IBM PC
᭠ ᯫﬨ ࠧ ⨯, 稭  梥⭮ ⥪-
  ᪮  ᮪ ࠧ襭,     
ᬮਬ ⮫쪮 뢮 ᨬ.

     㭪 DOS  ஬ 2 ᯥ稢  ।⢥-
    뢮 ᨬ  ࠭.  ⮣ 㦭  -
 2  ॣ AH  뢮 ᨬ  ॣ DL,  ⥬  -
 DOS   INT 21h. 騩  ⮡ࠦ  -
 ᨬ  ࠭:

                   .
                   .
                   .
                   mov   ah,1
                   int   21h     ;   ᫥饩 -
                                 ; ⮩ 
                   mov   ah,2
                   mov   dl,al   ; ६ ⠭
                                 ; ᨬ  AL  DL
                   int   21h     ; 뢥   ࠭
                   .
                   .
                   .

      ⠪  㣨 㭪権    뢠    뢮
ᨬ  ப ᨬ.       ਬ
ணࠬ  㪮⢠. ᪮  ᠭ  㭪権
DOS  ॡ  楫  ,      ᪠ 
 㭪.    ⥫쭮  ४㥬    
    ᮮ⢥   㪮  㧭 
㭪 DOS ஡, ᪮    ணࠬ஢-
  ᥬ 祢 ᮬ.

        砭, ஥ 㦭 ᤥ  ⭮⥫쭮
,  ࠭  䠩   뢮  몥 ᥬ-
.   ,  짮 㭪ﬨ scanf  printf    몥
  㭪ﬨ Readln n Writeln  ᪠,   㤨-
 㧭,   DOS  ।ᬮ७ ଠ⭮    뢮.
DOS 믮 ⮫쪮 ᨬ   -뢮.  
  楫 ६  ॡ ᤥ ᫥饥:

        printf("\\d\n",i);

      ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ 楫 祭, ஥ ࠭-
  16-⮢ 祩 ,  ப ᨬ  ASCII  -
⠥ ᨬ.  ᥬ  ணࠬ    ८-
뢠  ६  ப ᨬ, । ⥬,  뢥 
 ࠭. 筮, DOS  ⮫쪮,  뢠  ᨬ  
ப  ᨬ   , ⮬  ਤ  ண-
ࠬ, ८ࠧ騥  짮⥫ ப    ᨬ  
㣨 .

       ᫥饩     ਬ ணࠬ, -
騩  ,   㦭 ᤥ, ⮡  -
祭 ६.   ⮫쪮,  㭪樨 DOS  
  ᨬ  ப ᨬ,  祣 . 㭪 
८ࠧ   ᨬ,       ࠡ  DOS,
  .


                        뢮 ᨬ  ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,      ⥭    ணࠬ-
,    襬  ணࠬ,  믮 
宮⮡ࠦ ப ࠭   ᨬ  ࠭.
  室  ⮣ 㭪樨 DOS, ஬ ,  㦥 -
.  ᫥ 㭪 室, ᪮    ᯮᮡ
 ணࠬ,    믮.

     ,    몠 ᪠  ,  㬠, 
ணࠬ   ᥬ   ࠡ,   
  ᭮ ணࠬ.    ⠪. ⮡   ᢮
ணࠬ   ᥬ,   믮  맮 㭪樨
DOS.

      襭 ணࠬ  ᪮쪮 㭪権  DOS,  
 ।⥫ ⮤  믮 㭪樨 DOS
 ஬ 4Ch ( 76  ,  ।⠥   ).
 ,  ⥯   ணࠬ ⮡ࠦ ᨬ-
:

   DOSSEG
   .MODEL SMALL
   .STACK 100h
   .DATA
   .CODE
EhcoLoop:
   mov    ah,1              ; 㭪 DOS  
                            ; 
   int    21h               ;  ᫥ 
   cmp    al,13             ;   ENTER?
   jz     EchoDone          ; , 믮塞 宮⮡ࠦ
   mov    dl,al             ;  ᨬ  DL
   mov    ah,2              ; 㭪 DOS 뢮  ࠭
   int    21h               ; 뢥  ࠭ ᨬ
   jnz    EchoLoop          ; ⮡ࠧ ᫥騩 ᨬ
EchoDone:
   mov    ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                            ; ணࠬ
   int    21h               ;  ணࠬ
   END

      ணࠬ 筮  ⠪    .  㢨-
,     ᨬ 뢥 :  ࠧ,
  ⮡ࠦ DOS    ,   ன  ࠧ,
  ⮡ࠦ 襩 ணࠬ.  ⮬  -
 ,   ⢨: 뢠  ᨬ  ,  뢮
ᨬ    ࠭   襭 ணࠬ 믮  
㭪権 DOS.


 ⥬ -뢮
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      㭪樨 DOS   ⢥  訬  ॡ.  
⠫      ⥬ -뢮 IBM PC -
BIOS.  ⫨稥  DOS  ਪ ணࠬ BIOS   㦠
 ᪠      640 㯭 .  ⮣
BIOS ࠭  , 㯭 ⮫쪮  ⥭ (ROM  ),
 ⮩  ᭮ ࠭⢠  8086, ஥ -
ࢨ஢  ⥬ 㭪権.

     BIOS  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 IBM PC ᠬ 
஢.    DOS  ᯮ  ࠢ ன 㭪樨
BIOS.  ᯮ짮 㭪樨 BIOS, 祬 ࠢ  묨
।⢠  ।⢥, ᪮, 筮 DOS, BIOS -
 "" ࠧ  ࠧ묨 ࠬ   ன-
⢠.    㣮  ஭,  ⠬,    ,  ᫥
짮 㭪ﬨ DOS,   㭪ﬨ BIOS, ᪮  ண-
ࠬ,  ᯮ騥  BIOS,  ਢ  䫨  㣨
ணࠬ   饬 砥  ७ᨬ  ࠡ   ࠧ-
 .

                          롮 ० ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      饩 稭 ᯮ짮 BIOS    -
ࠢ  ᯫ,  ⠪    DOS ࠪ᪨  ।ᬠਢ
প ப ⥩ ᯫ IBM PC. 쪮   
맮  㭪権 BIOS   ⠭ ० ࠭, ࠢ
梥⠬,  ଠ  ᯫ   ..  -
,  ᫥騩  뢠 BIOS  ⠭ ࠭ -
  CGA  梥 ᪨ ०:

                   .
                   .
                   .
                   mov   ah,0    ; 㭪 BIOS ⠭
                                 ; ०
                   mov   al,4    ;  ०  4-梥⭮
                                 ; 䨪  ࠧ襭 320200
                   int   10h     ; 믮 뢠
                                 ; BIOS  ⠭ ०
                   .
                   .
                   .

       ୮ ,  㦥  ਫ    ⮬,    
⠭ ० 室  30 権 OUT.  
 ,  㭪 BIOS "⠭ ०"    
 讣 ꥬ ࠡ.

      BIOS ।ᬮ७ ⠪  㭪権,  易  ࠢ-
 ᯫ,   ᥡ ࠡ ⨩   -
ࠢ ᪮.   饬 砥    믮
  㭪権 DOS.

     ᭮ ࠢ筨  㭪 BIOS   "ࠢ筮
㪮⢮  䥩   ⥬ -뢮".



           室    ।⢠
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,     ᥬ     -
  ᯮ짮 㭪権 DOS (, ᫨  ᮫⭮ -
室, 㭪権 BIOS), 諮 ६  ᪠      ,
  ᮢ⮢   ।⢥  -
. ਬ,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  㭨権  ࠢ
᫥⥫ ⮬ IBM PC ।⢥   -
権 IN  OUT,  ᪮  DOS,  BIOS  ।ᬠਢ -
⭮  প  ᫥⥫ 㭨権.  筮,
᮪ந⥫쭠 䨪  믮     -
।⢥  饭   ᯫ,  ⠪  DOS  -
ন 䨪,  BIOS   쭮 .

     ᭮ ࠢ  ࠡ  묨 ।⢠  -
  㢥७   ⮬,     㣮 ୠ⨢. ᫨
 㭪樨 DOS  BIOS,    ᯮ짮,  
ᯮ . ᫨  , 頩   ।-
. ஬ ⮣, 楫 ணࠬ஢   ᮧ  -
  ணࠬ,     ᫥ ࠢ. 㣮 ஭, 祬
 ࠢ  蠥, 祬  訬 ᫮ ஡   -
.


㣨 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ணࠬ, ࠡ饣  ᥬ,  IBM  PC  -
ᬮ७  ⠪  㣨 ணࠬ   .  
㤥   ᬠਢ, ਢ ⮫쪮 ⪮    
 (஡     ࠢ ਠ):

     - ࠩ ANSI.SYS, ।ᬠਢ騩 襭  ࠢ
ᯫ  室 饭  㭪 BIOS;

     - ⥬  ⠩  ন  ⠩  ஭᪮
६,    ⠪  㪠   ஥ 
    ६;

     - ⥫ 䬥᪨ ᮯ 8087 ⥫쭮
᪮ 믮 権  饩 窮.



        5. ᭮  ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,   﫨,  祬    ᥬ  
㭨,   ⠫ﬨ ணࠬ஢  ᥬ-
.

      ⮩   㧭  ᭮  ணࠬ 
ᥬ.  砫  ᪠   ॡ  -
饩 ணࠬ  ᥬ. ⥬  㤨 ࠧ -
  ப,         㣮. ⭮ 
᪠     ,  ४⨢   ᯮ-
ᮡ,      ணࠬ  ᥬ  
  .  㢨,   ࡮ ᥬ  ।
 ᯮ ᥣ, 㧭  뤥   ᯮ짮 -
६  . ,  ᬮਬ    -
㯮ॡ⥫ 樨.

     ꥬ 墠祭    ⥬ ,      
⮩ ,  㧭 筮, ⮡   ணࠬ
  ᥬ.        ணࠬ
 ᫮, ਢ   .

          ⮫쪮 ࠣ    ᯥ
ணࠬ஢    ᥬ,     6 " ஡ 
ணࠬ஢  ࡮ ᥬ"   9  "⮥  ண-
ࠬ஢   ࡮ ᥬ"   ⥬  쭥-
襥 ࠧ⨥.

             ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,     ,    ।⠢  ᮡ
ணࠬ   몥 ᥬ  8086,  ⮢  ⮬,
⮡    ᥬ ணࠬ.   ᬮਬ,
  ॡ  ࠡ饩 ணࠬ  ᥬ-
.   ணࠬ  ᥬ 砥  ᥡ  -
஥ ⢮ ப. ᬮਬ, ਬ, ᫥ ணࠬ:

                   DOSSEG            ; ४⨢ 㯮冷稢
                                     ; ᥣ⮢
                   .MODEL   SMALL    ;    
                                     ;  ⨯
                   .STACK   200h     ; ⥪ ꥬ 512 
                   .DATA             ; 砫 ᥣ 
        DisplayString  DB  13,10     ;  ᨬ "
                                     ; ⪨/ॢ ப"
                                     ;  砫  ப
        ThreeChars     DB  3 DUP (?) ;    ᨬ,
                                     ;   
                       DB  '$'       ; 墮⮢ ᨬ "$",
                                     ; 㪠뢠騩 DOS, 
                                     ;  뢮 ப
                                     ; DisplayString 
                                     ; 믮 㭪樨 9
                    .CODE            ; 砫 ᥣ 
        Begin:
                    mov    ax,@Data
                    mov    ds,ax     ; DS 㪠뢠  ᥣ
                                     ; 
                    mov    bx,OFFSET ThreeChars ; 㪠뢠 
                                     ; 祩 , 
                                     ; ᮤন  ᨬ
                    mov    ah,1      ; 㭪 DOS  
                                     ; 
                    int    21h       ;  ᫥
                                     ;  
                    dec    al        ;   ᨬ 1
                    mov    [bx],al   ; ࠭ 
                                     ; ᨬ
                    inc    bx        ; 㪠  祩 ,
                                     ;  ᮤন ᫥騩
                                     ; ᨬ
                    inc    21h       ;  ᫥
                                     ;  
                    dec    al        ;   ᨬ 1
                    mov    [bx],al   ; ࠭ 
                                     ; ᨬ
                    inc    bx        ; 뫪  祩 
                                     ;  ᫥騬 ᨬ
                    int    21h       ;  ᫥
                                     ;  
                    dec    al        ;   ᨬ 1
                    mov    [bx],al   ; ࠭ 
                                     ; ᨬ
                    mov    dx,OFFSET DisplayString ; 뫪 
                                     ; ப 
                                     ; ᨬ
                    mov    ah,9      ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
                    int    21h       ; 뢥  ᨬ
                    mov    ah,4ch    ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                    int    21h       ; ணࠬ
                    END    Begin     ; ४⨢, ⬥
                                     ;  室  
                                     ; 㪠뢠,  稭
                                     ; 믮  ᪥
                                     ; ணࠬ

      ணࠬ  ᮤন  饭 ४⨢ ।
ᥣ⮢ DOSSEG, .MODEL, .STACK, .DATA  .CODE,  ⠪ ४-
 END.    ணࠬ  ᥬ, ⮡ ᯥ -
 ᥣ⮢  ࠢ ,  室 ४⨢ ।-
   ᥣ⮢   (饭    ⠭),    
ணࠬ  ᥬ ᥣ   ४⨢  END.  ४⨢
।  ᥣ⮢  ४⨢ END,   ⠪  㣨
४⨢  襬   .

     ४⨢ ।⠢ ᮡ ⮫쪮 "ࠬ" ணࠬ  -
ᥬ.    ᠬ  ணࠬ  室 ⠪ ப 室
, 믮騥 - ⢨, ਬ:

      mov [bx],al

      inc dx

      ப ।⠢ ᮡ    権,  ᮮ-
騥    権    8086, ᯨ᮪ 
ਢ  ।饩 . , । ⥬,      ᬮ
ᯮ짮  樨   ४⨢,    ଠ
ப  ᥬ, ⠪   ᬮਬ .

     ᫨   㧭,        ࢠ  ணࠬ
(ਢ   ਬ),  , ,  IBM,
᫥ 祣 ணࠬ ⢥ :

         HAL

     ணࠬ 뢠  ᨬ, ⠥   ᨬ
祭 1  뢮  ࠭ १.


                        १ࢨ஢ ᫮
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     १ࢨ஢  祢  ᫮  ।祭  ⮫쪮
 ᯮ짮  ࡮ ᥬ஬.    ᯮ짮 
। ᢠ, ⮪   楤. 祢 ᫮
᫥ ᬠਢ      ஥ ணࠬ  -
ᥬ.  ᫮ ਢ   5.1 (  樨 +,
*, -,  ४⨢ .386,  ASSUME,  MASM, QUIRKS)  ।।
䨪 ??time, ??version, @WordSize).

        १ࢨ஢ ᫮ ࡮ ᥬ       5.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
:            @datasize     @filename     NAME           RADIX
;            ??date        ??filename    NE             .RADIX
=            DB            FWORD         NEAR           RECORD
?            %DEPTH        GE            %NEWPAGE       REPT
[]           DF            GLOBAL        %NOCONDS       .SALL
/            DISPLAY       GROUP         %NOCREF        SEG
()           DOSSEG        GT            %NOCTLS        SEGMENT
+            DP            HIGH          NOEMUL         .SEQ
-            DQ            IDEAL         %NOINCL        .SFCOND
*            DT            IF            NOJUMPS        SHL
.            DUP           IF1           %NOLIST        SHORT
.186         DW            IF2           NOLOCALS       SHR
.286         DWORD         IFB           %NOMACS        SIZE
.286C        ELSE          IFDEF         NOMASM51       SIZESTR
.286P        ELSEIF        IFDIF         NOMULTERRS     SMALL
.287         EMUL          IFDIF1        NOSMART        SMART
.386         END           IFE           %NOSYMS        STACK
.386C        ENDIF         IFIDN         NOT            .STACK
.387         ENDM          IFIDNI        NOTHING        STRUC
.8086        ENDP          IFNB          %NOTRUNC       SUBSTR
.8087        ENDS          IFNDEF        NOWARN         SUBTTL
ALIGN        EQ            %INCL         OFFSET         %SUBTTL
.ALPHA       EQU           INCLUDE       OR             %SYMS
AND          ERR           INCLUDELIB    ORG            SYMTYPE
ARG          .ERR          INSTR         %OUT           %TABSIZE
ASSUME       .ERR1         IRP           P186           TBYTE
%BIN         .ERR2         IRPC          P286           %TEXT
BYTE         .ERRB         JUMPS         P286N          .TFCOND
CATSTR       .ERRDEF       LABEL         P287           THIS
@CODE        ERRDIF        .LALL         P386           ??time
CODESEG      ERRDIFI       LARGE         P386N          TITLE
@CODESIZE    ERRE          LENGTH        P386P          %TITLE
COMM         ERRIDN        .LFCOND       P387           %TRUNC
COMMENT      ERRIDNI       %LINUM        P8086          TYPE
%CONDS       ERRIFNB       %LIST         P8087          .TYPE
.CONST       ERRIFNDEF     .LIST         PAGE           UDATASEG
@Cpu         ERRNB         LOCAL         %PAGESIZE      UFARDATA
%CREF        ERRNDEF       LOCALS        PARA           UNION
.CREF        ERRNZ         LOW           %PNCT          UNKNOWN
%CREFALL     EVEN          LT            PNO87          USES
%CREFREF     EVENDATA      MACRO         %POPLCTL       ??version
%CREFUREF    EXITM         %MACS         PROC           WARN
%CTLS        EXTRN         MASK          PTR            WITH
@curseg      FAR           MASM          PUBLIC         WORD
@data        FARDATA       MASM51        PURGE          @WordSize
.DATA        @fardata      MOD           %PUSHLCTL      .XALL
.DATA?       .FARDATA      MODEL         PWORD          .XLIST
DATAPTR      @fardata?     .MODEL        QUIRKS         XOR
DATASEG      .FARDATA?     MULTERRS      QWORD

-----------------------------------------------------------------


                             ଠ ப
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ப 室   몥  ᥬ    ᫥騩
ଠ:

     <⪠> </४⨢> <࠭> <;਩>

 <⪠> ।⠢ ᮡ 易⥫쭮  䨪,
</४⨢> -    樨  ४⨢,
<࠭> - ᮤঠ ⠭ 0,  1  2 ( )  -
⠭, 뫮    ॣ,  ⥪⮢ ப,  
ॡ   ⭮ 樨  ४⨢, <;-
਩> - 易⥫ ਩.

           ப ⢥ ᨬ த ப
  ᨬ ⭮ ᮩ   (\).    
ᨬ  ᯮ짮  ࠧ 䨪஢.  -
   砥: " ᫥ ப,  த
ࠡ   窨".  ⮬   ஢ -
 ப. ਬ:

     foo mystructure  \  ;   
     <0,              \  ; 砫 - 㫥 祭
     1,               \  ; ⥬ - 
     2>               \  ; C 蠥 祭 2

        ⥪ ᨬ த ப  ᯮ-
.   饬 砥   ᯮ     ⥪,  
ᨬ ࠡ뢠  ⥪,     䨪, ᫠
 ப,    ० MASM,  த ப ᯮ-
    䨪 . ਬ:

     ifdif <123\>,<456\>

        ᨬ "\"  ᯮ,  த-
 ப.

     comment \
     :

稭  ,   । 䨪 
⨯   COMMENT.

      த ப  ᯮ ⠪   -
ம।.    ᯮ  ७ ப-
.

      ᬮਬ    ⮢  ஡.

                                 ⪨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

    ⪨ -    ,  , ᯮ騥    ண-
ࠬ    뫪   ᫠  ப ᨬ  祩 .
⪨   ᢠ  ६  , -
   ᠬ,  室  樨. ਬ, 
᫥饩 ணࠬ,   䠪ਠ 5,  ᯮ
᪮쪮 ⮪:

                   DOSSEG
                   .MODEL   SMALL
                   .STACK   200h
                   .DATA
  FactorialValue            DW   ?
  Factorial                 DW   ?
                   .CODE
  FiveFactorial    PROC
                   mov      ax,@Data
                   mov      ds,ax
                   mov      [FactorialValue],1
                   mov      [Factorial],2
                   mov      cx,4
  FiveFactorialLoop:
                   mov      ax,[FactorialValue]
                   mul      [Factorial]
                   mov      [FactorialValue],ax
                   inc      [Factorial]
                   loop     FiveFactorialLoop
                   ret
  FiveFactorial    ENDP
                   END

     ⪨ FactorialValue  Factorial   ᠬ  
16-⮢  ६.  ᯮ  ᫥饩 뫪 
ணࠬ    ६. ⪠ FiveFactorial  -    
ணࠬ  (楤  㭪樨), ᮤঠ饩 .  -
 뢠    㣨  ணࠬ. ,  ⪠
FiveFactorialLoop ⭠  樨:

                   mov    ax,[FactorialValue]

 ன  LOOP    ணࠬ    -
⢫  室   .

     ⪨    ᫥ ᨬ:

           A - Z        a - z     _      @     $     ?     0 - 9

      ० MASM ᪠ ⠪ 窠 (.) (.  11), 
⮫쪮  ⢥ ࢮ ᨬ.  0 - 9   ᯮ짮-
  ⢥  ᨬ ⪨.  $      ?  
ᯥ樠쭮 祭, ⮬   ᫥ ᯮ짮  
 䨪.

      ⪠  । ⮫쪮   ࠧ,    
⪨   㭨묨. ( ⮣ ࠢ  ᪫祭.
ਬ, ᯥ樠 ⪨, ।   ४⨢  =,
 ⪨  ப  ணࠬ ० Ideal). 
࠭ ⪨  ᯮ짮  ᫮ ࠧ.

     ⪠    ப,    ⮩ ப -
  ⪨    ⢮    ४⨢.  ⮬
砥 祭 ⪨   樨  ४⨢ 
᫥饩 ப ணࠬ. ਬ,  ࠣ ணࠬ:

                       .
                       .
                       jmp   DoAddition
                       .
                       .
                       .
     DoAddition:
                       add   ax,dx
                       .
                       .
                       .

᫥饩 樥, 믮塞 ᫥ 樨 JMP,  
믮 室     DoAddition,    ADD
AX,DX. ।騩 ਬ ⥭ ᫥饬:

                       .
                       .
                       jmp   DoAddition
                       .
                       .
                       .
     DoAddition:       add   ax,dx
                       .
                       .
                       .

     (᮪ ४⨢  ਢ    3 "ࠢ筮 㪮-
⢠",   ॣ  8086 ᪠뢠   4.)

      ࠧ饭  ⪨  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ப -
   २⢠. -,   ࠧ頥  
 ⤥쭮 ப,  ᯮ짮  ⪨  -
    (ଠ) ணࠬ  ᥬ,  ᤥ 
  ⠡쭮. -, ࠢ  ⪨    
 , ᫨ ⪠  室  ⮩  ப,  
. ⮡ ८ࠧ ᫥ ਬ  :

                       .
                       .
                       jmp   DoAddition
                       .
                       .
                       .
     DoAddition:       mov   dx,[MemVar]
                       add   ax,dx
                       .
                       .
                       .

 諮  ࠧ ப  ⪮ DoAddition    
 ⥪. ᫨  DoAddition 室  ⤥쭮 ப, 
   ᫥ ⮩ ⪨  ப.

     ⪠   ᮢ    ᯮ㥬    ࠦ-
 ஥ ᨬ,   ॣ஢ (AX, BX  ..)
 , ᯮ㥬  ࠦ (PTR, BYTE, WORD   ..).
  ⢥  ⮪    ⠪  ᯮ짮   ४⨢
IFxxx  .ERRxxx. ᪮쪮 㣨 १ࢨ஢  ࡮ -
ᥬ 䨪஢  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ।-
 ⥪.  䨪   ᥡ NAME,  INCLUDE
 COMMENT.    ᯮ짮,   ⮢
,     ⢥  䨪஢ ( ஡
  ᪠뢠   9).

     訩 室 -   室  ᯮ짮  
⢥  ⮪   ஥  䨪஢. -
, ⪨:

      bx      DW  0
      PTR:

뫨  ਥ, ⠪  BX -  ॣ,  PTR -  
ࠦ.  ⪠:

  Old_BX     DW  0

 ⨬.

     ਢ  ਬ ⨬ ⮪:

       MainLoop
       calc_long_sum
       Error0
       Iterate
       Draw$Dot
       Delay_100_milliseconds

     ⪨   ணࠬ ( ᮤঠ騥  ⤥쭮  ப,
  ᫥    ⮩  ப ᫥ ४⨢  -
樨)  稢 稥 (:). 稥  -
蠥        . ਬ,  ᫥饬 ࠣ-
 ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          .
 LoopTop:
          mov   al,[si]
          inc   si
          and   al,al
          jz    Done
          jmp   LoopTop
 Done:    ret
          .
          .
          .

⪨ LoopTop  Done ।  ﬨ,     뫪  
 ⪨   㪠뢠.

     㣨 ⪨  饬 砥     -
.   ਬ ணࠬ  砫  ࠧ ᮤঠ -
쪮 ⮪  稩.

      ⪠ ᫥  ⠪, ⮡     .
ࠢ:

          .
          .
          cmp   al,'a'
          jb    NotALowerCaseLetter   ;  筠 㪢
          cmp   al,'z'
          ja    NotALowerCaseLetter
          sub   al,20h                ; ८ࠧ  孨
                                      ; ॣ (ய
                                      ; 㪢)
  NotALowerCaseLetter:
          .
          .

 ᫥騩 ࠣ ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          cmp   al,'a'
          jb    P1
          cmp   al,'z'
          ja    P1
          sub   al,20h                ; ८ࠧ  孨
                                      ; ॣ
  P1:
          .
          .

     ਠ  ⥫쭮 ⪮ (ᮡ      -
᪨ 몮,  ᪮ ணࠬ⮢, , 
ᯮ짮 ਠ ⨯ Ne_strochnaja_bukva) ࠧ  -
⥭,   ६  ன  ࢮ 鸞,  , -
祭.  ⪨  ᮤঠ ᨬ ન.   -
  襣 ।⥭  ᯮ짮 ⪨ ⨯ not_a_
lower_case_ letter  Not _A_Lower_Case_Letter.

                    権  ४⨢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᭮   ப  ணࠬ    ᥬ  
  </४⨢>.     ᮤঠ 
樨  ४⨢ ( ᮢ襭 ࠧ ).

          㦥 砫   権.
  ।⠢  ᮡ 㤮  ⥭  権, -
।⢥ 믮塞 ஬ 8086. MOV, ADD, MUL  JMP -
   権, ᮮ⢥騥  -
 8086 ६饭 , ᫮, 㬭  室  -
⢥⢥.

     ࡮ ᥬ ᥬ   樨 -
।⢥    ᮮ⢥     設 몥.
 ࠧ,   砥  ணࠬ    몥  ᥬ
  樨, १⮬    
믮塞 .

      ⫨稥   権, ४⨢ ᮢᥬ   -
  믮塞  .  ⮣  ࠢ ࠧ묨
ᯥ⠬ ࠡ ࡮ ᥬ -  ⨯ ᥬ㥬  
( 8086, 80286, 80386  ..)   ᯮ㥬 ᥣ⮢
 ଠ ᮧ 䠩 ⨭.     ⢥
⫨稥,    ᬠਢ  権,  -
騥 ॠ ணࠬ  設 몥  8086,  
४⨢  -    ⢥⢥   ᯥ祭 । ᮪
஢ ࡮ ᥬ,     ணࠬ஢  
ᥬ.

       㪮⢥  㤥塞 讥    ࠧ
ᯥ⠬   ४⨢ ࡮ ᥬ,  㦤-
 ⠪   3 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".    ᪮쪮
४⨢,    室   ணࠬ  ᥬ (
ᮡ  ᠥ ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢,  
  㤨  ᪮쪮 ). 㣠 ४⨢,  ᥣ
室  ணࠬ -  ४⨢ END.

                             ४⨢ END
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ணࠬ  ᮤঠ ४⨢ END,  ⬥
  室    ணࠬ.  ப,  ᫥ 
४⨢ END, ࡮ ᥬ஬ . ᫨   
४⨢  END,    訡.   , 
殬 ணࠬ   䠩,    ⠪: ᥣ -
 㪠뢠 ४⨢ END.

     END  ⨯筮 ४⨢  ⮬ ᫥,      
஦  . ਬ:

                   DOSSEG
                   .MODEL   SMALL
                   .STACK   200h
                   .DATA
  ProgramStart:
                   mov   ah,4ch
                   int   21h
                   END   ProgramStart

     , , ⥩ ணࠬ  ᥬ.  -
   ,   頥 ࠢ DOS. -
   ᯮ짮 ४⨢ END  襭 ,
 ண ⮨  ணࠬ.

      ᮬ  ⨫,    ப    ४⨢
END  ᮤন  ⪠  ProgramStart. ஬ 襭 ணࠬ,
४⨢ END  믮    㭪, 㪠뢠, 
  稭  믮   ᪥ ணࠬ.  ⮩ 
 稭      믮 ணࠬ  
䠩 .EXE  ࢮ 樨. ४⨢ END ।ᬠਢ -
 砨. ।, ਬ,  ᪠ ணࠬ, -
祭  १ ᥬ஢   ᫥饣 :

                   DOSSEG
                   .MODEL   SMALL
                   .STACK   200h
                   .DATA
   Delay:
                   mov   cx,0
   DelayLoop:
                   loop  DelayLoop
                   ret

   ProgramStart:
                   call  Delay    ; 㧠  ६,
                                  ; 室 
                                  ; 믮 64 横
                   mov   ah,4ch
                   int   21h
                   END   ProgramStart

     믮  稭   ࢮ 樨 室-
   (MOV CX,0)  ⪥ Delay.  ⮣ 믮 -
  樨 CALL Delay  ⪥ ProgramStart,  ।-
  ४⨢ END.

     ᫨ ணࠬ ⮨ ⮫쪮    (   -
 室 䠩),   ४⨢ END ᥣ 㦭 ।
 ᪠ ணࠬ.  ணࠬ, 饩  ᪮쪨 -
㫥, ।  ᪠ ணࠬ ᫥ ⮫쪮  ४-
⨢ END , ᮤঠ饣 ,  ன  -
  믮  ணࠬ.  ४⨢ END 㣨 㫥 
㪠뢠 ⮫쪮 祢 ᫮ END   祣  .    ᠬ
:    ணࠬ    砫 믮, 
뫮   ᫥    ᪮쪮 ⠪ 祪.   
⮬,  襩 ணࠬ   ( ⮫쪮 )  -
 믮.  (, ᫨  襩 ணࠬ   ⠪
, 騪 TLINK ᯮ ⮫쪮  , 
 㦨,   㣮.)


                               ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      権  ४⨢ ᮮ ࡮  ᥬ,
  㦭 .  㣮 ஭, ࠭ 㪠뢠 ࡮ -
ᥬ,  ॣ, ࠬ, 祩    ..  㦭
易    宦 樨  ४⨢. 
MOV (६饭 ) ᠬ  ᥡ 祣   砥.  ⮡
㪠  ࡮ ᥬ, 㤠 㦭  ६頥 -
祭    ࠭, 室 ࠭.

      ࠧ 権 ॡ 0, 1, 2   ࠭-
.    ⢨⥫쭮  ࠧ묨 ४⨢  ਭ-
  ᫮ ࠭, ஥  㬥    
ப. ࠢ쭮 ᫮ ࠭   ⭮ -
樨  ४⨢. ( 饬  砥  ᪠    ࠭.)
  ࠭     ᥡ ॣ, ⠭, ⪨,
६    ⥪⮢ ப.

      㭪樨 믮    ࠭, -
筮  祢:   믮 樨  ⨬ ࠭. -
:

        push ax

 ॣ AX  ⥪. 樨    ࠭    
祢. ,  ந室  砥 樨   -
࠭,     筨,  ⠫  ਥ-
? ਬ,   8086 믮 :

        mov ax,bx

   ॣ  뢠 祭,       ॣ
뢠?

         ,    ᫮  ⮬  
樨 㤥 "६ ᮤন AX  BX",    ⠪.
 ⮣  MOV 頥 ᮤন BX    AX.  
ᯮ짮 ᫥饥 ࠢ:   樨 MOV 
 ࠭  ࠢ⢠, ᫥ 祣  ਮ  
  ᢠ,     ( ᪠). 
⠪ 室  MOV ८ࠧ  :

        ax = bx;

          ࠡ  樨.

      ᠬ   ᯮ짮 ࠢ  ࠭    ⢥
筨     ⠭,   ࠩ   -
ᥬ  8086  ⠪,  ᪮   ᯮ.

                         ஢ ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⭮ ॣ஢ ࠭       -
㥬묨      ࠭.   ᯮ짮-
  ⢥ 筨 (室 ࠭)  ਥ (-
  ࠭)    ⥫⢠   ᮤ-
 ,   㦭 믮 室.  ॣࠬ -
     ⮣, 祣    ⠭⠬, ⪠
 ६묨  .   㣮  ஭,    
樨,     ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ॣ஢ -
࠭.

     ਢ  ਬ ॣ஢ ࠭:

         mov   al,ax
         push  dl
         xchg  al,dl
         ror   dx,cl
         in    al,dx
         inc   sl

     ஢ ࠭  ᯮ짮     㣨
࠭:

         mov   al,1
         add   [BaseCount],cx
         cmp   si,[bx]

     ᯮ짮 ॣ஢ ࠭  ॡ   -
᭥. ⮡ ᯮ짮 ॣ  ⢥ ࠭,  -
  ⮣ ॣ  ᯮ  ॣ  .  ᫨
   ࠭  ॣ஢ ࠭  ᠬ -
 ࠭,   㤥 室 ॣ஬ (筨),   ᫨
ᠬ  ࠭ -   楫 ॣ (ਥ). ᫨ 
樨 ॡ  筨,    ⢮  
 室 ॣ. ਬ,  ࠣ ணࠬ:

        .
        .
        .
        mov   cx,1
        mov   dx,2
        sub   dx,cx
        .
        .
        .

ॣ CX ⠭  祭 1, DX -  祭 2,  -
⥬   ॣ DX ⠥ CX  १ (1) ᭮ 뢠-
  ॣ DX.  樨 SUB CX  ࠢ ࠭,
⮬    室 ॣ (筨).  DX - ᠬ  -
࠭, ⮬  ६   筨  ਥ-
. , ⢨  樨 SUB (⠭) ࠦ-
 ᫮,    "  CX    DX".  ᯮ짮  ⮤
८ࠧ   몠   祭  -
権  ८ࠧ   SUB  :

     dx -= cx;

  ᪠  㤥 룫拉, :

     dx := dx - cx;

                          ࠭-⠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ४᭮ 室  ࠭  祭  ६-
,     ࠭ ॡ ᯮ짮 ﭭ -
祭. ਬ, ।,    横 㬥  -
  ॣ  SI  4,  横,  祭 SI  ⠭
ࠢ 0.  ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 樨:

            .
            .
            .
  CountByFourLoop:
            .
            .
            .
            dec  si
            dec  si
            dec  si
            dec  si
            jnz  CountByFourLoop
            .
            .
            .

        ᯮ짮 樨:

            .
            .
            .
  CountByFourLoop:
            .
            .
            .
            sub  si,1
            jnz  CountByFourLoop
            .
            .
            .

      ⢥ ﭭ ࠭  (࠭-⠭)  
ᯮ짮  ⠪  ᨬ, ᪮ ᨬ ।⠢ ᮡ
। 祭. ਬ, ⠪  ᨬ A   -
 祭 65,  ᫥騥  樨 :

            .
            .
            .
            sub   al,'A'
            sub   al,65
            .
            .
            .

     ﭭ 祭    筮,  쬥筮
  ⭠筮  ।⠢,  ⠪  筮 .
  ।⠢ ᥫ  㤨    ࠧ
",   ᭮".

     ࠭-⠭      ᯮ짮  
࠭  ᯮ  ᫥,  ⠪   ᯮ짮
⠭  ⢥ ࠭-ਥ ( ⨢ ।-
  ⠭,  塞 稭). ࠭-⠭,
,  ४᭮ ᯮ짮   ⮬  ,    
  ᯮ짮 祭  ⢥ 室 ࠭. -
 8086 뢠  ᯮ짮 ⠭  -
祭. ਬ,     祭-⠭  ⥪
( ࠭祭 ᠥ ⮫쪮  ஢  8086/8088).  ⮡
  ⥪ 祭 5,   믮  樨:

     .
     .
     .
     mov   ax,5
     push  ax
     .
     .
     .

     㦭   ⤥ 砩,    ᯮ짮
⠭    ᪠.  , ⠪ 権 , 
࡮ ᥬ, 筮,   , ᫨   ⠥  -
짮 ⠭ ४⭮.


                               ࠦ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ﭭ ࠦ  ᯮ짮 ⠬ ,  ᪠-
  ᯮ짮  ﭭ 祭 (⠭). ࡮ ᥬ-
 ন  ᫥ ࠦ,   
᪮, 䬥᪨, ᪨ 樨  樨 ⭮襭,
 ⠪ ⢮ 権, ।祭  ⠪ 楫,  
뤥  ⮪ ᥣ  ᬥ饭  । ࠧ -
६  .

     ਬ,  ࠣ ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          .
  MemVar  DB   0
  NextVar DB   ?
          .
          .
          .
          mov   ax,SEG MemVar
          mov   ds,ax
          mov   bx,OFFSET MemVar + (3*2) - 5)
          mov   BYTE PTR [bx],1
          .
          .
          .

 SEG ᯮ  㧪 ﭭ 祭  ᥣ-
,  ஬ 室 MemVar,   ஢ ⮣  祭
 ॣ AX  DS.    ⮩ ணࠬ ᯮ ᫮
ࠦ,  饥  ᥡ 樨 *,  +, -  OFFSET,  -
᫥  ண  砥 祭 OFFSET MemVar+1,  ஥
।⠢ ᮡ   ,    NextVar.  , 
롮  ⮢ 樨  ࠭ ⠭ 1  祩, 
 㪠뢠 ॣ BX (  ।⠢  ᮡ  NextVar),
ᯮ  BYTE PTR.

     ⭮⥫쭮 ࠦ ⮨ ᤥ   砭:  
᫥    ࠦ   祭-⠭.
OFFSET MemVar -  祭-⠭, ।⠢饥 ᮡ ᬥ-
饭 ६ MemVar   ᥣ. ஬ ⮣,   ६ 
࠭   ६ MemVar 祭  ,  ᠬ
६ MemVar, 筮, 㤠  ६頥.

       祭-⠭ 筮 ,  ࡮  ᥬ
    騥   ﭭ 祭 ࠦ ⠪
,   ᥬ  室 .    ࡮  ᥬ
ࠦ  OFFSET  MemVar + 2 ᮢ襭 筮 ࠦ 5 +
2. ᪮   ࠦ 塞   ।  
६ ᥬ஢,  ࠦ    ᢥ    -
-⠭.

      ࠦ  ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 樨:

     <>, (), LENGTH, MASK, SIZE, WIDTH
     . (ᥫ  )
     HIGH, LOW
     : (८। ᥣ)
     OFFSET, PTR, SEG, THIS, TYPE
     *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR
     +, - ()
     EQ, GE, GT, LE, LT, NE
     NOT
     AND
     OR, XOR
     LARGE, SHORT, SMALL, .TYPE

       祭  権    ᠬ  
ᥡ.    樨 믮  䬥᪨ ࠦ 
 ⢨,    ।祭. 樨  ᭨ 
⮩   ,     . ஬ ⮣, ⢥
 , 騥 ⤥ 権,      2
"ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".

                            ࠭-⪨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

         ⢥ ࠭    ᯮ짮-
 ⪨.  㪠   ᮮ⢥  ⪨ -
 ᯮ짮  祭 ﭭ 祭  (⠭).
ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
  MemWord DW   1
          .
          .
          .

          mov   al,SIZE MemWord
          .
          .
          .

      祭  2  (ࠧ      ६    
MemWord)  頥   AL.   ⥪ ⪠  ⠭-
  ࠦ,  㦥   ।饬 ࠧ.

     ⪨  ⠪ ᯮ짮  ⢥ 楫  ࠭-
   CALL  JMP. ਬ,  ࠣ ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          .
          cmp   ax,100
          ja    IsAbove100
          .
          .
          .
   IsAbove100:
          .
          .
          .

 JA ᯮ  室  ,  -
࠭  IsAbove100,  ᫨  祭 AX ॢ蠥 100.  ⪠
ᯮ  ⢥ ⠭,   室.

     , ⪨  ᯮ짮  ⢥ ࠭ 
⠪,    ᯮ  ॣ,    ࠭-筨
 ࠭-ਥ   ࠡ  묨. ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          .
  TampVar DW   ?
          .
          .
          .
          mov   [TempVar],ax
          sub   ax,[TempVar]
          .
          .
          .


 ᮤন ॣ AX,  ⠪  ࢠ  -
뢠 ᮤঠ饥  ॣ AX 祭    ६  
TempVar,  ⥬      ⠥  AX ࠭ 
TempVar 祭.

     ᯮ짮 ⮪  ⢥ ࠭ ।⠢  ᮡ
⤥  ⥬    ᠭ   . ⮣  ᭥
.



                        樨  
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ᯮ짮 ࠭     祩 -
,    ன     ࠡ? 祢 ⢥ ⮨ 
⮬, ⮡ ᢮ 㦭 ६    (    
   ᫥ ࠧ).  , ਬ, ᫥ -
஢    ६  Debts ()   -
६  Assets (⢮):

          .
          .
          .
  Assets  DW   ?
  Debts   DW   ?
          .
          .
          .
          mov   ax,[Debts]
          sub   [Assets],ax
          .
          .
          .

            㡮 ,  -
  ᠥ  . ।,    ᨬ쭠
ப   CharString, ᮤঠ 㪢 ABCDEFGHIGKLM, -
 稭  ᥣ   ᬥ饭 100,   
. 4.1.  ࠧ    ᨬ (I), 
ᯮ     108?  몥     ᯮ짮-
 :

        C = CharString[8];

(   㬥  0),   ᪠:

        C := CharString[9];

         ᤥ    ᥬ?  ﬠ  뫪  
ப  CharString  ,  筮,   室, ⠪  
ᨬ  ᨬ A.

                                        .              .
                                        .              .
                                        |              |
                                        |--------------|

TASM2 #1-5/              = 137 =

                                     99 |      ?       |
                                        |--------------|
        CharString -------------->  100 |     'A'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    101 |     'B'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    102 |     'C'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    103 |     'D'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    104 |     'E'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    105 |     'F'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    106 |     'G'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    107 |     'H'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    108 |     'I'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    109 |     'J'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    110 |     'K'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    111 |     'L'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    112 |     'M'      |
                                        |--------------|
                                    113 |      0       |
                                        |--------------|
                                    114 |      ?       |
                                        |--------------|
                                        .              .
                                        .              .

     . 5.1 祩   ப ᨬ CharString.

      ⢨⥫쭮   ᥬ  ᯥ稢  ᪮쪮
ࠧ ᯮᮡ 樨  ப ᨬ, ᨢ  -
ࠬ .  ⮩ ᯮᮡ ⮨  ⮬, ⮡  
   ᨬ ப CharString:

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
  CharString  DB  'ABCDEFGHIJKLM'
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          .
          .
          .
          mov   ax,@Data
          mov   ds,ax
          mov   al,[CharString+8]
          .
          .
          .

       砥  ⮦ ᠬ, :

          mov   al,[100+8]

⠪  CharString 稭  ᬥ饭 100. ,  祭
   ᪮,  ࡮ ᥬ஬,  -
, ⮬ ᬥ饭 CharString  8 ᪫뢠   ᯮ
 ⢥  .  ਭ :

          mov   al,[108]

   . 5.2.

                                      .              .
                                      .              .
                                      |              |
                                      |--------------|
                                   99 |      ?       |
                                      |--------------|
      CharString -------------->  100 |     'A'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  101 |     'B'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  102 |     'C'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  103 |     'D'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  104 |     'E'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  105 |     'F'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  106 |     'G'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  107 |     'H'      |-------
                                      |--------------|      |
      CharString+8 ----------->   108 |     'I'      |      |
                                      |--------------|      V
                                  109 |     'J'      |   --------
                                      |--------------|   |      |
                                  110 |     'K'      |   --------
                                      |--------------|      AL
                                  111 |     'L'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  112 |     'M'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  113 |      0       |
                                      |--------------|
                                  114 |      ?       |
                                      |--------------|
                                      .              .
                                      .              .

     . 5.1  ப ᨬ ப CharString.

      ⨯ 樨,  祩    ,
    ⠭,  뢠 ।⢥ (אַ)
樥.  ।⢥  -  訩  ⮤,
   ⫨砥 筮 , ᪮ 饭 -
  ࠧ    ⮬    .  ⮬
 ᬮਬ 㣮,    樨 .

     ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ࠣ ணࠬ,     ॣ  AL
⠪ 㦠  ᨬ CharString:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   bx,OFFSET CharString+8
          mov   al,[bx]
          .
          .
          .

       ਬ  뫪    ᨬ  ᯮ
ॣ BX.  ࢠ    㦠   ॣ BX ᬥ饭
CharString (ᯮ  ⮬,    OFFSET 頥 ᬥ-
饭 ⪨  ),   8. (᫥ OFFSET  ᫮ 
⮣ ࠦ 믮 ࡮ ᥬ஬  ६  ᥬ-
஢.)     ।,   AL 㦭 ᫮ 
ᮤন  ᬥ饭  ,   ஥ 㪠뢠 ॣ BX
(. . 5.3).

          mov   al,[108]

   . 5.2.

                                      .              .
                                      .              .
                                      |              |
                                      |--------------|
                                   99 |      ?       |
                                      |--------------|
      CharString -------------->  100 |     'A'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  101 |     'B'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  102 |     'C'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  103 |     'D'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  104 |     'E'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  105 |     'F'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  106 |     'G'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  107 |     'H'      |-------
      -----------                     |--------------|      |
   BX |   108   | ------------>   108 |     'I'      |      |
      -----------                     |--------------|      V
                                  109 |     'J'      |   --------
                                      |--------------|   |      |
                                  110 |     'K'      |   --------
                                      |--------------|      AL
                                  111 |     'L'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  112 |     'M'      |
                                      |--------------|
                                  113 |      0       |
                                      |--------------|
                                  114 |      ?       |
                                      |--------------|
                                      .              .
                                      .              .

     . 5.3 ᯮ짮 ॣ BX  樨    ப
CharString.

      ᪮ 뢠,   ⢥ ࠭--
   ᯮ짮 祩,   㪠뢠 -
 BX   ᠬ ॣ BX.   뢠 㪠뢠 
᪮  ᯮ짮 BX  ⢥ 㪠⥫ .  -
:

             mov   ax,[bx]    ; 㧨 AX  祩 ,
                              ;   㪠뢠 BX

             mov   ax,bx      ; 㧨  AX ᮤন
                              ; ॣ BX

  ᮢ襭 ࠧ 樨.

        ,  祬 ᭠砫 㦠  ॣ
BX ᬥ饭 祩   ⥬ ᯮ짮 BX,  㪠⥫,
᫨ ⮦ ᠬ  ᤥ    樨  -
।⢥ ࠭?  ᮡ ᢮⢮ ॣ஢, ᯮ㥬 
⢥ 㪠⥫,  ⮨  ⮬,   ⫨稥  権,
ᯮ ।⢥ ࠭,  樨, ᯮ騥
 ⢥ 㪠⥫ ॣ,  뫠  ࠧ ६ (
 믮 ணࠬ)  ࠧ 祩 .

     ।,   । ᫥ ᨬ -
饩  㫥 ப CharString. ⮡  ᤥ,  , -
稭  ࢮ  ᨬ  ப  CharString,    騩
ப 㫥 ,  ⥬     ᨬ  -
  ᫥ ᨬ.    ᤥ   -
।⢥ 樨, ⠪  ப   ந
. ᯮ짮 ॣ BX ⥫쭮 砥 :

          .
          .
          .
          mov   bx,OFFSET CharString  ; 㪠뢠  ப
  FindLastCharLoop:
          mov   al,[bx]               ;  ᫥騩
                                      ; ᨬ ப
          cmp   al,0                  ;  㫥 ?
          je    FoundEndOfString      ; ,  
                                      ;  ᨬ
          inc   bx
          jmp   FilnLastCharLoop      ; ஢ ᫥騩
                                      ; ᨬ
  FoundEndOfString:
          dec   bx                    ; ᭮ 㪠뢠 
                                      ; ᫥ ᨬ
          mov   al,[bx]               ;  ᫥
          .                           ; ᨬ ப
          .
          .

     ᫨  ᮡࠥ 믮      ᨬ  
᫮,  ࠡ  ᨢ,  ஢  ,  -
,  ᯮ짮 ॣ஢-㪠⥫  業  -
.

     BX -   ⢥ ॣ,   ᯮ짮
 뫪  . ᪠ ⠪ ᯮ짮   -
易⥫ 祭-⠭⮩  ⪮ ॣ  BP,  SI  
DI. 騩  ࠭   룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

     [ ॣ +  ॣ + ᬥ饭]

  ॣ -  BX  BP,  ॣ -  SI  
DI,   ᬥ饭 -  16-⮢ ⠭,  ⪨  -
ࠦ.  ࠧ,  믮  ,  ᯮ
࠭  , ஬ 8086    ᪫뢠-
.    ⥩ ࠭    易⥫-
,  ( 祢)   ᯮ짮    -
⮢,       .      
࠭   룫  㣮 ଠ:

          BX      SI
            +    + 饭
          BP      DI
        ()  ()

      16 ᯮᮡ    :

   [ᬥ饭]          [bp+ᬥ饭]
   [bx]                [bx+ᬥ饭]
   [si]                [si+ᬥ饭]
   [di]                [di+ᬥ饭]
   [bx+si]             [bx+si+ᬥ饭]
   [bx+di]             [bx+di+ᬥ饭]
   [bp+si]             [bp+si+ᬥ饭]
   [bp+di]             [bp+di+ᬥ饭]

 ᬥ饭 -  ,   ᢥ  16-⮢ ﭭ
祭.

      ,  16 ० 樨 -  祭  -
,  ᫨   ࠧ ᬮ   ᯨ᮪,  㢨, 
 ० 樨  ᥣ    ᪮쪨  ⮢,
㥬  ࠧ묨  ﬨ.    ᪮쪮 ᯮᮡ, 
  , ᯮ ࠧ ० 樨, -
㧨  ᨬ ப CharString  ॣ AL:

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
  CharString  DB  'ABCDEFGHIJKLM',0
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          mov  ax,@Data
          mov  ds,ax
          .
          .
          .
          mov  si,OFFSET CharString+8
          mov  al,[si]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  bx,8
          mov  al,[Charstring+bx]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  ..,OFFSET CharString
          mov  al,[bx+8]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  si,8
          mov  al,[CharString+si]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  bx,OFFSET CharString
          mov  di,8
          mov  al,[bx+di]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  si,OFFSET CharString
          mov  bx,8
          mov  al,[si+bx]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  bx,OFFSET CharString
          mov  si,7
          mov  al,[bx+si+1]
          .
          .
          .
          mov  bx,3
          mov  si,5
          mov  al,[bx+CharString+si]
          .
          .
          .

       樨 뫠      祩  -
[CharString]+8.

       ਬ   ᪮쪮   ⮢.
-,      ,    (+), ᯮ㥬
  ᪮,  ᯥ樠쭮  祭.    ६
ᥬ஢  ࡮ ᥬ ᪫뢠  ﭭ -
 (⠭)   ᪮, ⮬ :

         mov   [10+bx+si+100],cl

ਭ :

         mov   [bx+si+111],cl

     ᫥ ⮣  ॠ쭮  믮  樨  (  ६
ண  ணࠬ) ࠭   ᪫뢠  -
஬ 8086. ᫨ ॣ BX ᮤন 祭 25,   SI  ᮤন
52,      믮 樨 MOV CL 뢠  
 25 + 52 + 111 = 188. 祢  ⮨    ⮬,  
 ॣ,  ॣ  ᬥ饭 ᪫뢠 
஬ 8086  믮 樨.  ࠧ,  ࡮
ᥬ  ᪫뢠  ⠭  ६ ᥬ஢,  -
 8086 ᪫뢠 ᮤন   ॣ,  ᭮
ॣ   ᬥ饭  ६ ⢨⥫쭮 믮 -
樨.

        ,     ਬ஢   ᯮ-
  ॣ  BP.  易  ⥬,   ॣ BP
᪮쪮 ⫨砥  ॣ BX. ᯮ,       ६
 ॣ BX ᯮ,  ᬥ饭  ᥣ ,
ॣ BP ᯮ,  ᬥ饭  ᥣ ⥪.  -
砥,  ॣ BP   筮 ᯮ짮  樨
 ப CharString,  室  ᥣ .

     ᭥ ᯮ짮 ॣ BP  樨  ᥣ
⥪ ਢ   4.    筮 , 
ॣ BP  ᯮ짮 ⠪ ,   ᯮ짮   -
  ॣ  BX, ⮫쪮 㥬    ⮬ 砥
室  ⥪.

     ( ᠬ  ॣ BP  ᯮ짮   樨
  ᥣ ,  BX, SI  DI -  樨  ᥣ -
, ⥫쭮 ᥣ  ᥣ .  ⮣ ᯮ-
  䨪 ८। ᥣ⮢ (segment override pre-
fixes).      ᪠      10.    
設⢥ 砥    , ⮬   -
 㤥   ⢮.)

     ,  ᪮,        -
।⢥ ,  易⥫묨.   樨:

       mov   al,[MemVar]

       mov   al,MemVar

믮     ⢨.     ⥫쭮 -
㥬    뫪     ᪮.
   ⠭  ᤥ  ணࠬ   -
  ⭮. ᮬ,  ⮫  ணࠬ,  -
  ᪮ , ⠪      -
,   ⠪  ணࠬ ਭ . ,  -
饬,  ,  ᫨  롥  ⨫  樨    
祩    㤥 ᮤঠ⥫쭮  ᯮ짮,  㤥
  ணࠬ.

       ᯮ짮 ⠪ ⠪  樨  :

        mov   al,CharString[bx]

 

        mov   al,CharString[bx][si]+1

        ।⠢ ᮡ   ᠬ,  ࠧ饭
⤥  ⮢  樨       
᪮  ࠧ   .  ࠧ, ᫥ -
 ⥭ :

        mov   al,[charString+bx+si+1]

      ᭮ 㦭    ,   -
 ࠢ,  ਤন .

      ᪮,    ॣ, 㪠뢠-
騥    祩  ,  易⥫묨.   ᪮,
BX, ਬ,  ,  ࠭,    뫪 
࠭.



                              ਨ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᪠ ,  ।⠢ ᮡ   .
ਨ   믮  ॠ ⢨  ⮬ ᫥,
      믮塞 ࡮ ᥬ஬ 䠩. 
  砥,     ⢥묨.

     ⭮,  㦥 ,  ணࠬ஢  몥  -
  ஢  (,  ᪠, ஫  㣮), ᪮ 祭
 稭 ᢮ ⢮  ணࠬ஢  ᥬ-
.      ⢠    ⨬ 몮  㤥   
   ᮢ⠬  ४ﬨ   室  -
⭮  ਥ.  ४ ᮢ, ⠪   ᫮-
,  ६, 襤襥    ᠭ,    ᤥ
ணࠬ ᮢ襭 ⭮    .

      ࠢ  몮  ᥬ  ணࠬ,  ਬ,  
᪠ ࠧ  來. ணࠬ ᪠  -
஢,   ⪮ ⨯ ६, 䬥᪨
ࠦ, 맮 楤  㭪権  ଠ묨  䠪᪨
ࠬࠬ.

     ᥬ    ஥ ࠢ , -
  ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⨯樨 ,  ६ -
᪨ ࠦ  饣  堭 ।  ࠬ-
஢.  ,  ᥬ -     -
஢   㦨 ⥪,      ,  ,
砫.  ⮬,  ⮡  ᥬ  ஢ -
 ஢,   ப 짮 ﬨ,
 ⠪ ணࠬ  ப.

       ᯮᮡ 祭   ᥬ  -
ਥ.         室 ⮨  ⮬, ⮡
᫥   樨  ਩,  ஬ ᮤ-
  ⪮ ᭥. ਬ, :

        mov   [bx],al   ; ࠭  ᨬ

룫廊  ⭮, 祬 

        mov   [bx],al

     易⥫쭮 ஢  ப.  ਬ,  -
ਨ ⨯:

        .
        .
        .
        mov   ah,1     ; 㭪 DOS   
        int   21h      ; 맢 DOS, ⮡ 
                       ; ᫥  
        .
        .
        .

 㦠   楫. , ,    砥,  
஢  ⠪ ப  ᫥.   -
ਨ  ⪨:

        .
        .
        .
        mov   ah,1
        int   21h    ;  ᫥ 
        .
        .
        .

     㦭   ⮬,  楫 ਥ   -
᭥   襩 ணࠬ,  祭  
⥪   (  - 㣨).

     㣨 訬 ⮤ ஢   ᯮ짮-
  ᭥   ப-ਥ.  -
ਨ  뢠 ࠡ ணࠬ   ᮪ ஢, 祬
ਨ ⤥ ப. ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ਬ:

        .
        .
        .
;
; ஢   ।  ஫쭮 㬬
;
        mov   bx,OFFSET TransferBuffer
        mov   cx,TRANSFER_BUFFER_LENGTH
        sub   al,al   ;   ஫쭮 㬬
CheckSum:
        add   al,[bx] ;    ⥪饥 祭 
        inc   bx      ; 㪠  ᫥騩 
        .
        .
        .

      ,    砥 ਩    
ப.   ਥ   ணࠬ ,   -
 BX 㦠   ।,   CX -   -
.   ਨ  ⮬   ᥬ ப ⪮ 㬬
 ࠡ, ⮬ ਨ   ப  ⠭  
묨.  ᫨  -  㤥  ᬠਢ ணࠬ,  
    ਥ  , 祬    -
ਥ  ப.

     㣮 ⮤ ஢   ᮪ ஢  -
⮨   祭 ।  ணࠬ ⥫쭮 -
- ("蠯" ணࠬ).     -
ঠ ᠭ ணࠬ,   室  室 祭  
ࠧ 砭   ࠡ. ਬ:

;
; 㭪,  ஫ 㬬 (ࠧ஬ 
; )  
;
; 室 :
;           DS:BX - 㪠⥫  砫 
;           CX    -  
;
; 室 :
;           AL    - ஫쭠 㬬 
;
; ᯮ㥬 ॣ (ᮤন  ࠭):
;           BX, CX
;
; ਬ砭:    ॢ 64   
; ᥪ ࠭ ᥣ⮢.
;
CheckSum      PROC   NEAR
       sub   al,al         ;  
                           ; ஫쭮 㬬
       add   al,[bx]       ; ਡ ⥪饥
                           ; 祭 
       inc   bx            ; 뫪  ᫥饥
                           ; 祭
       loop  CheckSum
       ret
CheckSum      ENDP

      ୮ ᮣ  뢮,  ᫨ ணࠬ -
ᠭ    ⫠ (  ࠢ쭮 ࠡ⠥),  । -
 ᭮ ᬠਢ  ⥪. ,   ॡ  -
, -   㭪樨 믮 ணࠬ,    ,  
ந室,    뢠,   ணࠬ -
  뢠饩  ணࠬ.  ⨬ 楫 쭮  -
砥  ਢ    ਬ  ⥫   (
 뢠 ⠪ "蠯" ணࠬ).

        㣨 ⮤ ஢,  , 
ᮬ, ਤ㬠 ⠪ ⮤,   室  -
襣 ⨫ ணࠬ஢.  ⮫쪮    ਨ  
ᠬ  砫,  祬 ஢ ⠭  ६
ꥬ  襣 ⨫ ணࠬ஢.


                    ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

        ,   ।饩,  㦥 㤥   -
  ᭥ ⮣,  ᮡ ।⠢ ४⨢ ।-
 ᥣ⮢      ⠢塞   ணࠬ.
,       , ண    ᠫ.
   ᫥饬: 㤠 ࡮ ᥬ  筮 ,  
 ᥣ  ᥣ 室   ?

     ࠢ ᥣ⠬ -     ᫮  ᯥ-
⮢ ணࠬ஢  몥 ᥬ  ஢ 8086. 
࡮ ᥬ ।ᬮ७  ,  楫   ४-
⨢ ࠢ ᥣ⠬.  , 騩  饭
४⨢ । ᥣ⮢,  ࠢ ᥣ⠬ -
⥫쭮   쭮 室   㫥 -
ᥬ  몠 ᮪ ஢,  ন ⮫쪮 -
   ᥣ  ।,      ࡮  ᥬ.
ன , 騩  ⠭ () ४⨢ ।-
 ᥣ⮢,  ᫮ ᯮ짮,   ।ᬠਢ-
   ࠢ ᥣ⠬,  室   ਪ-
  ணࠬ   ᥬ.         ᬮਬ   
饭,  ⠪   ⠭ ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢.
      ⮣,    ᯮ짮 -
४⨢ । ᥣ⮢  ⠢  ணࠬ (
 ᠭ ᮤন   9  "⮥ ணࠬ஢
 ࡮ ᥬ").


饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᭮묨 饭묨 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢  -
  ४⨢ .STACK, .CODE, .DATA, .MODEL  DOSSEG. ᬮ-
ਬ  ४⨢, ࠧ    㯯. ࢮ  㤥  㯯
४⨢ .STACK, .CODE  .DATA.



                    ४⨢ .STACK, .CODE  .DATA
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ४⨢  ।  ᥣ⮢  .STACK,  .CODE     .DATA
।, ᮮ⢥⢥, ᥣ ⥪, ᥣ   ᥣ
. ਬ, ४⨢:

       .STACK   200h

। ⥪  ࠧ஬  200h (512) .   ᠥ ⥪,
  ,    ᬮ ᤥ. 室  㡥,
  襩 ணࠬ  ४⨢ .STACK,  ࡮ ᥬ
뤥   ⥪.    ணࠬ  室  ⥪
ࠧ஬  200h,    ணࠬ,  ⥭ᨢ ᯮ ⥪
(ਬ,   ணࠬ,  ᮤঠ ४ᨢ  맮)  
ॡ  ⥪ 襣 ࠧ.  (ଠ  ᪫祭
 ᯮ짮 ४⨢ .STACK ਢ  ࠧ "뤥-
 ⥪  뤥 ᫨誮 쪮 ⥪"   6.)

     ४⨢ .CODE ⬥砥 砫  ᥣ  .    
,    ࡮ ᥬ 筮 祢,  
 樨 ⭮  ᥣ .   ᠬ    ࡮
ᥬ   (  ⠭ ४⨢ ।-
 ᥣ⮢) ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢ ,  ४⨢
.CODE 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    ᥣ  -
  樨. । ᥣ   , 祬
। ᥣ ⥪, ⠪  㬥  ४⨢ .CODE
㪠뢠  ॡ. ਬ:

        .
        .
        .
        .CODE
        sub     ax,ax   ; ⠭   祭 0
        mov     cx,100  ; ᫮ 믮塞 横
        .
        .
        .

     ४⨢ .DATA ᪮쪮  ᫮.      ,
४⨢ .DATA ⬥砥 砫 ᥣ .   ⮬ ᥣ
᫥ ࠧ  ६ . ਬ:

        .
        .
        .
        .DATA
TopBoundary     DW      100
Counter         DW      ?
ErrorMessage    BD      0dh,0dh,'***訡***',0dh,0ah,'$'
        .
        .
        .

      쭮 .   "᫮" ४⨢ .DATA -
砥  ⮬,   ⮣,   㤥   祩 -
   ᥣ,  ।   ४⨢ .DATA,  㦭
 㦠 ᥣ ॣ DS 䨪஬  @data.  
  ᥣ ॣ  㧨  ॣ 饣 -
祭  祩 ,       㧨  ⠭,
ॣ  DS  筮  㦠    ᫥⥫쭮 
 権:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     ax,@data
        mov     ds,ax
        .
        .
        .

( ॣ AX  ᯮ짮  騩 ॣ.) -
 ᫥⥫쭮 権 ⠭ DS ⠪ ࠧ,
⮡  㪠뢠  ᥣ ,  稭  ४-
⨢ .DATA.

      ணࠬ 뢮   ࠭  ⥪,  ࠭騩  
ப DataString:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL
        .STACK  small
        .DATA
DataString      DB      ' ⥪ 室  ᥣ '
        .CODE
ProgramStart:
        mov     bx,@data
        mov     ds,bx   ; ⠭ ॣ DS  ᥣ
                        ; 
        mov     dx,OFFSET DataString ; DX 㪠뢠  ᬥ饭
                        ; DataString  ᥣ .DATA
        mov     ah,9    ;  㭪樨 DOS  ப
        int     21h     ; 맢 DOS   ப
        mov     ah,4ch  ; 맢 DOS  襭 ணࠬ
        END     ProgramStart

       権,  ⠭ ॣ DS  -
祭 ᥣ,  ।   ४⨢ .DATA, 㭪
 ப  㤥 ࠢ쭮 ࠡ.  ப DataString -
室  ᥣ   㯭,   ॣ DS  㤥
⠭    祭  ⮣ ᥣ.    ᬠਢ
᫥騬 ࠧ:    뢠 樮  ⥬  DOS
  ப,   ॣ஢ DS:DX  ।  -
  ଠ "ᥣ:ᬥ饭".  㪠⥫  "ᥣ:
ᬥ饭"    ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣,    ॣ DS 㤥
㦥 ᥣ ,   DX - ᬥ饭 DataString.

         ,  祬 㦭  㦠  -
 DS,   CS  SS ( ES)?

      ,  ॣ CS   㦠 ,  ⠪ 
 ᪥ ணࠬ     樮 ⥬ DOS.
஬ ⮣, ᫨  ॣ CS 㦥   ⠭,  -
 ६ 믮   ணࠬ,  8086 
 ,     ,  ணࠬ  ⠫  ࠡ-
.        筮 祢,   -
   ᫮: ॣ CS 㦠  ᪥ ணࠬ
⮬᪨,     室 㦠  .

     筮,  ᪥ ணࠬ DOS 㦠  ॣ SS,
祭  ண  믮 ணࠬ 筮 ⠥ -
.   ᮤন ॣ  SS  ,    ।
뢠 ⥫,   ।   ⮨ , ᫨
   筮,    .   ࠧ,  ॣ  SS
筮 ॣ  CS  ⠭    砫  믮
ணࠬ ⮬᪨,    ண  㦭.

      DS ⢥   ⫨砥.   ६  -
 CS 㪠뢠  樨,  SS -  ⥪, ॣ DS 㪠-
뢠  .  ணࠬ  ࠡ ।⢥    -
ﬨ    ⥪,    묨  ࠡ ﭭ.
஬ ⮣, ணࠬ       -
  ᪮쪨 ࠧ ᥣ.  㦭   ⮬,  -
 8086   ६        
祩   । 1 ,  ⮫쪮    64 (-
⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮ ॣ).

        㧨 ॣ DS  ᥣ⮬, -
     ⮬ ᥣ,  ⥬ 㧨 DS -
 ᥣ⮬, ⮡   㣮  .  -
  । ணࠬ (⠪,   ਢ  ਬ)
  ॡ ᯮ짮   ᥣ  , 
  ணࠬ ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢  ᯮ -
.  ஬ ⮣,   ॡ 㦠 ॣ DS  ࠧ
祭ﬨ,  ᫨       ⥬ 
, ਬ,  祩 , ᯮ㥬  ⥬
-뢮 (BIOS).

      ᥣ ⮣  ᤥ ᫥騩 ⪨  뢮: ࡮
ᥬ         ⠭ ॣ DS 
祭  ᥣ.      室  ᯫ-
 ⥬,      ⠭ ॣ DS  -
 㦭 ᥣ (筮 @data),   ⭮  ᥣ,
 稭  ४⨢ .DATA.  ᫥ ⮣  ᬮ -
   祩  ⮣ ᥣ.

      ॣ  ES  㦠  筮 ॣ DS.
 ᥣ   ॡ ᯮ짮 ॣ ES,    
  室    祩   ᥣ-
,   㪠뢠 ॣ ES,   ᭠砫 㧨
ॣ ES 祭 ⮣ ᥣ.  ਬ,  ᫥ ண-
ࠬ 㦠 ॣ ES 祭  ᥣ  .DATA,    ⥬
㦠  १  ES  ᨬ,   㦭   ⮣
ᥣ:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL  small
        .STACK  200h
        .DATA
OutputChar      DB      'B'
        .CODE
ProgramStart:
          mov     dx,@data
          mov     es,dx      ; ⠭ ES  祭
                             ; ᥣ .DATA
          mov   bx,OFFSET OutputChar ; BX 㪠뢠 
                             ; ᬥ饭 OutputChar
          mov   al,es:[bx]   ;  뢮 ᨬ
                             ;  ᥣ,  
                             ; 㪠뢠 ॣ ES
          mov   ah,2         ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ᨬ
          int   21h          ; 맢 DOS  뢮
                             ; ᨬ  ࠭
          END   ProgramStart

      ,    ॣ ES (  ॣ DS ࠭)
㦠 ᫥⥫쭮   権:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   dx,@Data
          mov   es,dx
          .
          .
          .

     ,   ਬ  ⭮  稭  ᯮ짮-
  DS ॣ ES.  ᪨, ᯮ짮 ॣ ES
砥,    ਬ 䨪 ८। ᥣ  ES:
(  뢠   9).     १-
砩 㤮,   ॣ DS 㪠뢠   ᥣ,   -
 ES -  㣮 (ᮡ  ᠥ ᯮ짮 ப-
 権).


                           ४⨢ DOSSEG
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ४⨢ DOSSEG ਢ  ⮬,  ᥣ    ணࠬ
ᥬ    㯯஢  ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮣ襭ﬨ 
㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  Microsoft.      
᫥    ⮣,   砥.  ,
   ⮭ ணࠬ  ᥬ   ४᭮
ࠡ, ᫨  筥   ४⨢ DOSSEG.

       㫥 ᥬ  ﬨ 몮 ᮪
஢   ४⨢ DOSSEG  易⥫쭮, ⠪   몥
᮪ ஢ ⮬᪨ 롨ࠥ 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢
 ⠭  Microsoft.   ४⨢  ।.

      ᥣ ᫥  ᤥ  祭,    -
짮 ४⨢ DOSSEG  ⢥ ࢮ ப 襩 ண-
ࠬ  ⥩訬 室 (᫨        ⭮
稭 㯠 ).  ⮬  ᬮ ᯮ짮
। 冷 ᥣ⮢ ( ஡  ४⨢ DOSSEG
᪠뢠   3 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠").



                           ४⨢ .MODEL
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ४⨢ .MODEL ।    㫥 ᥬ-
,   ᯮ 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢.
⨬,   ""  室 ⢫    
㧪   ॣ IP,   "쭥"  - ⥬ 㧪
ॣ஢ CS  IP. 筮,  ""   饭  -
  ⮫쪮   ᬥ饭,   "쭨" -   
 "ᥣ:ᬥ饭".  , ନ "쭨" (FAR) -
砥 ᯮ짮  32-ࠧ來   ("ᥣ:ᬥ-
"),    ""  (NEAR)  砥 ᯮ짮 16-ࠧ來
ᬥ饭.

      ᫥騥  :

嬠        ணࠬ,       ࠧ
                      ⮣  ᥣ ࠧ஬ 64.
                     ⨯.

            ணࠬ   ࠧ    
                ᥣ  ࠧ஬ 64,    ணࠬ
                 ࠧ   ⤥쭮  ᥣ  
                (ࠧ஬ 64).  ,     -
                 ⨯.

।          ணࠬ    ॢ  64,    
                ணࠬ     ᥣ ࠧ-
                ஬ 64.    쭨 ⨯,   - -
                .

⭠       ணࠬ        ᥣ
                ࠧ஬ 64,    ॢ  ࠧ
                64.     ⨯,    - 쭥
                ⨯.

          ,   ணࠬ  ॢ 64, 
                 ᨢ    ॢ 64.  ,
                   쭨 ⨯.

塮     ,   ணࠬ  ॢ  ࠧ-
                 64. ᨢ   ⠪    ॢ
                64.     쭨 ⨯. ⥫ 
                 ᨢ ⠪ 쭥 ⨯.

     ⨬,   窨 ७ ᥬ    ᢥ塮-
  . 塮   ন ⮬-
᪨ ᨢ , ॢ騥 64.

      ணࠬ  ᥬ ᯮ   64  
 , ⮬  設⢠ ਪ  室 -
 .   ᯮ짮   ⠬,   -
,  ⠪  쭨  (।,    ᢥ塮 -
)  믮 ணࠬ,    묨 쭥  ⨯
(⭠,     ᢥ塮 )  ᥬ ࠡ-
 ⥫쭮 㤭.

     ᠭ    ᮮ⢥ , ᯮ-
㥬  ࡮  (   㣨   
IBM PC).       ᥬ  몮 -
  ஢,  㡥,    ᯮ ࠢ쭠 ४⨢
.MODEL.   ४⨢ ᯥ稢 ᮮ⢥⢨    ᥣ⮢
ᥬ  ⥬  ,    ᯮ  몠 ᮪
஢,   ⠪ ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ⨯ ⮪ PROC,  -
     ணࠬ,  楤  㭪権,
⨯ (  쭥),  ᯮ㥬    몠  ᮪
஢.

     ४⨢ .MODEL  室 㪠뢠,  ᫨  ᯮ
饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢,  ⠪    ⨢
砥 ࡮ ᥬ  㤥   ⠭ ᥣ,
।   ४⨢ .CODE  .DATA.  ४⨢  .MODEL
 ।⢮ ४⨢ .CODE, .DATA  .STACK.

     ਢ ਬ ᪠ ணࠬ,  ᯮ饩 饭
४⨢ । ᥣ⮢:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL  small
        .STACK  200h
        .DATA
MemVar  DW      0
        .
        .
        .
        .CODE
ProgramStart:
        mov     ax,@data
        mov     ds,ax
        mov     ax,[MemVar]
        .
        .
        .
        mov     ah,4ch
        int     21h
        END     ProgramStart



           㣨 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ᪮쪮 㯮ॡ⥫ ४⨢ ।-
 ᥣ⮢.    ॡ ⮫쪮    ᯥ-
 ணࠬ,  ⮬  ⮫쪮 ⪮ 㯮ﭥ .   
஡ ଠ樥      9.

     ४⨢ .DATA? ᯮ 筮 ४⨢ .DATA, 
 ।   ᥣ ,   ᮤন -
樠஢ .  筮 ᯮ   ᥬ-
,    몮 ᮪ ஢.

     ४⨢ .FARDATA    । 쭨 ᥣ
,   ᥣ , ⫨  ⠭⭮ ᥣ
@data, ࠧ塞 (ᮢ⭮ ᯮ㥬) ᥬ ﬨ. -
४⨢  .FARDATA     㫥 ᥬ । ᢮
ᮡ⢥ ᥣ  ࠧ஬    64.  ᫨    ४⨢
.FARDATA,   ।  ⮩ ४⨢ 쭥 ᥣ-
  㤥 @fardata, ⠪   @data -  ᥣ, -
।  ४⨢ .DATA.

     ४⨢ .FARDATA?   筠 ४⨢ .FARDATA,
  । 樠஢ ᥣ 쭥 ⨯. 
      ४⨢ .FARDATA   @fardata,   㪠
४⨢ .FARDATA? ᥣ  쭥 ⨯, । 
⮩ ४⨢, 砥  @fardata?.

     ४⨢ .CONST ।   ᥣ ,   -
ன ᮤঠ ⠭.  -⠪   ᨫ ⮫쪮 
  ᥬ  몮 ᮪ ஢.

      ᯮ짮  饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢
  ᯮ짮    ।।   ⪨.   ⪠
@FileName ।⠢ ᮡ  ᥬ㥬 䠩, @curseg -
 ᥣ,   ࡮ ᥬ    믮
ᥬ஢,  @CodeSize -  0     
ᥣ⠬  (ᢥ嬠,    ⭠),  1 -   -
⭮    让     2 -  ᢥ塮让 .
筮,  @DataSize = 0       ᥣ⠬  
  ⨯ (ᢥ嬠,    ।  ),  1 
⭮  让   2 -  ᢥ塮让 .



              ⠭ ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ਢ ⠪  ਬ ணࠬ,     ।-
饬  ࠧ,      ࠧ ᯮ㥬 ⠭ ४⨢
। ᥣ⮢ SEGMENT, ENDS  ASSUME.

 DGROUP   GROUP   _DATA, STACK
          ASSUME  CS:_TEXT, DS:_DATA, SS:STACK
 STACK    SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'
          DB      200h DUP (?)
 STACK    ENDS
 _DATA    SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'DATA'
 MemVar   DW      0
          .
          .
          .
 _DATA    ENDS
 _TEXT    SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CODE'
 ProgramStart:
          mov     ax,_DATA
          mov     ds,ax
          mov     ax,[MemVar]
          .
          .
          .
          mov     ah,4ch
          int     21h
 _TEXT    ENDS
          END     ProgramStart

       , 祬  饭  ४⨢  ।
ᥣ⮢ 뢠 饭묨. ,   ⮣,  -
 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢ ।祭 
⮣, ⮡   㫥 ᥬ  몠 -
᮪ ஢,   譨  ⮭  ணࠬ  
ᥬ.  ਢ  ਬ  ணࠬ  HELLO   ᯮ짮
⠭ ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢:

 Stack   Segment PARA STACK 'STACK'
         DB      200h DUP (?)
 Stack   ENDS

 Data    SEGMENT WORD 'DATA'
 HelloMessage    DB   'ਢ!',13,10,'$'
 Data    ENDS
 Code    Segment WORD 'CODE'
         ASSUME  CS:Code, DS:Data
 ProgramStart:
         mov     ax,Data
         mov     ds,ax      ; ⠭ DS  祭
                            ; ᥣ 
         mov     dx,OFFSET HelloMessage ; DS:DX 㪠뢠
                            ;  ᮮ饭 'ਢ!'
         mov     ah,9       ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
         int     21h        ; 뢥 ப  ࠭
         mov     ah,4ch     ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                            ; ணࠬ
         int     21h        ;  ணࠬ
 Code    ENDS
         END     ProgramStart

     ᫥ ਬ  ᫨誮 ᫮,  ⥬    -
,  ⠭ ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢  ᫮,
祬 饭 ४⨢.

       9 ⠭ () ४⨢ । ᥣ-
⮢ 뢠   ஡.    ࠧ ࠧ  -
⠥ ⮫쪮   ।⠢  ⮬,    ⠭-
 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢.



४⨢ SEGMENT
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ४⨢ SEGMENT । 砫 ᥣ. ⪠, 
㪠뢠    ४⨢, । 砫 ᥣ. -
ਬ, ४⨢:

   Cseg  SEGMENT

। 砫 ᥣ   Cseg. ४⨢ SEGMENT 
⠪  (易⥫쭮)  । ਡ ᥣ,  -
ࠢ    ࠭ , ᫮,  ᫮,  -
ࠣ (16 )  ࠭ (256 ).  㣨 ਡ -
   ᥡ ᯮᮡ,    ண ᥣ 㤥 -
  㣨 ᥣ⠬  ⥬    ᮬ ᥣ.


४⨢ ENDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ४⨢ ENDS ।  ᥣ. ਬ:

   Cseg  ENDS

蠥 ᥣ    Cseg,   稭  ४⨢
SEGMENT.   ᯮ짮 ⠭ ४⨢ । ᥣ-
⮢    ࠧ   ᥣ.

                           ४⨢ ASSUME
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ४⨢ ASSUME 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    祭
 ᥣ ⠭  ᥣ  ॣ.  ४⨢
ASSUME CS:  ॡ 㪠뢠   ணࠬ,  ன -
 ⠭ ᥣ ४⨢,  ⠪   ࡮  -
ᥬ 室   ᥣ   ⮣, ⮡ ⠭-
  믮塞  ணࠬ.  ஬  ⮣,  筮  ᯮ
४⨢  ASSUME DS:   ASSUME ES:,    ࡮ -
ᥬ ,    祩     ᮢ  
 .

     ४⨢ ASSUME  ࡮ ᥬ ஢ -
⨬  饭   祩      ⮬
祭 ⥪饣 ᥣ⭮ ॣ. ᬮਬ ᫥騩 -
:

        .
        .
        .
Data1   SEGMENT WORD 'DATA'
Var1    DW      0
Data1   ENDS
        .
        .
        .
Data2   SEGMENT WORD 'DATA'
Var2    DW      0
Data2   ENDS

Code    SEGMENT WORD 'CODE'
        ASSUME  CS:Code
ProgramStart:
        mov     ax,Data1
        mov     ds,ax           ; ⠭ DS  Data1
        ASSUME  DS:Data1
        mov     ax,[Var2]       ;  㧨 Var2  AX
                                ;  ਢ  訡, ⠪ 
                                ; Var2 㯭  ᥣ
                                ; Data1
        .
        .
        .
        mov     ah,4ch          ;  㭪樨 DOS 
                                ; 襭 ணࠬ
        int     21h             ;  ணࠬ
Code    ENDS
        END     ProgramStart

     ࡮ ᥬ ⬥砥   ணࠬ 訡,  ⠪ 
    ⪠    ६  Var2,
 ॣ DS ⠭  祭  ᥣ  Data1  (  Var2
 ᮢ,   DS  㤥 ⠭  祭 ᥣ-
 Data2).

      ,    ᥬ  ᠬ   ,  
ॣ DS ⠭    祭  Data1.      ४⨢
ASSUME  㪠 ࡮ ᥬ,  㦭 ᤥ ⠪ -
饭.  ४⨢ ASSUME   ᯮᮡ     ᮮ
ᥬ  祭 ᥣ⭮ ॣ,  ᫥ 祣 ࡮ -
ᥬ 㤥 ᮮ ,  ᫨  ⠥ ᤥ  -
.

      ࡮ ᥬ   墠뢠    
訡.     뫪   ᯮ  -
  (⠪,  Var1  Var2  ।饬 ਬ), -
  ᥬ   ஢ ⨬ ⮩ 뫪,  ⠪ 
  ६   ࠧ 易  ᥣ-
⮬.   ᮮ ࡮ ᥬ,    ᥣ
⠥  :

        mov     al,[bx]

      ⮬ 砥 ࡮ ᥬ  ।,   -
祭 ᥣ⭮ ॣ DS ᮮ⢥ ⮬ ᥣ,   -
஬   .

     ᫨      ᥣ ॣ  㪠뢠  
  ᥣ,   ⮡ ᮮ  ⮬ ᥬ,
  ᯮ짮    ४⨢  ASSUME 祢 ᫮ NOTHING.
ਬ:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     ax,0b800h
        mov     ds,ax
        ASSUME  ds:NOTHING
        .
        .
        .

      ॣ DS ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ 㪠-
  梥⭮ ᪨ ࠭,  ⥬ ࡮ ᥬ ᮮ-
頥,  ॣ DS  㪠뢠      ᥣ-
.    ᯮᮡ 뫪  梥⭮ ᪨ ࠭:

        .
        .
        .
ColorTextSeg    SEGMENT AT 0B8000h
ColorTextMemory LABEL   BYTE
ColorTextSeg    ENDS
        .
        .
        .
        mov     ax,ColorTextSeg
        mov     ds,ax
        ASSUME  ds:ColorTextSeg
        .
        .
        .

      ,   ४⨢ AT,    ᫥  
४⨢ SEGMENT,   砫  ᥣ.

      ᫥ 砭  ४⨢ ASSUME:  
    ਢ  ⮬,  ࡮ ᥬ 㤥 -
짮  㯠     ᥣ ॣ,  -
   ,  㣮. ᬮਬ, ਬ, ᫥騩 ࠣ-
 ணࠬ:

        .
        .
        .
 Data1  SEGMENT  WORD 'DATA'
 Var1   DW       0
 Data1  ENDS

 Data2  SEGMENT  WORD 'DATA'
 Var2   DW       0
 Data2  ENDS

 Code   SEGMENT  WORD 'CODE'
        ASSUME   CS:Code
 ProgramStart:
        mov      ax,Data1
        mov      ds,ax       ; ⠭ DS  Data1
        ASSUME   DS:Data1
        mov      ax,Data2
        mov      es,ax       ; ⠭ ES  Data2
        ASSUME   ES:Data2
        mov      ax,[Var2]   ; 㧨 Var2  AX -
                             ; ࡮ ᥬ 㪠
                             ;  8086, 
                             ; 㧪 㦭 믮
                             ; ⭮⥫쭮 ES, ⠪ 
                             ;  Var2  
                             ;  ⭮⥫쭮 DS
        .
        .
        .
        mov      ah,4ch      ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                             ; ࠡ ணࠬ
        int      21h         ;  ணࠬ
 Code   ENDS
        END      ProgramStart

      ਬ     :   ஢
  ࠣ ணࠬ, ᯮ짮  ࠭  ⮣,
⮡ ,  ४⨢ ASSUME   ࡮  ᥬ
㪠  ,   ⠥ ᯮ짮 ⨬ 뫪
 .    ਬ ᮮ饭  訡    뢮-
.    砥,  ࡮ ᥬ   ᤥ-
 訡.   :

       mov       ax,[Var2]

 㯠  Var2 ⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮  ॣ  ES,    
ᥣ⭮ ॣ DS.

      ந室  ᫥騬 稭.   ४⨢  ASSUME
ନ  ࡮  ᥬ   ⮬,  ॣ DS ⠭ 
祭 ᥣ Data1,   ES  ⠭    祭  ᥣ
Data2. ࡮ ᥬ ᮢ襭 ࠢ쭮 砥,   Var2
   ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ DS,  Var2 -
㯭  ⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ⭮ ॣ ES.  ⮣ ࡮ ᥬ-
 砥 । 樥 MOV ᯥ樠  (䨪  -
८। ᥣ), ⮡ 㪠  8086,  -
 ᥣ⭮ ॣ DS 㦭 ᯮ짮 ᥣ  ॣ
ES.

           祭?  ,    ᫨
  ४⭮ ᯮ ४⨢ ASSUME,  ࡮ ᥬ-
 㧭  ⥪ ⠭  ॣ஢ DS  ES -
,     ⮬᪨  , ஢ 
㯠   ६        
  믮 ⮬ ४஢ ᥣ.

     饥 㦤 䨪ᮢ ८। ᥣ⮢  ⠭-
 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢ 㦤   10.


      ⠭  饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢?
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,      饭묨,     ⠭-
묨 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢,  , -
  ४⨢ ।  ᥣ⮢  ᫥  ᯮ짮?
⢥    ⨯ 믮塞 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ-
.

     ᫨   㫨  ᥬ   몠  ᮪
஢,  ᥣ ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 饭 ४⨢
। ᥣ⮢.  ४⨢ 믮  ࠡ  -
  ᥣ⮢    㭪樨, 易    
࣠樨 䥩  몠 ᮪ ஢.

     ᫨   訥 ⮭ ணࠬ    ᥬ,
ᯮ  ᥣ⮢  ᬥ蠭   ( 
 쭥 ⨯ /     쭥  ⨯    
ணࠬ),   ॡ ᯮ짮 ⠭ ४⨢
। ᥣ⮢,     ࠢ ⨯
ᥣ,  ࠢ,    ᥣ⮢  ᯮᮡ 
஢ (⠭).

     ⪮   㫨஢ ᫥饥 ࠢ:  ᯮ
饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢,     㦨-
,     室   ࠢ ।ﬨ
ᥣ⮢, ஥  ᯥ ⮫쪮  ⠭⭮  ()
। ᥣ⮢.


뤥 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,   ,    ᮧ  ᥣ,  
ᬮਬ,      ᥣ ᫥묨 -
.  ⥪ ஡  ।⠢: ⠬ 室 ⥪, 
  ⥪        権 PUSH  POP 
ᮢ १ ॣ BP.     -
ﬨ,     ᮮ⢥⢨   -
権 襩 ணࠬ, ⮬ ஡  ⠪ .

     ⠥ ᥣ .   ࡮  ᥬ  ।ᬮ७
⢮  ᯮᮡ । ६  ᥣ , 
樠㥬  祭, ⠪  樠஢.
⮡ ,     । ࡮ ᥬ-
,   ᭠砫  ᪠  ᭮ ⨯ -
 ᥬ.


                        ,   ᭮
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᭮ 楩    .   -
 ࠭ 祭 0  1.  ᠬ  ᥡ  ᮡ -
.   8086  ࠡ⠥ ।⢥  ⠬,  -
⠥  ⠬,    8 .

         ᠬ  ।⠢ ᮡ   ᭮-
 3,   ᮤন 8-ࠧ來 ᫮  ᭮ 2. -
訥  ᫠  ᭮ 2 -  ᫥騥 ᫠:

        2  ⥯ 0:          1
        2  ⥯ 1:          2
        2  ⥯ 2:          4
        2  ⥯ 3:          8
        2  ⥯ 4:          16
        2  ⥯ 5:          32
        2  ⥯ 6:          64
        2  ⥯ 7:       +  128
                                ---
                                255

      砥,      ࠭ 祭  -
  0  255.

         8-ࠧ來 ॣ஢  8086 (AL,  AH,
BL,  CL, CH, DL  DH) ࠭ ஢ 1 .    1000000
㥬  祥      8086 ⠪  ࠭
஢ 1 .

      ᨬ  PC ( 砥  ᥡ -
  ய ᨬ,   0  9, ᯥ樠 ᪨
ᨬ,    ᯥ樠 ᨬ,   ⠪ ࠧ 
㭪樨  稥 ᨬ) ⮨  ஢ 256 ᨬ.

      ᫮ 㦥  ,  ࠢ ?   㤨⥫쭮,
  ᨬ   ஥ ⠪ ࠧ,   1
 ࠭ 1 ᨬ.

      -     樨  8086.  
  ࠭ 1 ᨬ,  1  祭  0  255
  祭      -128  127. ᭮, 
  室    ணࠬ஢  ᥬ,
ਬ,  ࠭ 楫 祭  祭  饩 窮,
 ⠪ 㪠⥫  .

       稭    8086  -  
16-ࠧ來 ᫮.    ॢ室  ࠧ  (-
ন 16 ).  ᪨, ᫮ ࠭     
᫥⥫ ⮢ 祥. ᭮ ࠭⢮ 
8086  ᬠਢ,  500000 ᫮.   16-ࠧ來
ॣ஢ (ॣ AX,  BX,  CX,  DX, SI, DI, BP, SP, CS, DS, ES,
SS, IP  ॣ 䫠) ࠭  ᫮.

     訥  16-ࠧ來 ᫠  ᭮ 2 - 
᫥騥 ᫠:

        2  ⥯ 0:          1
        2  ⥯ 1:          2
        2  ⥯ 2:          4
        2  ⥯ 3:          8
        2  ⥯ 4:          16
        2  ⥯ 5:          32
        2  ⥯ 6:          64
        2  ⥯ 7:          128
        2  ⥯ 8:          256
        2  ⥯ 9:          512
        2  ⥯ 10:        1024
        2  ⥯ 11:        2048
        2  ⥯ 12:        4096
        2  ⥯ 13:        8182
        2  ⥯ 14:       16384
        2  ⥯ 15:     + 32768
                              -----
                              65535

      ⠪ ।⠢ ᮡ  ᨬ  稭  楫
 ,   砩, ⠪  楫   16 . -
      (  ਭ 祭   
-32768  +32676) ⠪ ࠭  ᫮.

       ᫮  ࠧ 16 ,   ᮢ 
  ᬥ饭    ᥣ,  ⮬ 祭 ࠧ஬ 
᫮ 筮  ,  ⮡   뫮 ᯮ짮  -
⢥ 㪠⥫ .  ᫨  ᯮ, ॣ BX, BP, SI
 DI ࠧ஬  ᫮ ᯮ,  㪠⥫  .

     祭, ࠭   32-⮢ (4-⮢) ⮢,
뢠  묨 ᫮.   8086   -
।⢥ ࠡ  32-⮢묨  楫묨  祭ﬨ,  믮
32-ࠧ來  䬥᪨  樨 (   ᫥-
⥫ 16-ࠧ來 権)    ⠪  権,
  ADC   SBB.   ᫮  楫 
ਭ 祭    0   4294967295,    楫  
 -    -2147483648  +2147483647.

      8086  㦠 㪠⥫   "ᥣ:ᬥ-
饭"    ᫮  ᥣ ॣ   ॣ 饣
祭 (  権 LDS  LES),      
।⢥ 権  묨 ᫮.    ᫮
࠭ ⠪ ᫠ ୮ 筮  饩 窮 (᫠
 ୮ 筮  4    ਭ 祭
 10  -38 ⥯  10  38 ⥯).

      祭  饩 窮  筮  ॡ
 ࠭ 8 .  64-⮢ 祭 뢠 ⢥-
묨  ᫮.     8086 ஥ প ⢥
᫮ .   䬥᪨ ᮯ 8087 ᯮ-
  ⢥  ᫮  ⢥  ⨯ .  (᫠ 
 筮  ਭ 祭      10  
-308 ⥯  10  308 ⥯   筮  16 .)

      ६ (஬) 祭    饩  窮
࡮ ᥬ ন   ⨯  -  
 10 .   10-⮢   (⠪  뢠
६-⢥ ଠ)  ⠪ ᯮ짮  -
 㯠 筮-  (  筮  ஢
) 祭 (BCD),      ࠭ 
 .

     ⮨ ,   8086 ࠭ 祭  ࠧ஬
 ᫮   ᫮  ,  ⮬ 訩  ᫥
.  , ᫨ 祭 ࠧ஬  ᫮ ࠭  -
 0,     7-0 祭 ᠭ   0,   15-8 -
  1 (. . 5.4).

                                     -----------------------
     WordVar --------------------> 0 |         9Fh         |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   1 |         19h         |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   2 |          ?          |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   3 |          ?          |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   4 |          ?          |
                                     |---------------------|
     DwordVar ------------------>  5 |         78h         |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   6 |         56h         |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   7 |         34h         |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   8 |         12h         |
                                     |---------------------|
                                   9 |          ?          |
                                     |---------------------|
                                     |                     |
                                     .                     .
                                     .                     .

     . 5.4 ६ WordVar (ࠧ஬  ᫮) ᮤন -
祭 199h, ६ DwordVar (ࠧ஬   ᫮) ᮤ-
 祭 123456h.

     筮, ᫨ 祭 ࠧ஢   ᫮  ࠭
  5,   7-0 ࠭   5,  15-8 ࠭
  6,  23-16 -   7,   31-24    8.
     ᪮쪮 ࠭,   ⠪ ࠡ
  ਨ iAPx86.


                    ।⠢ ᫮ 祭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,      ⨯    몠  ᥬ,
  ,     ।⠢ 祭?  ᥣ
짮 묨 祭ﬨ  (    ᭮  10),
᪮    ਢ몫     ᥤ . ।,
 ᥣ :

             mov    cx,100   ; ⠭ 稪  祭 100

      ᠬ , ࡮ ᥬ ⠥ 祭  묨,
᫨   㪠 ⨢.  ᮦ,  祭 
   ᮢᥬ 室  ணࠬ஢    몥
ᥬ,  ⠪    ।⠢ ᮡ  -
ன⢠ (ᯮ ᭮ 2).

      筮 ᯮ짮  ணࠬ  ᥬ -
 ।⠢.    㪠 ࡮ ᥬ,  ᫮
ࠦ    筮  ,  ᫨     ᫠
㪢 b (筮,  ⮬ ᫮   ⮫쪮  0  1,
᪮    ⢥    ,  ⨬   筮
।⠢). ਬ, 筮 祭 5 ࠦ  -
筮 ,  101b.

     ஡  筮 ।⠢  ⮨    ⮬,  
᫠    ᭮ 2 ᫨誮    㤭 짮.
 맢 ⥬,      筮      ࠭
⮫쪮  祭 - 0  1.    ᫥饩 ⠡:

-----------------------------------------------------------------
筮         筮     쬥筮    ⭠筮
-----------------------------------------------------------------
  0                       0               0                0
  1                       1               1                1
  2                      10               2                2
  3                      11               3                3
  4                     100               4                4
  5                     101               5                5
  6                     110               6                6
  7                     111               7                7
  8                    1000              10                8
  9                    1001              11                9
 10                    1010              12                A
 11                    1011              13                B
 12                    1100              14                C
 13                    1101              15                D
 14                    1110              16                E
 15                    1111              17                F
 16                   10000              20               10
 17                   10001              21               11
 18                   10010              22               12
 19                   10011              23               13
 20                   10100              24               14
 21                   10101              25               15
 22                   10110              26               16
 23                   10111              27               17
 24                   11000              30               18
 25                   11001              31               19
 26                   11010              32               1A
 .                       .               .                .
 .                       .               .                .
256              1000000000             400              100
 .                       .               .                .
 .                       .               .                .
4096          1000000000000           10000             1000
 .                       .               .                .
 .                       .               .                .
65536      1000000000000000          200000            10000
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ਬ, ९襬 ᫥   ࠭  -
筮 ।⠢:

             mov    cx,1100100b     ; ⠭ 稪 
                                    ; 祭 100

      祭 ࠧ஬  ᫮   ᫮  -
   ᯮ짮.

     ᫨       ⨬ ।⠢ﬨ,   -
⥫쭮 ४㥬  ࠧ      ⥬,  ⠪
 筠,  쬥筠  ⭠筠  -  
 ᭮ ⮢  ணࠬ஢  ᥬ.

        ।⠢, 쬥筮  ⭠筮,
 ⮫쪮  ᮮ⢥ 筮 த ,   
쭮 .

      쬥筮 ।⠢,  ।⠢  ᭮
8,  ᯮ   0  7 (3   ).   .  5.5
,   ࠧ  筮 祭 001100100b 
ꥤ    㯯   ,  ⮡ ࠧ 쬥筮
祭 144o.

  筮     001       100       100
             |     |   |     |   |     |
             -------   -------   -------
                |         |         |
                --------- | ---------
                        | | |
                        v v v
  쬨筮          1 4 4

     . 5.5  ८ࠧ 筮 祭 001100100 (-
筮 100)  쬥筮 祭 144.

      ⮣  ,   쬥筮 ᫮  ஥  
  筮 .   쬥筮  ᫥ ਬ
ਭ :

             mov    cx,144o  ; ⠭ 稪  祭 100

     ⨬,  䨪 o  㪠뢠    쬥  .
 ⠪ ᯮ짮 䨪 q,   ⠪  
 㫥.   ணࠬ, ࠡ騥  IBM PC,  ᥣ
ᯮ  ⭠筮 ( ᭮ 16) ।⠢,  
 쬥筮.

      ⭠筠   ਭ      16
祭. ᫨   ⭠筮 ।⠢:

        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  9 A B C D E F 10 ...

     ᫥  9 ᫥  ⥫ ⭠
 A - F. ( ⠪ ᯮ짮  㪢 a - f.) 
ᯮ짮  㪢  ⢥    ࠭,  
  롮,  ⠪   㦭 16 ,     ⮫쪮
10.  . 5.6 ,   ࠧ  㯯  -
 ᫠ 01100100b (100  筮  ),  ⮡  ࠧ
⭠筮 祭 64h.

  筮     0110           0100
             |      |       |      |
             --------       --------
                |                 |
                --------- ---------
                        | |
                        v v
  ⭠筮     6 4

     . 5.6 ८ࠧ 筮 祭 001100100  (-
筮 100)  ⭠筮 祭 64.

        . 4.6,  ⭠筮  ।⠢
祭     "4   ".  ⮣ ⭠
祭  , ࠢ ⮫쪮 1/4    -
⮢.  ᪨,  ᬥ饭  㣮 祭 ࠧ஬  ᫮
 ࠧ    ⭠ .   -
筮  ᫥ ਬ ਭ :

             mov    cx,64h   ; ⠭ 稪  祭 100

     ⭠ ᫠  䨪ᮬ h. ஬  -
,  ⭠  ᫠    稭    
0-9, ⠪  ⭠筮 ᫮ ⨯  BAD4h    訡筮
஢,  ⪠. ਢ ਬ,  ஬ ᯮ-
  ᫮ 0BAD4h, ⠪  ⪠ BAD4h:

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
 BAD4h    DW      0         ; ⪠ BAD4h
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          mov     ax,0BAD4h ; 㧨  AX
                            ; ⭠
                            ; ⠭ ( 0
                            ; 뢠,  
                            ; ⠭
          .
          .
          .
          mov     ax,BAD4h  ; 㧨 AX 
                            ; ६  
                            ; BAD4h (⢨
                            ; 0  ⢥ ࢮ
                            ; ᨬ 뢠,
                            ;   ⪠
          .
          .
          .

      饬 砥  ﭭ  ᫮  祭    
⮫쪮 ࠭, 稭騩   0-9.

     ᫠  饩 窮    ᯮᮡ.
-,     祭  饩 窮  
"/ᯮ", ਬ:

        1.1
      -12.45
        1.0E12
      252.123E-6

     ࡮ ᥬ ८ࠧ    "/ᯮ"  
  ,  ஬ ᮡ ଠ  饩 窮.
᫨ ,    祭  饩  窮  -
।⢥      ଠ   IEEE    筮  ଠ  
Microsoft,  ᫮  ⭠筮   ⨢  -
  䨪 r.

     ⢥ ᫠  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   ४⨢
DD,  DQ    DT (  㤨 ). ᫨  롥 -
짮 䨪 r,    筮 ।  ᨬ-
  ᫮ ⭠   樠㥬 ⨯ -
 ( ।騩 , ᫨  室). ਬ:

 DD    40000000r                 ; 2.0 (  筮 ࠢ 8)
 DD    0C014CCCCCCCCCCCr         ; -5.2 ( 16,  ।-
                                 ; 騩 )
 DT    4037D529AE9E86000000r     ; 1.2E17 (஢ 20 )

      饬 砥 ⥫쭮  ᯮ짮  "-
/ᯮ".

     ⮡ ,  ᫮   ,    ⢥
䨪  ᯮ짮 㪢 d. 祬  㦥  䨪,
᫨  㬮砭 ࡮ ᥬ   ⠪  ।,    
᫠   묨?    , ⢥ -
⮨  ⮬,  ᫠ ஬  筮        㣨
।⠢.    ⮣  㦨 ४⨢ .RADIX,  ன 
⮬ ⪮ ᪠.

     ,  ᯮ짮 ᨬ ⠭,  ⮬
ᨬ         窨. 祭
ᨬ   祭  ASCII. ਬ,  ᫥騥
ப 㦠  ॣ AL ᨬ A:

            mov   al,65
            mov   al,41h
            mov   al,'A'
            mov   al,"A"

       ᯮ짮 祭  ࠧ筮  ᠭ  
।⠢?  , 쬨,   ⭠-
 祭  ᯮ짮 ⠬ ,    ᯮ짮-
 ⠭, ਬ:

            mov   ax,1001b
            add   cx,5bh
            sub   [Count],177o
            and   al,1
            mov   al,'A'

     祭  饩 窮   ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  
४⨢  DD,  DQ  DT. 筮- 祭 (BCD) 
ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   ४⨢ DT.


                     롮 ᭮  㬮砭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᥣ ,  ⭮,  ᯮ짮  㬮砭
  祭,    ⮬,     
।⠢.  ,  㤮 ᯮ짮 ᫠  -
䨪ᮢ,     㬮砭 ᯮ 㣮 ᭮.  
⮬ 砥 室 ४⨢ .RADIX.

     ४⨢ .RADIX 롨ࠥ ᭮,  ஥ 㤥  㬮-
砭 ᯮ짮  ᯥ䨪樨 ᥫ. ਬ, ४⨢:

        .RADIX 16

 ⢥  ᯮ㥬    㬮砭  롨ࠥ  ᭮  16
(⭠筮). ⢨ ४⨢ .RADIX   ᫥-
饬 ࠣ ணࠬ:

        .
        .
        .
        .RADIX 16               ;   ⢥ ᯮ㥬-
                                ;   㬮砭 ᭮ 16
        mov     ax,100          ; =100h  256  筮
                                ; 
        .RADIX 10               ;   ⢥ ᯮ㥬-
                                ;   㬮砭 ᭮ 10
        sub     ax,100          ; -100  筮 ,
                                ; १ ࠢ 256-100=156
                                ;  筮 
        .RADIX 2                ;   㬮砭 ᭮
                                ; 2 (筮)
        add     ax,100          ; +100b (4  筮 )
                                ; १ = 156+4=160 (.)
        .
        .
        .

       ४⨢ .RADIX   ᭮ 2,  8, 10
 16.  ࠭ ४⨢ .RADIX ᥣ 㪠뢠  筮
,  ᨬ  ⮣,   ᭮ ࠭  㬮砭.
㣨 ᫮  ४⨢ .RADIX    ࠭ ᫥-
饩 ४⨢ .RADIX.

      ᯮ짮 ४⨢ .RADIX   ⥭-
쭠 ஡.  ᨬ  ࠭  㬮砭 ᭮
⥬ ᫥ ࠧ㬥,  祭,   -
४⨢ DD, DQ  DT -   祭 (᫨  ᯮ-
 䨪).  ,   ४⨢:

        .
        .
        .
        .RADIX 16
        DD      1E7
        .
        .
        .

1E 㤥 ࠢ 1 * 10  ᥤ쬮 ⥯,   1Eh. ᪨, 
ࠪ⨪  ᥣ  㪠뢠   ⭠ -
 䨪 h ( ᫥ ४⨢ .RADIX 16). 祬? ᯮ-
   ⮬,   b  d ᪠ ᯮ짮  ⢥ 䨪-
ᮢ,  । ᮮ⢥⢥ 筮    ⭠筮
।⠢.    ᮦ,  b  d  ⠪ ᯮ짮 
⢥ ⭠ .  ᫨  ४⨢ .RADIX
16,  ࡮ ᥬ 㤥 ਭ ᫠ 129D  101B?

      ⮬  砥  ࡮  ᥬ ᥣ 頥  
⨬ 䨪,  ⮬ 129D -  129  筮 , 
101B -  101  筮  ( 5  筮).   -
,    ⢨ ४⨢ .RADIX 16  ⭠-
 ᫠, 稢騥  b  d,   䨪 h. -
뢠  ,    ᥣ  㪠뢠      䨪      
⭠  ᫠.   ᭮,     ४⨢
.RADIX 16 .



                       樠஢ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

        ⮢  ⮬,  ⮡ ᬮ ᯮᮡ,   -
   ࡮ ᥬ  । ६. -
 ᭠砫 ᬮਬ । 樠஢ .

     ४⨢ ।  DS,  DW,  DD,  DF,  DP, DQ  DT
  । ६    ࠧ筮 ࠧ:

        DW      1 
        DW      2  = 1 ᫮
        DD      4  = 1  ᫮
        DF, DP  6   = 1 㪠⥫ 쭥 ⨯ (386)
        DQ      8   =  ⢥୮ ᫮
        DT      10 

     ਬ:

            .
            .
            .
            .DATA
ByteVar     DB      'Z'     ; 1 
WordVar     DW      101b    ; 2  (1 ᫮)
DwordVar    DD      2BFh    ; 4  (1  ᫮)
QWordVar    DQ      307o    ; 8   (1 ⢥୮ ᫮)
TWordVar    DT      100     ; 10 
            .
            .
            .
            mov   ah,2           ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 
                                 ; ᯫ
            mov   dl,[ByteVar]   ; ᨬ,  㦭
                                 ; 뢥  ࠭
            int   21h
            .
            .
            .
            add   ax,[WordVar]
            .
            .
            .
            add   WORD PTR [DwordVar],ax
            adc   WORD PTR [DwordVar+2],dx
            .
            .
            .

      ।    ᯮ  ६  
뢠,     ⠪ ६   ᯮ짮-
.



                        樠 ᨢ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ४⨢ ।   㪠뢠  -
쪮 祭. ਬ, ४⨢:

  SampleArray      DW   0, 1, 2, 3, 4

ᮧ ᨢ   ⮢    SampleArray,  
ண   ࠧ  ᫮ (. . 5.7).  ४⨢ -
   ᯮ짮  ᫮ 祭, 㬥-
  ப.

                                 .           .
                                 .           .
                                 |           |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |     ?     |
      SampleArray -------------> |-----------|
                                 |     0     |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |     1     |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |     2     |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |     3     |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |     4     |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |     ?     |
                                 |-----------|
                                 |           |
                                 .           .
                                 .           .

     . 5.7 ਬ ᨢ   ⮢.

        ⮬ 砥, ᫨   । ᨢ, -
  ᫨誮       㬥   ப? 
⮣  㦭  ᪮쪮 ப.      ४⨢
।  㪠뢠 易⥫쭮. ਬ,  ४-
:

                .
                .
                .
   SquareArray     DD  0, 1, 4, 9, 16
                   DD  25, 36, 49, 64, 81
                   DD  100, 121, 144, 169, 196
                .
                .
                .

ᮧ ᨢ ⮢ ࠧ஬      ᫮    
SquareArray, 騩  ⮢  15 楫 ᥫ.

     ࡮ ᥬ   ।  , -
஢ 㪠 祭,   樨 DUP. -
:

  BlankArray    DW  100h DUP (0)

      ᮧ ᨢ BlankArray, 騩  255 (.)
᫮, 樠஢ 祭 0. 筮, ४⨢:

  ArrayOfA      DB  92 DUP ('A')

ᮧ ᨢ  92 ,    樠஢ ᨬ-
 A.



                     樠 ப ᨬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᬮਬ ⥯ ᮧ ப ᨬ.  ।⠢-
  ᮡ ⨬ ࠭ ४⨢ । , -
⮬ ப ᨬ  । ᫥騬 ࠧ:

    String     DB    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'

      ࡮ ᥬ  ⮬ 砥 ।ᬮ७ ⠪ 㤮
᮪饭 ଠ:

    String     DB    'ABCD'

     ᫨   ᯮ짮  ப, ਭ  몥  
(  稢 㫥 ⮬),    㪠 
 ப 㫥 . 筮, ᫨     
ப  ᨬ    ⪨   ॢ ப,  ⠪
㦭   ப.  ᫥饬 ਬ । ⥪-
  ப,    ன ᫥ ᨬ  ⪨, ᨬ
ॢ ப  㫥 :

   HelloString   DB   'ਢ!',0dh,0ah,0

     ⮡ ६        ᫥饩  ப,  
  뢥    ᨬ " ⪨/ॢ ப".
ਬ, ணࠬ:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL   SMALL
        .STACK   100h
        .DATA
String1 DB      'Line1','$'
String2 DB      'Line2','$'
String3 DB      'Line3','$'
        .CODE
ProgramStart:
        mov     ax,@data
        mov     ds,ax
        mov     ah,9            ; 㭪 DOS  ப
        mov     dx,OFFSET String1 ; ⠥ ப
        int     21h             ; 맢 DOS   ப
        mov     dx,OFFSET String2 ; ⠥ ப
        int     21h             ; 맢 DOS   ப
        mov     dx,OFFSET String3 ; ⠥ ப
        int     21h             ; 맢 DOS   ப
        mov     ah,4ch          ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                ; ணࠬ
        int     21h
        END     ProgramStart

⠥ ᫥饥:

        Line1Line2Line3

      ᫨    ப     ᨬ
" ⪨/ॢ ப":

String1 DB      'Line1','$',0dh,0ah,'$'
String2 DB      'Line2','$',0dh,0ah,'$'
String3 DB      'Line3','$',0dh,0ah,'$'

 뢮 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

        Line1
        Line2
        Line3



                    樠 ࠦ  ⮪
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     砫쭮 祭  樠஢   ६   
।⠢  ᮡ ⠭,     易⥫쭮  
᫮.  ⠪ ᯮ짮 ࠦ:

        TestVar DW      ((924/2)+1)

 ⠪ ⪨:

        .
        .
        .
        .DATA
Buffer          DW      16 DUP (0)
BufferPointer   DW      Buffer
        .
        .
        .

       ⢥ ࠭ ४⨢ ।    -
 ⪠,  ᯮ 祭 ᠬ ⪨,   -
祭,  ᠭ  ⮩ ⪥.   ᫥ ਬ  砫쭮
祭  BufferPointer ।⠢ ᮡ ᬥ饭 Buffer  ᥣ-
 .DATA,    祭  0,  ஥  ࠭    ६
Buffer  (  ᫨   樠樨 BufferPointer ᯮ짮-
 OFFSET Buffer).  㣨 ᫮,  ⮬ ⠪ 樠-
樨 BufferPointer,  :

        mov     ax,OFFSET Buffer

 :

        mov     ax,[BufferPointer]

   ॣ AX     祭 (ᬥ饭 ६
Buffer).

      ࠦ  ।    ᪠  ᯮ짮
⪨.  ਬ,    ᫥饬  ࠣ  ணࠬ  ६
WordArrayLength  樠  祭    (   )
WordArray:

        .
        .
        .
        .DATA
WordArray       DW      50      DUP     (0)
WordArrayEnd    LABEL   WORD
WordArrayLength DW      (WordArrayEnd - WordArray)
        .
        .
        .

     ᫨   ᫨  ६ WordArray    ᫮-
,     ,    ᤥ,   ࠧ  
  2:

WordArrayLength DW      (WordArrayEnd - WordArray) / 2



                      樠஢ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ᫠ ᢠ  ६    砫쭮
祭.  ।,  ਬ,     ணࠬ 뢠
᫥騥 10 ࠭   ᨬ  뢠    
ᨢ   KeyBuffer:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   cx,10             ; ᫮ ᨬ, 
                                  ; ॡ 
          mov   bx,OFFSET KeyBuffer ; ᨬ 
                                  ; ࠭  KeyBuffer
 GetKeyLoop:
          mov   ah,1              ; 㭪 DOS  
                                  ; 
          int   21h               ;  ᫥騩
                                  ;  ᨬ
          mov   [bx],al           ; ࠭ ᨬ
          inc   cx                ; 뫪  祩
                                  ;   ᫥饣
                                  ; ᨬ
          loop  GetKeyLoop
          .
          .
          .

     樠஢ KeyBuffer  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

 KeyBuffer    DB   10 DUP (0)

 ᫠  ⮬ ,  ⠪    砫  祭  ᨢ
KeyBuffer    १ᠭ  横 GetKeyLoop. ,
   ⢨⥫쭮 㦭 -  । ६  
,  樠஢. ࡮ ᥬ ।ᬠਢ
⠪    ᨬ " " (?).

     ⥫  㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,     -
ࢨ  祩  ,   樠 . ਬ, 
᫥ ਬ KeyBuffer  । ⠪:

 KeyBuffer    DB   10 DUP (?)

       ப १ࢨ 10  , 稭  -
 Keybuffer,  ⨬ ⠬  ᢠ  ⭮-
 祭.

     筮,  ࠧ,   ᯮ 樠஢-
  ६    ,     㢥७  ⮬,  
樠   ᢮ ணࠬ । ⥬,   ᯮ짮
 ६. ਬ, 뫮  訡 ᯮ짮 ᮤন-
 KeyBuffer  ᫥ ਬ  ⮣,   ᨢ  㤥
,  ⠪  室騥  KeyBuffer 砫 祭 -
।.


                        祩 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

          ⮫쪮,      ᢠ  
祩     ⪨, ।饩 ४⨢ ।-
  (ਬ, DB). 㣮  㤮  ᯮᮡ  ᢠ
 祩  ।⠢ ४⨢ LABEL.

     ४⨢ LABEL   ।   ⪨,  ⠪
    ⨯,  ।  ⮬ . , ਬ,  
ᯮᮡ,   ண  ।  ।饬  ਬ
ᨢ KeyBuffer:

          .
          .
          .
 KeyBuffer     LABEL BYTE
          DB   10  DUP (?)
          .
          .
          .

      ⮪,    ।      ४⨢
LABEL,   ᥡ:

        BYTE        PWORD         FAR
        WORD        QWORD         PROC
        DWORD       TBYTE         UNKNOWN
        FWORD       NEAR

      BYTE  (),  WORD  (᫮),  DWORD  (  ᫮),
PWORD,  QWORD  TBYTE  ᠬ  ᥡ, ।, ᮮ⢥-
, 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-  10-⮢  . ਢ
ਬ 樠樨 ६ ,    ,  -
  ,   ᫮:

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
 WordVar  LABEL   WORD
          DB      1,2
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          .
          .
          .
          mov   ax[WordVar]
          .
          .
          .

       ணࠬ 믮,   ॣ AL 㦠 1
(  WordVar),   ॣ AH - 祭 2.

     祢 ᫮ NEAR  FAR ᯮ  ணࠬ  롮-
 ⨯ 맮  室,  室  ⨦ ।-
 ⪨. ਬ,  ணࠬ:

        .
        .
        .
        .CODE
        .
        .
        .
FarLabel        LABEL   FAR
NearLabel       LABEL   NEAR
        mov     ax,1
        .
        .
        .
        jmp     FarLabel
        .
        .
        .
        jmp     NearLabel
        .
        .
        .

ࢠ  JMP ।⠢ ᮡ  室  쭥  ⨯
(㦠  ॣ CS  IP),  ⠪   室  
⨯ FAR,   ன 室   ⨯ (㦠 ⮫쪮
ॣ IP), ⠪   室   ⨯ NEAR. ⨬, 
 ⪨ FarLabel  NearLabel 뢠      (-
 樨 MOV),     室   ࠧ-
묨 ᯮᮡ.

       ᯮ 饭 ४⨢  ।  ᥣ-
⮢,    ४⨢ PROC -  㤮 ᯮᮡ । 
㦭 ⨯ (  )  ⥪饩  . 
ᯮ ᢥ嬠,    ⭠  ,  
LABEL PROC -    ᠬ,   LABEL FAR.   砥,  
᫨    ,  ⠪  ⮬᪨ -
 । ⪨.

     ਬ,  ணࠬ:

        DOSSEG
        .MODEL small
        .
        .
        .
        .CODE
        .
        .
        .
EntryPoint      LABEL   PROC
        .
        .
        .

⪠ EntryPoint   ⨯,   ᫨     
  ,    㤥 ⪠ 쭥 ⨯.  筮 
।  祪 室,    ⥫     
     ४⨢ LABEL ᯮ ४-
⨢ PROC (.  ࠧ "ணࠬ"),   ॡ-
  ᪮쪮 祪 室  ணࠬ,   ॡ-
 ४⨢ LABEL.

     ,  諨  ४⨢ LABEL UNKNOWN. 祢 ᫮-
 UNKNOWN (⭮) -   ᯮᮡ 㪠,      
㢥७  ⨯  ᯮ㥬 ⪨.  ᫨   
몮 ,   UNKNOWN 筮 ⨯ 몠  void.   ⢥
ਬ UNKNOWN ।,      ६ 
TempVar,  ன  㦭 ,   ,  
-    ᫮.    LABEL UNKNOWN    ᫥饩
ணࠬ:

        .
        .
        .
        .DATA
TempVar LABEL UNKNOWN
        DB      ?,?
        .
        .
        .
        .CODE
        .
        .
        .
        mov     [TampVar],ax
        .
        .
        .
        add     di,[TempVar]
        .
        .
        .



                          ६饭 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⠪,  㦥 稫 쭮 ୮ ।⠢  -
த  몠 ᥬ, ᭮  楯   ண-
ࠬ  ᥬ. ,   ᢮ ᭮,  -
     몠 ᥬ, ࠧ 
 ணࠬ  ᥬ,      㪠뢠  
8086    室  믮   ⢨. 
筥  ᠬ ᭮ 樨 ᥬ - ६饭 .

        8086 ६     樨
MOV.  ⢨⥫쭮 MOV  ( ᫮ ६) -   ᮢ-
ᥬ 㤠筮   樨.    㤠  뫮  
  COPY (஢), ⠪   MOV  ᠬ 
뢠  ࠭-筨  ࠭-ਥ. ਬ,
樨:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   ax,0
          mov   bx,9
          mov   ax,bx
          .
          .
          .

᭠砫 뢠  ॣ AX ⠭ 0, ⥬   ॣ  BX
뢠  ⠭ 9, , , ᮤন BX  
AX,    ᫥饩 奬:

 ᫥  mov   ax,0:            -------------------------------
                          AX   |              0              |
                               -------------------------------
                               -------------------------------
                          BX   |              ?              |
                               -------------------------------

 ᫥  mov   bx,9:            -------------------------------
                          AX   |              0              |
                               -------------------------------
                               -------------------------------
                          BX   |              9             |
                               -------------------------------

 ᫥  mov   ax,bx0:          -------------------------------
                          AX   |              9              |
                               -------------------------------
                               -------------------------------
                          BX   |              9              |
                               -------------------------------

     ⨬,  祭 9  ६頥    BX    AX,  
   ॣ BX  ॣ AX.

      樨 MOV  ᯮ짮    ࠭-
,     ᪫祭 ⮣ ,   ⢥
࠭ ᯮ ᥣ ॣ ( 砩   㤨
    ࠧ "饭  ᥣ ॣࠬ").  ⢥
࠭-筨 (ࠢ ࠭) 樨  MOV    -
짮  ᫥饥: ⠭, ࠦ,  ᫥ -
ண 砥 ⠭, 騩 ॣ  祩 ,  -
㯭     ० 樨, ᠭ  ࠧ-
 " 樨 ".  ⢥ ࠭-ਥ  (-
  ࠭) 樨 MOV  ᯮ짮 騩 ॣ
 祩 .



                         롮 ࠧ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      몥 ᥬ   樨 MOV  ஢
    祭  ࠧ஬  ᫮.  ᬮਬ, 
ࠧ ࡮ ᥬ ।,   ࠧ஬  㦭
ࠡ.

        ࠭  ࠧ 㪠뢠 ࡮ -
ᥬ,     ࠧ . ᫨  樨 -
 ॣ,  ࠧ   ᮮ⢥⢮  ࠧ-
 ⮣ ॣ. ਬ, ࠧ   ᫥ -
 ᥭ:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   al,1             ; 
          mov   dx,si            ; ᫮
          mov   bx,[dl]          ; ᫮
          mov   [bp+si+2],al     ; 
          .
          .
          .

     筮,  祩     ࠧ-
,  ⮬  ࠧ   ᫥   ࡮ -
ᥬ ᥭ:

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
 TestChar           DB   ?
 TempPointer        DW   TestChar
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          .
          .
          .
          mov   [TestChar],'A'
          mov   [TempPointer],0
          .
          .
          .

     ,  室    ﬨ  MOV,  
  ࠧ   ।. ਬ, ࡮ ᥬ 
 ᤥ 뢮  ⮬, ᫥   ᫥饩 樨  -
 祭 ࠧ஬  ᫮   :

         mov   [bx],1

     ᪨, ࡮ ᥬ  㤥 ,  ⠪  -
 㦭 ᥬ஢.  뫮   㤮    
६ 㯠  ६ ࠧ஬  ᫮,    ,  
.

     ࡮ ᥬ   ᯮᮡ  ।  ࠧ
      権  WORD PTR  BYTE PTR.  WORD PTR
㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,   ࠭   㦭 -
஢,  ࠭ ࠧ஬  ᫮,   BYTE PTR
㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,   ࠭   㦭 -
஢,    ࠭  ࠧ஬  , ᨬ  
।। ࠧ. ਬ,   ᤥ  ⠪,    
᫥  ਬ 祭 1 ࠧ஬  ᫮ 㤥 뢠
 ᫮,  ஥ 㪠뢠 ॣ BX:

         mov   WORD PTR  [bx],1

   ᤥ ⠪,    ਬ 祭 1  ࠧ-
஬      㤥 뢠  ,   㪠뢠 -
 BX:

         mov   BYTE PTR  [bx],1

     ⨬,  樨 WORD PTR  BYTE PTR, ᫨  ਬ
  ॣࠬ,   ᫠, ⠪  ॣ ᥣ  䨪-
஢ ࠧ.  ⠪ 砥 樨 BYTE PTR    WORD  PTR
.  筮,  樨   ਬ-
  ⠭⠬, ᪮  ᥣ    ࠧ,  
࠭-ਥ.

     樨 WORD PTR  BYTE PTR    㣮  祭:  
  ᯮ짮  ६ 롮 ࠧ   -
  ६    .  祬        
? ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
 Source1  DD    12345h
 Source2  DD    54321h
 Sum      DD    ?
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          .
          .
          .
          mov   ax,WORD PTR [Source1]      ;  襥
                                           ; ᫮ Source1
          mov   dx,WORD PTR [Source1+2]    ;  襥
                                           ; ᫮ Source1
          add   ax,WORD PTR [Source2]      ; ਡ  Source2
                                           ; 襥 ᫮
          adc   dx,WORD PTR [Source2+2]    ; ਡ  Source2
                                           ; 襥 ᫮
          mov   WORD PTR [Sum],ax          ; ࠭ 襥
                                           ; ᫮ 㬬
          mov   WORD PTR [Sum+2],dx        ; ࠭ 襥
                                           ; ᫮ 㬬
          .
          .
          .

      ६,     ᯮ      ਬ,
।⠢ ᮡ  楫   ᫮.  , -
  8086    믮 ᫮  ᫮ ।-
⢥, ⮬ ⠪ ᫮ 室 ࠧ   -
権   ᫮.   WORD PTR    
६ Source1,  Source2  Sum,    ᫮,   ᠬ 
६ ।⠢ ᮡ  ᫮.

     樨 FAR PTR  NEAR PTR     ।⢥
  ࠧ  ,    WORD PTR  BYTE PTR.
 FAR PTR ਢ  ⮬,   楫  ⪠  樨
室   맮 㤥 ஢,   ⪠,
  ⮬  㦠  ॣ CS  IP.  㣮  -
஭,   NEAR PTR 㦤 ஢ ᮮ⢥-
 ,    ⨯,  室      -
⢫ ⥬ 㧪  ॣ IP.


                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᫠  ,   ᫠   ᫥-
⥫쭮  .  ⢥⢥  ࠧ稥    
 ᥫ   ணࠬ,    ணࠬ
 ᥬ (   ),     8086. ਬ,
祭 0FFFFh  ।⠢ ᮡ  65535,   -1,  
ᨬ   ⮣,      ணࠬ    .
㤠  ,  0FFFFh -  -1? ਡ   1:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     ax,0ffffh
        add     ax,1
        .
        .
        .

  㦨,   १ 㤥 ࠢ 0.   ࠧ ⠪ -
    ᫮ -1  1.

          ADD 㤥 ࠡ  ,
ᨬ  ⮣,  ।⠢  ᮡ ࠭  祭  
   祭.  ।,  ਬ,   
竨  0FFFFh 祭 -1 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     ax,offffh
        sub     ax,1
        .
        .
        .

       ⮬   ࠢ 0FFFEh,  ।⠢ -
 65534 ( ᫮)  -2 (᫮  ).

     ᫨   ,  ⠩   , ४-
㥬       㪮⢠ (     -
ᥬ,    ,  ਬ  ।).  
  㧭  䬥⨪     - ।⢥,
  ண  8086 ࠡ뢠 ᫠  . 
ᮦ,   ᯮ  ⮬, ⮡ ஡ ᪠-
  䬥⨪ 祭  ,    ணࠬ 
।⠢ ᮡ    ⥬,  㦭  -
.   ,  樨 ADD, SUB, ADC  SBB ࠡ-
        묨 祭ﬨ,  ⠪  
祭ﬨ  ,  ⮬  ⠪  権    ॡ
ᯥ樠 権 ᫮  ⠭.    -
   㬭   (  㢨  ),  
⠪  ८ࠧ ࠧ஢ .




TASM2 #1-5/              = 204 =

                    ८ࠧ ࠧ஢ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      뢠 室 ८ࠧ ᫮    -
.   ⮬,     㣨 ⢨, 祭  
    .

      ᭠砫 ᬮਬ ८ࠧ ᫮   . 
쭮 : 㦭 ⮫쪮   襣  ᫮.
ਬ:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     ax,5
        mov     bl,al
        .
        .
        .

      祭 5 ࠧ஬  ᫮  ॣ AX ८ࠧ-
  ⮢ 祭 5  ॣ BL.  筮,    
㢥७,   ८ࠧ㥬  祭   . -
⪠ ८ࠧ   祭 100h   権:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     dx,100h
        mov     al,dl
        .
        .
        .

뫠   ᯥ譮,  ⠪   ॣ AL   ᠭ ⮫쪮
訩 (㫥) .

     ८ࠧ  ⮢ 祭  ᫮  -
砥   㫥 襣  ᫮.  ਬ, -
樨:

        .
        .
        .
        mov     cl,12
        mov     al,cl
        mov     ah,0
        .
        .
        .

८ࠧ  祭 12  ॣ CL   祭  12
ࠧ஬  ᫮  ॣ AX.

     ८ࠧ  ᫮ ⮢ 祭   ᪮-
  ᫮,  ⮬   8086   믮  ⮩
  ।ᬮ७ ᯥ樠쭠  CBW.   CBW
८ࠧ ⮢ 祭    ॣ AL   祭
   ࠧ஬  ᫮  ॣ AX.   ᫥饬 ࠣ
ணࠬ ⮢ 祭   -1  ॣ DH ८ࠧ-
  祭   ࠧ஬  ᫮  ॣ DX (-1):

        .
        .
        .
        mov   dh,-1
        mov   al,dh
        cbw
        mov   dx,ax
        .
        .
        .

       権  8086  ८ࠧ ᫮
   ॣ AX   ᫮    ॣ DX:
AX (襥 ᫮ ᮤন  ॣ AX) ।ᬮ७  ᯥ-
쭠  CWD.  騥 樨 ८ࠧ 祭
  +10000 (ࠧ஬  ᫮),  ᮤঠ饥  ॣ AX,
 祭   +10000 (ࠧ஬   ᫮),  ᮤঠ-
饥   ॣ஢ DX:AX:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,10000
           cwd
           .
           .
           .

      祭 ࠧ஬  ᫮  ८ࠧ  
  祭  ࠧ஬     ᫮ ⥬ 㫥
襣 ᫮ 祭.



                       ᥣ ॣࠬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ६饭 祭  ᥣ ॣ   
 ᯮ짮  MOV,  ᮡ 砩,  -
祭, 祬 㣨 砨 ᯮ짮  樨  MOV.  ᫨
  ࠭ 樨 MOV  ᥣ ॣ, 
㣨 ࠭   ॣ 饣 祭  祩
.  㧨 ⠭  ᥣ ॣ ।⢥
,   ।⢥ ᪮஢  ᥣ-
 ॣ  㣮 ᥣ ॣ.

         ᥣ⮢    ⠭⠬,  室
㦠 ᥣ ॣ ⠪  ࠧ,  騥 ॣ-
  ६  . , ਬ,  ᯮᮡ  ⠭
ॣ ES  祭 ᥣ .DATA:

           .
           .
           .
           .DATA
  DataSeg  DW     @Data
           .
           .
           .
           .CODE
           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,@Data
           mov   es,ax
           .
           .
           .
           mov   ex,[DataSeg]
           .
           .
           .

      ⮣ ⥫  ᤥ ᫥饥:

           mov   es,@Data          ; ⨬!

  ࠡ  㤥.

     ⮡ ᪮஢ ᮤন  ᥣ⭮  ॣ  
㣮  ᥣ  ॣ,  ਤ । 祭 १
ॣ 饣 祭  . 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,cs
           mov   ds,ax
           .
           .
           .



           .
           .
           .
           push   cs
           pop    ds
           .
           .
           .

 ᮤন ॣ CS  DS.  ⮤ ࠡ⠥ -
॥,   ஬ ⮤ ॡ 訩 ꥬ .

      㤨,  ࠡ  樥 MOV    ⠫-
    ࠭祭ﬨ,   ᠥ ᥣ ॣ஢,
  設⢥ 権 ᥣ ॣ   -
  ᯮ짮    ⢥  ࠭.  ॣ
   ⥪    ⥪,  ⨬    -
稢.   ᫮, ⠭, ᪨ 
 ࠢ  ᯮ짮 .



                 ६饭   ⥪   ⥪
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ⥪ (   ᥣ ⥪,  ࠡ饩  
樯 FIFO  -  "-襫--襫")   㦥 -
.  設 ⥪ ᥣ 㪠뢠 ॣ SP.  饭
   ⥪,  ᯮ짮 ० 樨 ,  
 㪠⥫   ॣ BP,    ᯮ짮
 MOV. ਬ, :

            mov   ax,[bp+4]

㦠 ॣ AX ᮤন ᫮  ᥣ ⥪   ᬥ-
  BP+4  (   ⥪ १ ॣ BP 뢠  
2).

        ⥪    権  PUSH  
POP.    PUSH ࠭ ࠭  設 ⥪,  -
 POP  祭  設 ⥪  ࠭   
࠭. ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,1
           push  ax
           pop   bx
           .
           .
           .

 祭 (ࠢ 1)  ॣ AX  設 ⥪,  ⥬
 1  設 ⥪  ࠭   BX.



                              묨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     믮  ᮤন  ࠭    -
 XCHG.  ।⠢ 㤮 ᯮᮡ 믮 ,
  ⨢ 砥 ॡ   権. -
, :

           xchg   ax,dx

믮  ᮤন AX  DX,  ⭮  믮
権:

           .
           .
           .
           push  ax
           mov   ax,dx
           pop   dx
           .
           .
           .


                              -뢮
-----------------------------------------------------------------

         㦤 ६饭    ⠭-
,  ॣࠬ    ࠭⢮  8086.  
 ᯮ,   8086  ⠪ ஥, -
ᨬ ᭮ ࠭⢮, ஥ 뢠 ࠭⢮ -
ᮢ -뢮.  饬 砥  ⢥   ࠢ
  묨 ⠪ ன,  ᪮, ᯫ -
, ਭ  ,  ᯮ짮  65536  ᮢ
-뢮  ⮢.

     設⢮ 権  8086,    
MOV,   ⮫쪮  ࠭  ࠭⢥ ᮢ -
.   ⠬ -뢮  ⮫쪮   樨
- IN  OUT.

      IN  ᮤন  㪠    -
-뢮  ॣ AL  AX.   -뢮, 㪠뢠-
  ⢥ 筨,       ᯮᮡ.
᫨    256 (100h),   㪠   -
樨, ਬ:

          in   al,41h

           -뢮 41h  -
 AL.

      ஬ ᯮᮡ   ᯮ짮  뫪  
-뢮,  ண 㦭 믮 ⥭, ॣ DX:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   dx,41h
          in    al,dx
          .
          .
          .

      祣 ॣ DX ᯮ  ⢥ 㪠⥫  
-뢮?  -, ᫨   -뢮 ॢ蠥
255,   ᯮ짮 DX. -, ᯮ짮 ॣ
DX   樨  ⠬ -뢮  
. ਬ, 㪠⥫   -뢮  ।
ணࠬ, 㧨   ॣ DX.

          㦤 ᨭ⠪ 樨 IN  -
ॣ  AL  AX  ⢥ 묨 ࠭--
. 筮, ⢥묨 ⨬묨 ࠭--
  ॣ DX    祭-⠭,    255.
⮬,      ⮣  ⥫,  ᯮ짮 樨
⨯:

          in   bh,si

⨬.

      OUT  筮 ⭠ 樨 IN, ⮫쪮
࠭-筨  ॣ AL  AX,   --
,   㪠뢠 ॣ DX    ﭭ  祭,
襥  256,   ࠭-ਥ. ਬ, ᫥騥
樨 ⠭  -뢮 3B4h  祭 0Fh:

          .
          .
          .
          mov   dx,3b4h
          mov   al,0fh
          out   dx,al
          .
          .
          .



樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ६饭  - , 筮,  㭪, ᪮
  ⢥  ᢮ ६  ६饭
     㣮.    ࠢ  ⥯  
  㫨஢ 묨, 믮   -
᪨  ᪨ 樨.  ⮬      ᬮਬ
䬥᪨   ᪨ 樨, ন ஬
8086.

                        䬥᪨ 樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ᫨        ६  ࠡ 
᫠    ᫨⥫  樨,  ,    
ᤥ, ᫨   ॡ. ஬ ⮣,     
  ࠡ ⢮ ஭ ⠡, ணࠬ  
  ⮢. ᫨ ਭ    ,  ⠭-
 筮 祢,    IBM P  
묨 ᫨⥫묨 ᯮᮡﬨ.

        ᠬ  ⠪. ,  ࠡ饥  -
 8086 ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ४᭮ 믮 ⥬-
᪨ ⢨, ᠬ  8086 ᯥ稢    㤨
 䬥᪨ .   8086 
樨  믮  䬥᪨  権    饩
窮  (䬥᪨  ⢨    ⠪  ᫠,   5.2 
1.0317),   㦥  ਣ᪨ 㭪.  -
樨 믮 䬥᪨ ᮯ஬ 8087.   -
,  ணࠬ, ࠡ騥   8086,   믮-
 䬥᪨ 樨  ᫠  饩 窮. 
஭ ⠡  ࠡ      ᮯ-
  8087.  ணࠬ  8086 믮 䬥-
᪨ 樨  ᫠  饩 窮 ,  -
 ᫥⥫쭮 権 ᤢ, ᫮  ஢ப,
      믮饩 樨,    ᮯ-
 8087.

     ஬ ⮣,   8086  ।ᬮ७  䬥-
   ᪨ 権,   ।⢥ ࠡ-
  ࠭, ࠧ  ॢ蠥 16 .

      祬  ⮣ 砥 ஥ প 䬥-
 権  8086?  8086  믮 8- 
16-⮢ ᫮, ⠭, 㬭   ᥫ  -
      ᯥ樠  樨  㢥-
祭  㬥襭 ࠭.      8086  ।ᬮ७
⠪ প 権 ᫮  ⠭ 祭, ॢ-
 16 ,    権  ⠪ 祭ﬨ ॡ -
쪮 権.

                           ⠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ਬ ணࠬ  㦥 砫  -
  ADD  (᫮)   SUB (⠭).  ⢨ ᮮ⢥
.  ADD  믮  ᫮  ࠭-筨
(ࠢ  ࠭)   ᮤন ࠭-ਥ  뢠
१  ࠭-ਥ.  SUB   ⮦  ᠬ,
⮫쪮  ⠥ ࠭-筨  ࠭-ਥ.

     ਬ, 樨:

             .
             .
             .
             .DATA
 BaseVal     DW     99
 Adjust      DW     10
             .
             .
             .
             .CODE
             .
             .
             .
             mov   dx,[BaseVal]
             add   dx,11
             sub   dx,[Adjust]
             .
             .
             .

᭠砫 㦠 祭, ᠭ  BaseVal,   ॣ  DX,
⥬ ਡ   ⠭ 11 ( १  DX 砥-
 祭 110) , ,   DX 祭 10, ᠭ-
    ६  Adjust.  祭  १ 祭 100
࠭  ॣ DX.

                         32-ࠧ來 ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     樨 ADD  SUB ࠡ  8-  16-⮢묨 ࠭.
᫨  ,  ਬ,  ᫮   32-ࠧ來 -
࠭,   ࠧ    権    祭ﬨ
ࠧ஬  ᫮  ᯮ짮 樨 ADC  SBB.

       ᪫뢠  ࠭,  8086 뢠
ﭨ  䫠 ७ (   ॣ 䫠), ஥ -
뢠,   믮 ७    ਥ.      
ਭ樯  ७   筮 䬥⨪: ᫨  ᪫뢠
90  10,  砥 ७    (ࠧ).

         90
       + 10
       ----
        100

     ᬮਬ ⥯ ᫮  ⭠ 祭:

       FFFF
      +   1
      -----
      10000

     襥 ᫮ १ ࠢ , ७ ࠢ  1,  -
 १ (10000h)  頥  16 .

      ADC 筠 樨 ADD,     뢠-
  䫠 ७ (।⥫쭮 ⠭ ।騬 ᫮-
). 直 ࠧ   ᪫뢠  祭,  ॢ-
騥    ࠧ  ᫮,   訥 ( 騥) ᫮ 㦭
᫮   樨 ADD,  ⠫ ᫮  祭
-     ᪮쪨 権 ADC, ᫥ ᪫-
뢠 ᠬ 騥 ᫮. ਬ, ᫥騥 樨  ᪫-
뢠  祭   ॣ CX:BX, ࠧ஬   ᫮, 
祭, ᠭ  ॣ DX:AX:

           .
           .
           .
           add   ax,bx
           adc   dx,cx
           .
           .
           .

  ᫥饩 㯯 権 믮  ᫮  ⢥୮
᫮    ६  DoubleLong1  ⢥ ᫮  ६
DoubleLong2:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,[DoubleLong1]
           add   [DoubleLong2],ax
           mov   ax,[DoubleLong1+2]
           adc   [DoubleLong2+2],ax
           mov   ax,[DoubleLong1+4]
           adc   [DoubleLong1+4],ax
           mov   ax,[DoubleLong1+6]
           adc   [DoubleLong2+6],ax
           .
           .
           .

      SBB ࠡ⠥  ⮬  ਭ樯,    -
 ADC.   SBB 믮 ⠭,   뢠-
 , ந襤訩  ।饬 ⠭. ਬ, ᫥-
騥 樨   祭,  ᠭ  ॣ CX:BX,
  祭  ࠧ஬     ᫮, ᠭ  ॣ
DX:AX:

           .
           .
           .
           sub   ax,bx
           sbb   dx,cx
           .
           .
           .

      ࠡ  ﬨ ADC  SBB   㡥, 
䫠 ७     믮 ᫥ ᫮-
  ⠭,   ﭨ /७, ࠭饥 
䫠 ७,  㤥 ﭮ.  ਬ,  ᫥饬 ࠣ
ணࠬ ᫮ CX:BX  DX:AX 믮 ४⭮:

           .
           .
           .
           add   ax,bx      ; ᫮ 訥 ᫮
           sub   si,si      ;  SI (䫠 ७
                            ; 뢠  0)
           adc   dx,cx      ; ᫮ 訥 ᫮...
                            ;  㤥 ࠡ ४⭮,
                            ; ⠪    ᫥
                            ; 樨 ᫮ ᮤন
                            ; 䫠 ७ ﭮ
           .
           .
           .



                        祭  㬥襭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ணࠬ  ᥬ ॡ 믮  ᫮-
,  ஥ ⮨   ਡ  ࠭ 祭 1.
  뢠 㢥祭 (६樥). -
,    ᮤন ॣ஢  ६    㦭
 祭 1.   뢠 㬥襭 (-
樥).  ⠪ 権,   ᮤন -
  த ॣ஢-㪠⥫       樨
᫮    ⠭    믮     㢥祭 
㬥襭.

      믮 ⠪   ॡ  ⢨    
権    8086  ।ᬮ७   樨 - INC
(㢥)  DEC (㬥).  INC  ਡ    -
    ६    1,   DEC ⠥ 
ॣ  ६   1.

     ਬ, ᫥ ணࠬ   10-⮢  ᨢ
TempArray ᫠ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9:

           .
           .
           .
           .DATA
 TempArray       DB   10 DUP (?)
 FillCount       DW   ?
           .
           .
           .
           .CODE
           .
           .
           .
           mov   al,0                 ; ࢮ 祭,
                                      ; 뢠  TempArray
           mov   bx,OFFSET TempArray  ; BX 㪠뢠 
                                      ; TempArray
           mov   [FillCount],10       ; ᫮ ⮢,
                                      ; 묨 㦭
                                      ;  ᨢ
 FillTempArrayLoop:
           mov   [bx],al              ; ⠭ ⥪騩
                                      ;  TempArray
           inc   bx                   ; 뫪  ᫥騩
                                      ;  ᨢ
                                      ; TempArray
           inc   al                   ; ᫥饥 뢠
                                      ; 祭
           dec   [FillCount]          ; 㬥 稪
                                      ; ᫠ 塞
                                      ; ⮢
           jnz   FillTempArray        ; ࠡ ᫥騩
                                      ; , ᫨  
                                      ;   
                                      ; 
           .
           .
           .

     祬 ।⥫쭥 ᯮ짮 :

           inc   bx

  :

           add   bx,1

      ?  ⠪,    ६,    -
  ADD    3  ,  INC  ⮫쪮 1
  믮 ॥. ᪨,    믮
  樨 INC, 祬 ਡ  ॣ ࠧ஬  ᫮ -
祭 2 (㢥祭  㬥襭 ॣ஢  ६   
ࠧ஬    2 ,  ⠪  , 祬 ᫮
 ⠭).

      , 樨 INC  DEC -   䥪⨢-
  樨,      㢥稢  㬥
祭 ६    ॣ஢.  ᫥ ᯮ짮
⠬,   .



                            
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      8086  믮 ⤥ ⨯ 権 㬭-
  .    ᨫ ஭  8086, -
   ய    ।-
 প 権 㬭  ,   樨 -
쭮 ᫮ 믮 ணࠬ ⥬.

      MUL ६  8-    16-⮢  
ᮬ⥫,  ᮧ  16-   32-⮢ ந. 
᭠砫 ᬮਬ 㬭 8-⮢ ᮬ⥫.

      8-⮢ (8-ࠧ來) 㬭   ࠭ -
  ࠭   ॣ AL,   㣮  ।⠢ ᮡ
 8-⮢ 騩 ॣ  ६  ᮮ⢥-
饣 ࠧ.  MUL ᥣ ࠭ 16-⮢ ந-
  ॣ AX. ਬ,  ࠣ ணࠬ:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   al,25
           mov   dh,40
           mul   dh
           .
           .
           .

AL 㬭  DH,  १ (1000) 頥  ॣ  AX.
⨬,      樨  MUL ॡ 㪠뢠 ⮫쪮 
࠭, 㣮 ᮬ⥫ ᥣ ࠭  ॣ AL ( 
ॣ AX  砥 ६ 16-⮢ ᮬ⥫).

       ६  16-⮢  ᮬ⥫  ࠡ⠥
筮.    ᮬ⥫  ࠭  ॣ AX,
 㣮  室  16-ࠧ來 饬 ॣ   -
६  . 32-⮢ ந  MUL 頥
 ⮬ 砥  ॣ DX:AX,  ⮬ 訥 ( 騥)
16 ⮢ ந 뢠  ॣ AX,  訥 (
騥) 16  -  ॣ DX. ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,1000
           mul   ax
           .
           .
           .

㦠  ॣ AX 祭 1000,    ⥬      
,  १ (祭 1000000)  ॣ DX:AX.

      ⫨稥  ᫮  ⠭,  樨  㬭  
뢠,   ᮬ⥫ ࠭    
, ⮬    㬭 IMUL  㬭-
  8-   16-⮢ ᮬ⥫  . ᫨  ਭ
 ,  ६  祭    ,  
IMUL ࠡ⠥ 筮 樨 MUL. ਬ,  믮
権:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   al,-2
           mov   ah,10
           imul  ah
           .
           .
           .

 ॣ AX 㤥 ᠭ 祭 -20.

      8086     ।묨  ࠭祭ﬨ
ࠧ  32-⮢ 祭  16-⮢,  16-⮢ -
祭     8-⮢.      ᭠砫   ᬮਬ   
16-⮢ 祭  8-⮢.

        16-⮢  祭    8-⮢
      ᠭ  ॣ AX. 8-⮢ ⥫
 ࠭   8-⮢ 饬 ॣ  ६ 
 ᮮ⢥饣 ࠧ.  DIV ᥣ 뢠
8-⮢ ⭮  ॣ AL,  8-⮢ ⮪ -  AH.  -
ਬ,  १ 믮 権:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,51
           mov   dl,10
           div   dl
           .
           .
           .

१ 5 (51/10) 㤥 ᠭ  ॣ AL,   ⮪ 1 (-
⮪   51/10) -  ॣ AH.

     ⨬,  ⭮ ।⠢ ᮡ 8-⮢  祭.
  砥,    १    16-⮢  ࠭ 
8-⮢ ࠭  ॢ 255. ᫨ ⭮ ᫨誮  -
,    뢠 0 (뢠    0).
樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,0fffh
           mov   bl,1
           div   bl
           .
           .
           .

 뢠    0 (  ,  -
      0  ⠪, ᫨ 0 ᯮ 
⢥ ⥫).

       32-⮢ ࠭  16-⮢ ࠭ -
    뢠   ॣ DX:AX. 16-⮢ ⥫
 室    16-⮢ ॣ஢ 饣  -
   ६   ᮮ⢥饣 ࠧ. ਬ,
 १ 믮 権:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,2
           mov   dx,1        ; 㧨  DX:AX 10002h
           mov   bx,10h
           div   bx
           .
           .
           .

⭮ 1000h (१  10002h  10h) 㤥 ᠭ  
ॣ AX,  2 (⮪  ) -  ॣ DX.

        㬭,    祭, ᯮ-
 ࠭     .    -
࠭ ᯮ  DIV,    ࠭  -
 - IDIV. ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           .DATA
 TestDivisor     DW  100
           .
           .
           .
           .CODE
           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,-667
           cwd               ; ⠭ DX:AX  祭 -667
           idiv   [TestDivisor]
           .
           .
           .

࠭ 祭 -6  ॣ AX  祭 -67  ॣ DX.



                             
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ,  諨  ᬮ७ 樨  NEG,  
   (஢)    ᮤন  饣
ॣ  ६  . ਬ, ᫥ 믮 -
権:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,1      ; ⠭ ॣ AX  祭 1
           neg   ax        ; 栭 AX,  ⠭
                           ; ࠢ -1
           mov   bx,ax     ; ᪮஢ ᮤন AX  BX
           neg   bx        ; 栭 BX,  ⠭ ࠢ 1
           .
           .
           .

 ॣ AX 㤥 ᮤঠ 祭 -1,    ॣ  BX  -
祭 1.



                          ᪨ 樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ࡮ ᥬ ন   権  -
  ᪨  権,    樨  AND (), OR
(), XOR (᪫饥 )  NOT  ().    樨  
  祭  묨   ࠡ  ⤥묨 ⠬ ᫮
 ,  ⠪  믮 権 㫥 .

      믮 ᪨ 権   
5.1. ᪠  믮 ࠧ來 樨  -
⠬ 室 ࠭. ਬ, :

             adn   ax,dx

믮   AND  ⮬ 0 ॣ AX  ⮬ 0
ॣ  DX,  ⥬      ⠬ 1, 2  ..  
15.

  믮 ᪨ 権  8086 ADN, OR  XOR
                                                       5.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| 室  A | 室  B | A AND B | A OR B | A XOR B  |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
|        0       |       0        |    0    |    0   |    0     |
|        0       |       1        |    0    |    1   |    1     |
|        1       |       0        |    0    |    1   |    1     |
|        1       |       1        |    1    |    1   |    0     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      AND    ࠭    ᮮ⢥⢨  
ࠢ, 묨   5.1, ⠭   -
 (࠭-ਥ)  1 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,  ᫨  
ᮮ⢥    ࠭-筨 ࠢ 1.  AND
  뤥 ⤥   ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⠭
  祭 0. ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   dx,3dah
           in    al,dx
           and   al,1
           .
           .
           .

뤥  0   ﭨ  梥⭮  ᪮  
(CGA).  樨 ⠢ ॣ AL ⠭  -
 1, ᫨   CGA  ,    뢠
   ࠭ ("᭥"),  ⠭   㫥 祭
 ⨢ 砥.

      OR ⠪   ࠭   ᮮ⢥⢨
  ࠢ, ਢ묨   5.1, ⠭  
࠭-ਥ  祭 1, ᫨      ᮮ⢥
 ࠭-筨 ࠢ 1.   OR   -
㤨⥫쭮 ⠭ ⤥  ( )  祭 1. -
ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   ax,40h
           mov   ds,ax
           mov   bx,10h
           or    WORD PTR [bx],0030h
           .
           .
           .

⠭  5  4 ᫮ 䫠    ⥬
-뢮  BIOS  祭 1.  ⮬ BIOS 㤥 ন
஬ ᯫ .

      XOR ⠪   ࠭  ᮮ⢥⢨
  ࠢ, ਢ묨   5.1, ⠭  
࠭-ਥ  祭 1, ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,   ᮮ-
  ࠭-筨 ࠢ 0,   祭 1  -
⨢ 砥.   XOR   "४" -
 ⤥   . ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   al,01010101b
           mov   al,11110000b
           .
           .
           .

⠭ ॣ AL  祭 10100101b  A5h.   
ॣ  AL  믮    XOR    祭 11110000b
(0F0h),   祭 1   0F0h  ४  祭  ᮮ-
   ॣ AL,     祭  0  ⠢
ᮮ⢥騥  AL 묨.

     ,  XOR  㤮 ᯮᮡ 㫥  ᮤ-
 ॣ. ਬ, ᫥  ⠭ -
ন ॣ AX  祭 0:

          xor   ax,ax

     ,  NOT      祭  
  ࠭   ⨢ ( ᫨   室 -
࠭ 뫠 믮  XOR  祭 0FFh). ਬ:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   bl,10110001b
           not   bl                ; ४ BL  01001110b
           xor   bl,0ffh           ; ४ BL ⭮ 
                                   ; 祭 10110001b
           .
           .
           .


                        横᪨ ᤢ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       8086  ⢮ ᯮᮡ,   -
   ᤢ  ॣ  ६   
 ࠢ. ⥩訬    ᪨ ᤢ.

      SHL (ᤢ , ᨭ - SAL) ६頥  -
  ࠭-ਥ   ࠧ ,  ࠢ 
ᠬ  饬  .    .  5.8  ,    祭
100010110b (96h  150  筮 ।⠢), ᠭ 
AL, ᤢ    樨 SHL AL,1.   १
砥  祭  00101100b  (24Ch  44  筮 ),
஥ 뢠 ⭮  ॣ AL.  ७ ⠭-
  祭 1.

                              AL
   ----------------------------------------------------------
   | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |
---| | 1 |<-| 0 |<-| 0 |<-| 1 |<-| 0 |<-| 1 |<-| 1 |<-| 0 | |<--
|  | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |  |
|  ----------------------------------------------------------  |
|   7      6      5      4      3      2      1      0      |
|    -----                                                     |
---->|   |                                         0 -----------
     -----
  ७

     . 5.8 ਬ 믮 ᤢ .

      騩 (訩)   ᤢ   ࠭ 
  䫠 ७,    騩   0.

      祣 ᯮ ᤢ ?  ᥣ    
  믮   樨 SHL 㬭  ⥯ ᫠
2, ⠪    SHL 㬭 ࠭  2. ਬ,
  ᫥ 権 DX 㬭  16:

           .
           .
           .
           shl   dx,1   ; DX * 2
           shl   dx,1   ; DX * 4
           shl   dx,1   ; DX * 8
           shl   dx,1   ; DX * 16
           .
           .
           .

        ᤢ 믮 ࠧ ॥,  祬
  樨 MUL.

        ,  ।饬 ਬ  樨 SHL
ᯮ ன ࠭ - 祭 1.  ࠭ 㪠뢠,
 ᮤন DX 㦭 ᤢ  1 .  ᮦ, 
8086    ন  ᯮ짮  ⢥ ⠭ ᤢ
㣨, ⫨  1 ﭭ 祭 - 2, 3  .. , 
⢥  稪 ᤢ ᪠ ᯮ짮 ॣ CL.
ਬ, 樨:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   cl,4
           shl   dx,cl
           .
           .
           .

㬭 ᮤন  ॣ DX  16 (   ।饬 ਬ-
).

     ᫨  ᤢ ,  筮 뫮  ।,  
  ⠪  ᤢ  ࠢ,    ⠪. ᪨, 
  樨 ᤢ ࠢ.   SHR  (ᤢ  ࠢ)
祭 宦   SHL.  믮 ᤢ ࠧ冷 -
࠭  ࠢ   1  CL ,  ⥬ ᤢ  騩
  䫠 ७  頥 0  ᠬ 騩 .  -
  SHR     ᯮᮡ 믮   
⥯ ᫠ 2.

       SAR  (䬥᪨  ᤢ  ࠢ)  筠
樨  SHR,  ⮫쪮    믮  騩 
࠭ ᤢ ࠢ  ᫥騩 ,    ⥬  
⭮.    .  5.9 ,  祭 10010110b (96h 
-106  筮 ।⠢  ), ᠭ  ॣ
AL, ᤢ ࠢ   樨 SAR AL,1.  १
砥 祭 11001011b (0CBh  -53   筮  ।-
⠢    ), ஥ 뢠 ⭮  ॣ AL.
 ७ ⠭  祭 0.

                              AL
------------------------------------------------------------
|   ------                                                 |
|   |    |                                                 |
|   V    |                                                 |
| -----  | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |
| | 1 |<---| 0 |<-| 0 |<-| 1 |<-| 0 |<-| 1 |<-| 1 |<-| 0 | |<--
| -----    -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |  |
----------------------------------------------------------    |
    7      6      5      4      3      2      1      0     |
                                                     -----    |
                                                     |   |-----
                                                     -----
                                              ७

     . 5.9 ਬ 믮  樨  SAR  (䬥᪨
ᤢ ࠢ).

      ࠧ,  믮  樨  ࠭
  ࠭,  ⮬   SAR  ᯮ짮 
믮     ⥯ ᫠ 2. ਬ,   -
 믮 権:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   bx,-4
           sar   bx,1
           .
           .
           .

 ॣ BX 㤥 ᠭ 祭 -2.

       権   8086    ⠪  
樨  横᪮  ᤢ: ROR, ROL, RCR  RCL. 
ROR 筠  樨  SHR,       믮 
騩  ᤢ   騩 ,   ⠪  䫠
७.   . 5.10 ,  祭 10010110b (96h 
159    筮  ।⠢),  ᠭ    ॣ  AL,
横᪨  ᤢ  ࠢ    樨 ROR AL,1.  
१  砥  祭  01001011b  (04Bh      75   
筮 ।⠢), ஥ 뢠 ⭮  ॣ
AL.  ७ ⠭  祭 0.

                              AL
   ----------------------------------------------------------
   | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |
-->| | 1 |->| 0 |->| 0 |->| 1 |->| 0 |->| 1 |->| 1 |->| 0 | |---
|  | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |  |
|  ----------------------------------------------------------  |
|   7      6      5      4      3      2      1      0      |
|                                                              |
---------------------------------------------------------------|
                                                      -----    |
                                 ७         |   |<----
                                                      -----
      . 5.10 ਬ 믮 樨 ROR (横᪨ ᤢ
ࠢ).

       ROL   ⢨,  ⭮  ⢨  樨
ROR. ࠭ ⠪ ᤢ 横᪨,    ᤢ  믮
.  ⮬  騩  ᤢ    -
騩.  樨 ROR  ROL  ᯮ짮   㯮-
稢      ᫮.  ਬ,  १ 믮-
 権:

           .
           .
           .
           mov   si,49F1h
           mov   cl,4
           ror   si,cl
           .
           .
           .

 ॣ SI 㤥 ᠭ 祭 149Fh:  3-0 ६
  15-12,  7-4 -   3-0  ..

     樨 RCR  RCL ࠡ ᪮쪮 -㣮. -
  RCR  筮  樨 ᤢ ࠢ,  ⮬ 
騩  ᤢ  䫠 ७.  . 5.11 ,
  祭 10010110b (96h  159  筮 ।⠢),
ᠭ  ॣ AL, 横᪨ ᤢ ࠢ १ 䫠
७, 砫쭮 祭 ண ࠢ 1,   -
樨 RCR AL,1.  १ 砥  祭  11001011b  (0CBh
 203  筮 ।⠢), ஥ 뢠 ⭮
 ॣ AL.  ७ ⠭  祭 0.

                              AL
   ----------------------------------------------------------
   | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |
-->| | 1 |->| 0 |->| 0 |->| 1 |->| 0 |->| 1 |->| 1 |->| 0 | |---
|  | -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----- |  |
|  ----------------------------------------------------------  |
|   7      6      5      4      3      2      1      0      |
|                                                     -----    |
------------------------------------------------------| 1 |<----
                                                      -----
                                                ७

     . 5.11  ਬ  믮  樨  RCR  (横᪨
ᤢ ࠢ  ७).

      RCL 筮,  ᮮ⢥⢥,    ᤢ.
 믮 ⮩ 樨  騩    ᤢ
 䫠 ७.  樨 RCR  RCL  ᯮ짮 
ᤢ ࠭, 饣  ᪮쪨 ᫮. ਬ, ᫥-
騥  樨 믮 㬭 祭  DX:AX,  ࠧ஬ 
 ᫮,  4:

             .
             .
             .
             shl   ax,1  ;  15 ॣ AX ᤢ 
                         ; 䫠 ७
             rcl   dx,1  ; 䫠 ७ ᤢ   0
                         ; ॣ DX
             shl   ax,1  ;  15 ॣ AX ᤢ 
                         ; 䫠 ७
             rcl   dx,1  ; 䫠 ७ ᤢ   0
                         ; ॣ DX
             .
             .
             .

      樨  横᪮  ᤢ,   筮  
ᤢ,  ᤢ ࠭  1    ᫮ ,  -
 ॣ஬ CL.



                             室
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ⮣     ᬠਢ  믮  ஬
8086  権    ண  ᫥⥫쭮.  ⮬ 
᫥  믮﫠 ࠧ ᫥ 樨  ।-
饬 . ᬠਢ ணࠬ:

         .
         .
         .
         mov   ax,[BaseCount]
         .
         .
         .
         push   ax
         .
         .
         .

   ᮢ襭 㢥७,    ADD  믮
।⢥  ᫥  樨 MOV,  ᪮쪮  㤥
믮  PUSH.

     ᫨  ⨬ ࠭稢 ,    ᯮᮡ  
8086,    ⠪     쭮 ਬ⨢. 㭤-
⠫ ᢮⢮        稥
権,    믮  ணࠬ 室 (⢫-
)  , ⫨  ᫥饩 樨  .  
⠪  ⥯   믮 ᫮ 室,
 ᨬ  ﭨ  १ 樨.

      権   8086  ᮤন  樨  
    室.  ஬  ⮣,  ।ᬮ७ ᯥ樠
樨 室  ᯥ祭 饩 ࠡ⪨ -
 .

                         ᫮ 室
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᭮ 樥 室   権 
8086   JMP.   㪠뢠 
8086,   ⢥ ᫥饩  JMP 樥 㦭 믮
   楫 ⪥. ਬ, ᫥ 襭 믮-
 ࠣ ணࠬ:

            .
            .
            .
            mov   ax,1
            jmp   AddTwoToAX
 AddOneToAx:
            inc   ax
            jmp   AXIsSet
 AddTwoToAX:
            inc   ax
 AXIsSet:
            .
            .
            .

ॣ AX 㤥 ᮤঠ 祭 3,  樨  ADD    JMP,
᫥騥  ⪮ AddOneToAX,  믮  . 
:

            jmp   AddTwoToAX

㪠뢠  8086,  㦭 ⠭  㪠⥫  -
権 IP  祭 ᬥ饭 ⪨ AddTwoToAX, ⮬ ᫥饩
믮塞 樥 㤥 :

            add   ax,2

      ᮢ⭮   樥  JMP  ᯮ  
SHORT.    㪠   楫   JMP 筮 -
 16-⮢ ᬥ饭.  SHORT 㪠뢠 ࡮  -
ᥬ,   㦭 ᯮ짮  16-⮢,  8-⮢ ᬥ-
饭 (    樨 JMP  ). -
ਬ,  ᫥ ࠣ ணࠬ  ९ ⠪,  
⠭    :

            .
            .
            .
            mov   ax,1
            jmp   SHORT AddTwoToAX
 AddOneToAx:
            inc   ax
            jmp   SHORT AXIsSet
 AddTwoToAX:
            inc   ax
 AXIsSet:
            .
            .
            .

     ⮪ ᯮ짮 樨 SHORT (⪨) ⮨ 
⮬,  ⪨ 室  ⢫ । ࠢ
 ⪨, 騥  樨 JMP  , 祬   128  -
⮢,  ⮬     ࡮ ᥬ  ᮮ
,  ⪠ ⨦   ⪮ 室.    ⮬
    SHORT     ᯮ짮  뫮 ।,
᪮  室  ( ।騥 ⪨) ࡮ -
ᥬ ⮬᪨ ᯮ ⪨ 室, ᫨  
 ३   ⪮ 室,    ⨢
砥.

      JMP  ᯮ짮  室  㣮 ᥣ-
  ,  㦠    樨  ॣ CS,  ॣ
IP. ਬ,  ணࠬ:

            .
            .
            .
 CSeg1      SEGMENT
            ASSUME   CS:Cseg1
            .
            .
            .
 FarTarget           LABEL   FAR
            .
            .
            .
 CSeg1      ENDS
            .
            .
            .
 CSeg2      SEGMENT
            ASSUME   CS:CSeg2
            .
            .
            .
            jmp   FarTarget  ; 室 쭥 ⨯
            .
            .
            .
 CSeg2      ENDS
            .
            .
            .

믮 室 쭥 ⨯.

     ᫨  , ⮡  ⪠  ਭ㤨⥫쭮  ஢-
,    ⪠  쭥 ⨯,  ᯮ짮  FAR
PTR. ਬ,  ࠣ ணࠬ:

            .
            .
            .
            jmp   FAR PTR NearLabel
            nop
 NearLabel:
            .
            .
            .

믮 室 쭥 ⨯    NearLabel,    
⪠ 室  ⮬  ᥣ ,    JMP.

     ,   믮 室  ,  ᠭ
 ॣ   ६ . ਬ:

            .
            .
            .
            mov   ax,OFFSET TestLabel
            jmp   ax
            .
            .
            .
 TestLabel:
            .
            .
            .

      믮 室   TestLabel, ⠪ ,   
 ᫥饬 ࠣ:

            .
            .
            .
            .DATA
 JumpTarget        DW   TestLabel
            .
            .
            .
            .CODE
            .
            .
            .
            jmp   [JumpTarget]
            .
            .
            .
 TestLabel:
            .
            .
            .



                           ᫮ 室
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᠭ  ।饬 ࠧ 樨  室  -  
⮫쪮    ⮣,     ॡ  ᠭ 
ணࠬ.  ⢨⥫쭮 室    ⠪
ணࠬ,    ਭ 襭.    -
   権 ᫮ 室.

      ᫮  室   ⢫    
室  楫 (㪠  ) ,  ᨬ  -
ﭨ ॣ 䫠. ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ਬ:

             .
             .
             .
             mov   ah,1           ; 㭪 DOS   -
                                  ; 
             int   21h            ;  ᫥ 
                                  ; 
             cmp   al,'A'         ; 뫠  㪢 "A"?
             je    AWasTyped      ; , ࠡ 
             mov   [TampByte], al ; , ࠭ ᨬ
             .
             .
             .
    AWasTyped:
             push   ax            ; ࠭ ᨬ  ⥪
             .
             .
             .

     砫   ணࠬ     㭪樨  樮
⥬ DOS  ਭ  .  ⥬  ࠢ
 ᨬ  ᨬ A ᯮ   CMP. 
 筠 樨 SUB,  ⮫쪮  믮  
  ,  ᪮ 祭  樨 ⮨  
⮬,  ⮡  뫮 ࠢ  ࠭, ⠭ 䫠 ⠪
,      樨 SUB. ⮬  ।饬 -
  䫠  ⠭  祭 1 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,
᫨ ॣ AL ᮤন ᨬ A.

       諨  ᭮ .  JE  ।-
⠢   ᫮ 室, . ⢫ -
। ࠢ ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ 䫠  ࠢ 1.  
⨢  砥 믮 , ।⢥ ᫥-
  樥 JE (  砥 -    MOV).  
      ਬ 㤥 ⠭ ⮫쪮  砥 
 A,  ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥  8086 ३    -
 樨  ⪮ AWasTyped,   樨 PUSH.

      権    8086  ।ᬠਢ  讥
ࠧࠧ  権  ᫮  室,    
⢫ 室     䫠      樨.
  ⢫ ᫮ 室  ﭨ , ७,
 ,  ⭮  䫠 ९    樨  䫠-
, 뢠 १ 権 ᥫ  .

     祭 権  ᫮ 室 ਢ  
5.2.

            樨 ᫮ 室              5.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
             祭                   ஢塞 䫠
-----------------------------------------------------------------
JB/JNAE   ३, ᫨  / ३, ᫨     CF = 1
             ࠢ

JAE/JNB   ३, ᫨   ࠢ / -     CF = 0
          ३, ᫨  

JBE/JNA   ३, ᫨   ࠢ / -  CF = 1  ZF = 1
          ३, ᫨  

JA/JNBE   ३, ᫨  / ३, ᫨    CF = 0  ZF = 0
             ࠢ

JE/JZ     ३, ᫨ ࠢ                       ZF = 1

JNE/JNZ   ३, ᫨  ࠢ                    ZF = 0

JL/JNGE   ३, ᫨  祬 / ३,       SF = OF
          ᫨   祬  ࠢ

JGE/JNL   ३, ᫨  祬  ࠢ /      SF = OF
          ३, ᫨   祬

JLE/JNLE  ३, ᫨  祬  ࠢ / ZF = 1  SF = OF
          ३, ᫨  , 祬

JG/JNLE   ३, ᫨  祬 / ३,  ZF = 0  SF = OF
          ᫨   祬  ࠢ

JP/JPE    ३  ⭮                       PF = 1

JNP/JPO   ३  ⭮                     PF = 0

JS        ३                            SF = 1

JNS       ३, ᫨   ⠭          SF = 0

JC        ३  稨 ७              CF = 1

JNC       ३  ⢨ ७           CF = 0

JO        ३  ९                   OF = 1

JNO       ३  ⢨ ९       OF = 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      CF - 䫠 ७,  SF - 䫠 ,  OF - 䫠 ९-
, ZF - 䫠 , PF - 䫠 ⭮

      ஡ ଠ  -ᨭ   騥
ᢥ    室 ᮤঠ   6.  ⠪
஡ ᪠뢠  ᯮᮡ,     樨
 8086   ॣ 䫠.

     ᬮ  ᢮  ,  樨  ᫮  室
 ⠪ 쥧 ࠭祭, ᪮ 室   ᥣ-
 ⪨.  㣨 ᫮ 楫 ⪠, 㪠  -
樨 ᫮ 室,    樨 室 
, 祬  128 .  ਬ,  ࡮ ᥬ    -
ᥬ஢:

              .
              .
              .
 JumpTarget:
              .
              .
              .
              DB   1000 DUP (?)
              .
              .
              .
              dec   ax
              jnz   JumpTarget
              .
              .
              .

⠪  ⪠ JumpTarget ⮨  樨 JNZ   祬  
1000 .   砥 㦭 ᤥ ᫥饥:

              .
              .
              .
   JumpTarget:
              .
              .
              .
              DB   1000 DUP (?)
              .
              .
              .
              dec   ax
              jnz   SkipJump
              jmp   JumpTarget
   SkipJump:
              .
              .
              .

 ᫮ 室 室 ਬ  ⮣, ⮡  ।-
, 㦭  믮  ᫮ 室.



                                 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

        権  ணࠬ,    -
ந      ᫮ 室,  横.  - 
-  , 騩 ᫮ 室, -
  祬    믮 ୮  ⨦
᫮ 襭. ,  㦥   ⠪  樨
横,    for   while  몥 , while  repeat  ᪠ 
FOR  ᨪ.

      祣 ᯮ 横?  㦠  ࠡ   -
, ஢ન ﭨ ⮢ -뢮  祭 ।-
 ﭨ, ⪨  , ⥭ ப   -
    뢮   ࠭  ..  -  ᭮ ।⢮,
஥ ᯮ  믮  ⢨.  -
⮬  ᯮ  쭮 , ⮫쪮 ,   -
 権  8086 ।ᬮ७ 䠪᪨ ᪮-
 権 横: LOOP, LOOPNE, LOOPE  JCXZ.

      ᬮਬ ᭠砫  LOOP. ।,  
⨬  뢥 17 ᨬ ⥪⮢ ப TestString.  
ᤥ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

           .
           .
           .
           .DATA
 TestString        DB   ' ஢ઠ! ...'
           .
           .
           .
           .CODE
           .
           .
           .
           mov   cx,17
           mov   bx,OFFSET TestString
 PrintStringLoop:
           mov   dl,[bx]              ;  ᫥騩
                                      ; ᨬ
           inc   bx                   ; 뫪  ᫥騩
                                      ; ᨬ
           mov   ah,2                 ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 
                                      ; ࠭
           int   21h                  ; 맢 DOS  뢮
                                      ; ᨬ
           dec   cx                   ; 㬥 稪 
                                      ; ப
           jnz   PrintStringLoop      ; ࠡ ᫥騩
                                      ; ᨬ, ᫨  
           .
           .
           .

     , , 訩 ᯮᮡ. ,  ,  ࠭
  㦥 㯮  ⮬,  ॣ CX 쬠  뢠 -
짮  ࣠樨 横. :

           loop   PrintStringLoop

  ,   樨:

           dec   cx
           jnz   PrintStringLoop

 믮  ॥         .
直  ࠧ,      㦭  ࣠ 横,  祭
稪  ⠭ ࠢ 0,  砫쭮 祭 稪
 ॣ CX  ᯮ  LOOP.

        横   ᫮  ᫮  襭,
祬    祭 稪?  ⠪ 砥 ।-
७ 樨 LOOPE  LOOPNE.

      LOOPE ࠡ⠥ ⠪,   LOOP, ⮫쪮
横    믮 㤥  (  ⠭ -
 室),  ᫨ ॣ CX ਬ 祭 0   䫠
 㤥 ⠭  祭 1 (㦭   ⮬,  䫠
 ⠭  祭 1, ᫨ १ ᫥ -
᪮ 樨  㫥   ࠭  ᫥ -
樨 ࠢ  ᮢ).  筮,  LOOPNE -
蠥  믮 横,  ᫨ ॣ CX ਭ 祭 0 
䫠  襭 ( 㫥 祭).

     ।,    横, ࠭  
,   㤥   ENTER   㤥 
128 ᨬ.  믮 ⠪ ࠡ      ⠪
ணࠬ ( ᯮ  LOOPNE):

          .
          .
          .
          .DATA
  KeyBuffer      DB   128 DUP (?)
          .
          .
          .
          .CODE
          .
          .
          .
          mov   cx,128
          mov   bx,OFFSET KeyBuffer
 KeyLoop:
          mov   ah,1              ; 㭪 DOS  
                                  ; 
          int   21h               ;  ᫥
                                  ; 
          mov   [bx],al           ; ࠭ 
          inc   bx                ; ⠭ 㪠⥫
                                  ;  ᫥饩 
          cmp   al,0dh            ;   ENTER?
          loopne KeyLoop          ; ᫨ ,  
                                  ; ᫥ , 
                                  ;   ⨣ ᨬ쭮-
                                  ;  ᫠ 
          .
          .
          .

       LOOPE  ⭠  ⠪,      LOOPZ,
  LOOPNE  -   LOOPNZ, ⠪  樨
JE ⭠  JZ ( 樨-ᨭ).

           横.      JCXZ.
  JCXZ  ⢫  室 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨
祭 ॣ CX ࠢ 0.   㤮  ᯮᮡ  ஢
ॣ  CX  । 砫 横. ਬ,  ᫥饬 ࠣ
ணࠬ,  饭  ஬ ॣ BX 㪠뢠   
,   ॡ  㫨,   JCXZ ᯮ
 ய᪠ ⥫ 横  ⮬ 砥,  ᫨ ॣ CX  -
祭 0:

         .
         .
         .
         jcxz   SkipLoop         ; ᫨ CX  祭 0, 
                                 ; 祣   
 ClearLoop:
         mov   BYTE PTR [si],0   ; ⠭ ᫥騩  
                                 ; 祭 0
         inc   si                ; 뫪  ᫥騩 頥
                                 ; 
 SkipLoop:
         .
         .
         .

     祬 ⥫쭮 ய 믮 横, ᫨ 祭
ॣ  CX  ࠢ  0? ⮬   ⨢ 砥 祭 CX
㤥 㬥襭  稭 0FFFFh    LOOP  ⢨
室    㪠  . ᫥ ⮣ 横 㤥 믮
65535 ࠧ.   ⥫, ⮡ 祭 ॣ  CX,  ࠢ  0,
㪠뢠,  ॡ 㫨 0 ,    65536. 
JCXZ    ⮬ 砥     䥪⨢  믮
㦭 ஢.

     ⭮⥫쭮 権 横  ᤥ  
砭. -, 㦭   ⮬,  樨 横,
  樨  ᫮  室,    믮  室
⮫쪮    ,    樨 横   祬 
128      ஭.  ,  ॢ騥 128  ,
ॡ  ᯮ짮  ᫮  室   ᫮
室 ( ⮤ ᠭ  ।饬 ࠧ "᫮ -
室"). -,  ,     権 横-
    ﭨ 䫠.   砥,  :

            loop   LoopTop

 ⭠  筮 :

            dec   cx
            jnz   LoopTop

᪮  DEC  䫠 ९, ,  -
,  ⥫쭮  ७    ⭮,   LOOP 
䫠  . ஬ ⮣, ᯮ짮 樨 DEC   -
⭮ ਠ:

            sub   cx,1
            jnz   LoopTop

᪮  SUB   䫠  ७,    
DEC -  .   ,    ணࠬ஢  몥
ᥬ  ,    䫠  ⠭  
  樨.



                             ணࠬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

         ᬠਢ ⮫쪮 ணࠬ, ।⠢騥
ᮡ      ᫥⥫쭮  室  . 
ணࠬ 稭  ࠧ ,  믮﫠 । 
 (  ᢮   믮 横 
ਭ⨨ 襭),   ⥬ 蠫   ࠧ . 
    ணࠬ,    ணࠬ ॡ-
 ᯮ짮 ⠪ 権,  뢠 ண-
ࠬ.

       㦥   ணࠬ   몠  ᮪
஢.  몥  ணࠬ 뢠 㭪ﬨ,  ᪠ 
ᨪ - 楤ࠬ  㭪ﬨ. ணࠬ, 楤   -
樨 ।⠢ ᮡ,  饬,     - ⤥ 
, ਭ । 室 , 믮 -
।  ⢨  ,  ,  祭  -
 祭.

     ணࠬ   ந ணࠬ    쭮
ਭ樯.   ⮬ ணࠬ  "뢠" ᯥ-
 ⠫ (  㡨    ஢)  ।
    饬  ⬥ ணࠬ.  ணࠬ 
⠪ ᤥ ணࠬ   묨,  ᪮ -
  ணࠬ  뢠    ணࠬ 
 믮 ࠧ 㭪樨,  ।  ࠧ  -
.     ணࠬ (ᨬ  ⮣,  ᠭ  
ᥬ,  ᪠  ) ணࠬ    ⢥
।⢮   ᮧ 㯮冷祭   㦨 -
室 .



                        믮 ணࠬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᭮  믮 ணࠬ    
.  5.12.  뢠饩 ணࠬ ணࠬ 믮 -
 CALL,    ᫥饩 樨  ⥪  
㦠  ॣ IP  ᮮ⢥饩 ணࠬ, -
⢫ ⠪ ࠧ 室  ணࠬ.  ᫥  ⮣  -
ணࠬ  믮,   㣮 .  ணࠬ -
 (  ⠪  뢠) ᮤঠ 樨 맮  -
 ணࠬ. ᪨,  ࠧ ஥ ண-
ࠬ   뢠 ᠬ ᥡ ( 뢠 ४ᨥ).

        .             .                      .            .
        .             .                      .            .
        .             .                      .            .
        |-------------|                      |------------|
   1000 | mov al,1    | ( IP 㦠 -->| shl al,1   | 1110
        |-------------| 1110  1007 - |  |------------|
   1002 | mov bl,3    |   ⥪)     |  | add al,bl  | 1112
        |-------------|                   |  |------------|
   1004 | call DoCalc |--------------------  | and al,7   | 1114
        |-------------|                      |------------|
   1007 | mov ah,2    |<-------------------  | add al,'0' | 1116
        |-------------|  祭 設 |  |------------|
   1009 | int 21h     | ⥪ 1007 - ---| ret        | 1118
        |-------------|     |------------|
        .             . IP                   .            .
        .             .                      .            .
        .             .                      .            .

     . 5.12 믮 ணࠬ.

      ணࠬ 稢 ࠡ,  뢠  -
  RET,     ⥪ , ᥭ 㤠 -
⢥饩 樥 CALL,     IP.   ਢ
 ⮬,  뢠 ணࠬ  믮  -
樨, ᫥饩  樨 CALL.

     ਬ, ᫥ ணࠬ 뢮  ࠭  ப:

      ਢ
      ਬ ப
        ப

      뢮 ப 뢠 ணࠬ PrintString:

         DOSSEG
         .MODEL   SMALL
         .STACK   200h
         .DATA
Message1          DB   'ਢ',0dh,0ah,0
Message2          DB   'ਬ ப',0dh,0ah,0
Message3          DB   '  ப',0dh,0ah,0
         .CODE
ProgramStart      PROC  NEAR
         mov   ax,@Data
         mov   ds,ax
         mov   bx,OFFSET Message1
         call  PrintString     ; 뢥 ப "ਢ"
         mov   bx,OFFSET Message2
         call  PrintString     ; 뢥 ப "ਬ ப"
         mov   bx,OFFSET Message3
         call  PrintString     ; 뢥 ப " 
                               ; ப"
         mov   ax,4ch          ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                               ; ணࠬ
         int   21h             ;  ணࠬ
ProgramStart   ENDP
;
; ணࠬ 뢮  ࠭ ப, 饩
; 㫥 ᨬ
;
; 室 :
;    DS:BX - 㪠⥫  뢮 ப.
;
; 蠥 ॣ: AX, BX
;
PrintString      PROC   NEAR
PrintStringLoop:
         mov   al[bx]          ;  ᫥騩 ᨬ
                               ; ப
         and   dl,dl           ; 祭 ᨬ ࠢ 0?
         jz    EndPrintString  ; ᫨  ⠪,  뢮
                               ; ப 襭
         inc   bx              ; 뫪  ᫥騩
                               ; ᨬ
         mov   ah,2            ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ᨬ
         int   21h             ; 맢 DOS  뢮
                               ; ᨬ
         jmp   PrintStringLoop ; 뢥 ᫥騩 ᨬ,
                               ; ᫨  
EndPrintString:
         ret                   ;   뢠
                               ; ணࠬ
PrintString    ENDP
         END   ProgramStart

      ⮨ ⬥   .  -,  ணࠬ
PrintString    ஥  ⪮   । ப.
    ப,      BX  㪠
뢠  ணࠬ.  -,  뤥 ணࠬ -
짮   ४⨢ - PROC  ENDP.

     ४⨢ PROC ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡ ⬥  砫
楤.  ⪠,  㪠  ४⨢ PROC (  砥 -
PrintString), ।⠢ ᮡ  楤,  ᫨    -
짮:

PrintString   LABEL   PROC

     , ४⨢ PROC  襥.  ।, 
  RET ( ࠢ) -    - ᫥-
 ᯮ짮   楤.

      ᬮਬ ᫥   ᪮쪮  ஡.
ᯮ,      믮 室    ⨯
(NEAR),  IP 㦠  祭,   室   -
  (FAR)  祭 㦠   ॣ  IP,    
CS.  ᫨  CALL 뫠   , 㦠
 CS,  IP (   室).

      祬  쭥 맮  ⥪   ॣ CS,
 IP.   㤠  RET   ଠ
   뢠 ணࠬ?  ᫨ 쭨 맮 -
㧨 CS  IP,     ⥪ ⮫쪮 IP,    
㤥 ⮫쪮 㧨 IP  設 ⥪.      १
믮  樨 RET  ॣ஢ CS:IP ᮤঠ  -
祭 CS 뢠 ணࠬ,  IP - 뢠饩,  祢 
 ᫠.

       ந,   ⥪  ᥭ   ॣ
- CS  IP?  ࡮ ᥬ 㧭  ⨯ , -
  ᮮ⢥饩 ணࠬ?   ⥩ ⮨  
  ⨯  樨  - RETN ( 
⨯)  RETF ( 쭥 ⨯),  訩 ᯮᮡ -
砥  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PROC  ENDP.

     ४⨢ ENDP ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡    
ணࠬ,  ⮩     ४⨢ PROC. ४⨢ ENDP
⬥砥  ணࠬ,  稭  ४⨢  PROC
 ⮩  ⪮. ਬ, ४⨢:

          .
          .
          .
TestSub        PROC   NEAR
          .
          .
          .
TestSub        ENDP
          .
          .
          .

⬥ 砫   ணࠬ TestSub.

     ४⨢ ENDP  PROC   믮塞 ,  
  ४⨢,      樨.   ⢨  
ࠢ ⨯ 樨 RET  ணࠬ.

     ᫨ ࠭ ४⨢ PROC   NEAR  (),  
  樨 RET   ४⨢ PROC   ᮮ⢥饩 -
४⨢ ENDP ᥬ,     ࠢ  
⨯. ᫨ ,  㣮 ஭, ࠭ ४⨢ PROC -
 FAR (쭨),   樨 RET   楤 ᥬ-
,   ࠢ 쭥 ⨯.

     ⮬, ⮡, ਬ,  ⨯  権 RET 
TestSub,  ४⨢ PROC ᫥騬 ࠧ:

TestSub      PROC   FAR

      饬 砥  ⠬,      ,  ᯮ짮
ணࠬ  ⨯, ⠪  쭨 맮  -
   믮 ,   쭥 ⨯ ⠪
믮 , 祬 .  ணࠬ 쭥
⨯ ⠭ 室묨,  ꥬ    襩  ணࠬ
ॢ蠥 64.

     ᫨  ᯮ 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ-
⮢,     ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PROC  ࠭, -
:

TestSub     PROC

      ࡮ ᥬ 砥 ⠪ ४⨢,   ⮬-
᪨  ࠨ   ⨯  ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠭  
४⨢ .MODEL   ( 㬮砭      
). ணࠬ  ᢥ嬠,   ⭮ ﬨ -
   맮  ⨯,  맮   ணࠬ  
।, 让  ᢥ塮让    쭨 ⨯.
ਬ,  ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          .
          .MODEL   SMALL  ;   
          .
          .
          .
TestSub   PROC
          .
          .
          .

ணࠬ TestSub 뢠     맮,    
ணࠬ:

          .
          .
          .
          .MODEL   LARGE ;   
          .
          .
          .
TestSub   PROC
          .
          .
          .

  쭥.



                          । ࠬ஢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ணࠬ, 뢠 ணࠬ ( 뢠 -
騬  ணࠬ   뢠騬 ),  ணࠬ 
। ଠ.  ਬ,  ਬ ணࠬ ।饣
ࠧ  ।  ணࠬ PrintString ᯮ짮 -
 BX.   ⢨ 뢠 ।祩 ࠬ஢.  ⮬
ࠬ 㪠뢠 ணࠬ,  㦭 ᤥ.

       饯ਭ ᯮᮡ ।  ࠬ஢:  
ॣ   ⥪. । ࠬ஢ १ ॣ  -
  ⮬  ᥬ,  ।  १  ⥪  -
   設⢥ 몮 ᮪ ஢,  ᪠
 ,   ணࠬ  ᥬ, 뢠   몮.

     । ࠬ஢  ॣ 祭 .  ⮣ -
   祭-ࠬ  ᮮ⢥騥 ॣ
 맢 ணࠬ.    ணࠬ      ᢮
ᮡ⢥  ॡ   ࠬ,   ⭮ ,
 ⮡  ⠭,  ࠡ   ᮣ-
    ਤন . ਬ,   ᫥ ࠢ,
ᮣ᭮ ஬  ࠬ-㪠⥫ ᥣ  ।  
ॣ BX, ன -  SI  .. ᫨  ᯮ  ।-
 ࠬ஢ ॣ, ⭮     ண-
ࠬ  -    ࠬ    砥    ॣ 
 室.

     । ࠬ஢  ⥪ ᪮쪮  ᫮  ⫨-
 ⥫쭮 襩 , 祬 ।  १ ॣ-
. ᫨  訫 ᯮ짮 । ࠬ஢  १  ⥪,
  ⭮ 㤥 ᯮ짮 ᮣ襭, ਭ  ।-
⠥  몥 ᮪ ஢.    
ணࠬ    ᥬ  ணࠬ, ᠭ묨  
몥.  ᮮ⢥   ਫ  㪮⢠
ਢ  ᠭ ᮣ襭   ।  ࠬ஢  
࡮ ,  ࡮ ᪠, ࡮ ᨪ  ࡮ ஫,  ਢ-
 ਬ  ᥬ.



                         頥 祭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ணࠬ   祭  뢠 ணࠬ-
.    ணࠬ  ᥬ,  । 뢠
 ணࠬ  몥 ᮪ ஢,    祭  
  ᫥  ᮣ襭   몠. ਬ, 㭪樨,
뢠  몥 ,   8-  16-⮢ -
 (祭 ᨬ쭮, 楫 ⨯   㪠⥫)  -
 AX,  32-⮢ 祭 ( 楫  쭨  㪠-
⥫) -   ॣ஢ DX:AX.   6 - 9  㪮-
  ஡ ᠭ ᮣ襭  頥 祭
몠 ࡮ , ࡮ ᪠, ࡮ ᨪ  ࡮ ஫.

      ணࠬ,  ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᥬ,  -
襭  頥 祭 ᪠  ᢮:  -
     ॣ,  . ᪨,  -
  䫠  ணࠬ      ଠ 
ﭨ (  ⠭ 䫠 ७  䫠 ). -
,    ⠭   ᮣ襭   ਤন.
 ᮣ襭  㦨  8-⮢  祭  
ॣ AL  16-⮢ 祭  ॣ AX.

     ᭮ ஡  ᯮ짮  ᥬ  頥-
 ணࠬ  祭  ⮨    ⮬,     
ଠ樨 ணࠬ   ࠧ      뢠饩
ணࠬ  ଠ.    ᥬ      饭 
ணࠬ,        ⮬,    ணࠬ   頥
祭,  ᪠    SI  (      ணࠬ  
 SI),   ⮬   ணࠬ,  ன 㤭
㤥  訡.

      ⮩ 稭  ᢮      ᫮  祭,
頥  ॣ ( ᥣ  )   -
⥫ 祭, ࠭   祩 ,    
뫠  ।  㪠⥫  (    ᪠ 
).

                         ࠭ ॣ஢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

     ⢥饥 ࠭ ॣ஢   饭    -
ணࠬ  -  ⢥   ணࠬ஢  ᥬ-
.  ᮢ६ 몠 ᮪ ஢  ணࠬ  筮
    祭 ६ 뢠饩 ணࠬ, ᫨
뢠 ணࠬ ⮣  ࠧ  ᪠.    ᥬ-
   ⠪: ६ 뢠饩 ணࠬ ࠭  
   ॣ,   ॣ,  ᯮ㥬  ணࠬ.
ਬ,  ᫨  ணࠬ  ॣ, 祭 ண
뢠 ணࠬ ⠭ ।  맮  ணࠬ,  
  ᯮ ᫥ 饭  ,   訡.

       襭 ⮩ ஡ ⮨  ⮬, ⮡  室
  ணࠬ   ⥪  ᯮ㥬  ॣ-
  ⠭   ⥪  ।  ⮬    뢠
ணࠬ.   ᮦ,  ⮣ ॡ ⢥ ६ 
让 ꥬ . 㣠  砥   ⮬,  ⮡
  ࠢ,  뢠 ணࠬ   뢠
 ࠭ ॣ஢ ணࠬ   㭪樨    -
  믮  ᠬ.    ਢ⥫쭮, ᪮ -
⢥    ਬ ᥬ  ᢮-
 䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ॣ஢.

     ᫨  ⪮,   몥 ᥬ    -
䫨   ᪮  ⮩ ணࠬ஢. ᫨  -
ࠥ ᯮ짮 ᥬ,   ᬮ      
 ணࠬ,   砥,  㦭 ࠧ㬭 ⭮-
  ࠭ ॣ஢  ᯥ, ⮡   맮  
ணࠬ  -  ॣ஢   䫨⮢. 訬
室  ⭮ ஢   ணࠬ
  㪠,   ॣ  ᯮ,  饭  
ﬨ   맮 ணࠬ.

     㦭 㤥   ᫥  ࠭  ॣ-
஢,  ⠪  ᨬ쭮 䥪⨢  ᯮ짮.  ணࠬ-
஢  ᥬ   . 모 ᮪ ஢-
  믮    ࠡ,  ,   㦥 㯮, 
  ⠪      ணࠬ,  
    ᥬ.



                 ਬ ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

      ⥯ ஡㥬 ॠ  ,   㧭 
᫥   ,    ਬ ணࠬ  -
ᥬ.  ணࠬ WCOUNT.ASM 뢠 ᫮ ᫮  䠩-
  뢮   ࠭.

;
; ணࠬ   ᫠ ᫮  䠩.  ࠧ
; ஡, ᨬ ⠡樨,  ⪨  ॢ
; ப.
;
; 맮: wc < _䠩.
;
            DOSSEG                      ;  ⠭
                                        ; 冷 ᥣ⮢
            .MODEL   SMALL              ;   
                                        ;   64
            .STACK   200h               ; ⥪ ࠧ஬ 512
                                        ; 
            .DATA
Count                DW   0             ; ᯮ 
                                        ;  ᫮
InWhitespace         DB   ?             ; ⠭ 
                                        ; 祭 1, 
                                        ; ᫥ ⠭
                                        ; ᨬ 
                                        ; ࠧ⥫
TempChar             DB   ?             ; ६ ,
                                        ; ᯮ㥬
                                        ;  GetNextCharacter
Result               DB   '᫮ ᫮: ', 5 DUP (?)
                                        ; ப, ᯮ㥬
                                        ;  뢮 १
CountInsertEnd       LABEL BYTE         ; ᯮ 
                                        ; । 
                                        ; ,  ன
                                        ; ࠭ ப 
                                        ; 祭 稪
                     DB   0dh,0ah,'$'   ; 㭪 DOS 9
                                        ; ࠡ⠥  ப,
                                        ;  
                                        ; ᨬ $
                  .CODE
ProgramStart:
                  mov   ax,@Data
                  mov   ds,ax            ; DS 㪠뢠 
                                         ; ᥣ 
                  mov   [InWhitespace],1 ; ।, 
                                         ; ࠧ⥫, ⠪ 
                                         ;  ⫨ 
                                         ; ࠧ⥫ ᨬ,
                                         ;   ,
                                         ; 㤥 ⬥ 砫
                                         ; ᫮
CountLoop:
                  call GetNextCharacter  ;  ᫥騩
                                         ; ᨬ  ஢ન,
                  jz   CountDone         ; ᫨  
                  call IsCharacterWhitespace ;  ࠧ⥫?
                  jz   IsWhitespace      ; 
                  cmp  [InWhitespace],0  ; ᨬ  
                                         ; ࠧ⥫ - ⥯
                                         ;   ࠧ⥫?
                  jz   CountLoop         ;    ࠧ⥫
                                         ;  ᨬ  
                                         ; ࠧ⥫, ⮬
                                         ;  ⨬ ᨬ ࠡ
                                         ; 祭
                  inc  [Count]           ;   ࠧ⥫ 
                                         ; ᨬ  
                                         ; ࠧ⥫, 
                                         ;  諨 砫 
                                         ; ᫮
                  mov  [InWhitespace],0  ; ⬥,   -
                                         ;    ࠧ⥫
                  jmp  CountLoop         ; ࠡ ᫥騩
                                         ; ᨬ
IsWhitespace:
                  mov  [InWhitespace],1  ; ⬥,   
                                         ; ࠧ⥫
                  jmp  CountLoop         ; ࠡ ᫥騩
                                         ; ᨬ
;
;  襭 - 뢥 १
;
CountDone:
                  mov  ax,[Count]        ; ᫮, ஥ 㦭
                                         ; ८ࠧ  ப
                  mov  bx,OFFSET CountInsertEnd-1 ; 뫪 
                                         ;  ப, 
                                         ;  㦭
                                         ;  ᫮
                  mov  cx,5              ; ᫮ , 
                                         ; 㦭 ८ࠧ
                  call ConvertNumberToString ; ८ࠧ
                                         ; ᫮  ப
                  mov  bx,OFFSET Result  ; 뫪  ப
                                         ; १
                  call PrintString       ; 뢥 १
                  mov  ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS
                                         ; 襭 ணࠬ
                  int  21h               ;  ணࠬ
;
; ணࠬ 祭 ᫥饣 ᨬ  ⠭⭮
; 
;
; 室 : 
;
; 室 :
;     AL = ᨬ, ᫨   㯥
;     䫠 Z = 0 (NZ), ᫨ ᨬ 㯥,
;            = 1 (Z)  ⨦  ப
;
; 蠥 ॣ: AH, BX, CX, DX
;
GetNextCharacter       PROC
                  mov  ah,3fh           ; 㭪 DOS
                                        ; ⥭  䠩
                  mov  bx,0             ; ⠭
                                        ; ⥫ 
                  mov  cx,1             ;   ᨬ
                  mov  dx,OFFSET TempChar ;  ᨬ
                                        ;  TempChar
                  int  21h              ;  ᫥騩
                                        ; ᨬ
                  jc   NoCharacterRead  ; ᫨ DOS ᮮ頥
                                        ;  訡,
                                        ; ஢ ,
                                        ;   䠩
                  cmp  [TempChar],1ah   ;  Control-Z?
                                        ; (⪠  䠩)
                  jne  NotControlZ      ; 
NoCharacterRead:
                  sub  ax,ax            ; ⠭ 䫠 Z,
                  and  ax,ax            ;  ࠦ, 
                                        ;  ⠭ ᨬ (NZ)
                                        ;   ⨣
                                        ;  䠩 (Z).
                                        ;  ,
                                        ;  㭪 DOS 3fh
                                        ; ⠭ ॣ
                                        ; AX  祭 ᫠
                                        ; ⠭ ᨬ
                  mov  al,[TempChar]    ;  ⠭
                                        ; ᨬ
                  ret                   ; 믮
GetNextCharacter       ENDP
;
; ணࠬ, ᮮ,   ⠭ ᨬ
; ࠧ⥫
;
; 室 :
;     AL = ஢塞 ᨬ
;
; 室 :
;     䫠 Z = 0 (NZ), ᫨ ᨬ   ࠧ⥫,
;            = 1 (Z) ᫨ ᨬ - ࠧ⥫
;
; 蠥 ॣ: 
;
IsCharacterWhitespace  PROC
                  cmp  al,09h           ;  ᨬ ⠡樨?
                  jz   EndIsCharacterWhitespace ; ᫨ , 
                                        ;  ࠧ⥫
                  cmp  al,' '           ;  ஡?
                  jz   EndIsCharacterWhitespace ; ᫨ , 
                                        ;  ࠧ⥫
                  cmp  al,0dh           ;   ⪨?
                  jz   EndIsCharacterWhitespace ; ᫨ , 
                                        ;  ࠧ⥫
                  cmp  al,0ah           ;  ॢ ப?
                  cmp  al,' '           ;  ஡?
                                        ; ᫨ ,  
                                        ; ࠧ⥫,
                                        ;  Z, ᫨
                                        ; ,   
                                        ; ࠧ⥫, 
                                        ; NZ (⠭
                                        ; cmp)
EndIsCharacterWhiteSpace:
                  ret
IsCharacterWhiteSpace  ENDP
;
; ணࠬ, ८ࠧ 筮 ᫮  ⥪⮢
; ப
;
; 室 :
;     AX = ᫮, ஥ 㦭 ८ࠧ
;     DS:BX = 㪠⥫   ப,  ன
;     ࠭ ⥪
;
; 室 : 
;
; 蠥 ॣ: AX, BX, CX, DX, SI
;
ConvertNumberToString  PROC
                  mov  si,10            ; ᯮ  横
                                        ; ConvertLoop
                  sub  dx,dx            ; ८ࠧ AX 
                                        ;  ᫮  AD:DX
                  div  si               ; ࠧ ᫮  10
                                        ; ⮪ -  DX, 
                                        ; 筮 ᫮ 
                                        ;  ; ᫮/10
                                        ; 室  AX
                  add  dl,'0'           ; ८ࠧ ⮪
                                        ;  ⥪⮢ ப
                  mov  [bx],dl          ;    
                                        ; ப
                  dec  bx               ; 뫪  ᫥
                                        ; ᠬ  
                  loop ConvertLoop      ; ࠡ ᫥
                                        ; , ᫨  
                  ret
ConvertNumberToString  ENDP
;
; ணࠬ, 뢮 ப  ࠭ ᯫ
;
; 室 :
;     DS:BX = 㪠⥫  뢮 ப
;
; 室 : 
;
; 蠥 ॣ: 
;
PrintString            PROC
                   push  ax             ; ࠭ ॣ஢
                   push  dx             ;  ணࠬ
                   mov   ah,9           ; 㭪 DOS 뢮
                                        ; ப
                   mov   dx,bx          ; ⠭ DS:DX 
                                        ; 뢮 ப
                   int   21h            ; 맢 DOS 
                                        ; 뢮 ப
                   pop   dx             ; ⠭ 
                   pop   ax             ; ॣ
                   ret                  ;  ࠢ
PrintString              ENDP
                   END   ProgramStart

     믮塞 䠩 WCOUNT.EXE  ᪠  ⢥  -
  DOS, ७稢   䠩,  ஬   -
  ᫮.  ਬ,      ᫠  ᫮      䠩
WCOUNT.ASM 㦭  ⢥  ᪠ DOS :

        wcount <wcount.asm

     १ ᪮쪮 ᥪ㭤  ࠭ 㤥 뢥 १:

        ᫮ ᫮: nnn

(  nnn 㤥  ⭮ ᫮).

     ⭮⥫쭮 䠩 WCOUNT.ASM  ᤥ ᪮쪮  -
 砭. -,  믮 ࠧ 㭪権 
⥭ ᨬ, ஢ન ᨬ   ࠧ⥫,  ८ࠧ
᫠  ᫮  ப  뢮 ப  䠩 WCOUNT.ASM ᯮ-
 ணࠬ.   ᤥ ᭮ ணࠬ 䠩
WCOUNT.ASM 让  ࠧ  ⮩  .

     㣮 २⢮ ᯮ짮 ணࠬ 砥  
,         ࠡ ணࠬ. ᫨,
ਬ,   ॡ    ।  ࠧ⥫  
   ᫮ ࠧ⥫  ࠢ⢠,   
ணࠬ IsWhitespace, ⠢ ᭮ ணࠬ  -
.

     ⨬,  ணࠬ GetNextCharacter     IsWhitespace
  ଠ    ﭨ     (ணࠬ
GetNextCharacter 頥 ⠪ ଠ  ॣ AL). 
  ४᭮  室   ﭨ ⨯ "/", 
ॣ AL ( AX)  ᯮ짮   祭.

     , ⨬   ꥬ   ᥬ, -
室    믮 権  뢮 ⥪. ⮡ 뢥
 ࠭ 楫 祭 (᫮ ⠭ ᫮),    諮
᭠砫  ८ࠧ 祭 稪  ⥪⮢ ப (-
୮ 믮   10       ᨬ  "0").
쪮  ᫥  ⮣ 맢 DOS  뢮 ⥪⮢ ப. 
ᨫ쭮 ⫨砥  ⮣   몥 :

        print("᫮ ᫮: dn",count);

      㣮 ஭, ᫥ ⮣,      ணࠬ
(⠪,  ConvertNumberToString),   ୮  ᯮ-
. ᫨ ନ஢ ⥪  ணࠬ,  
   ᫥饬 ⢥    ࠧࠡ
ணࠬ.

