                                    롨ࠩ                                  
         =================================================================

                              ᪨ ⨢ "*.*"
                              㪮⢮ ૮ ..



                            -  ⥬
                        ணࠬ஢   2.0

                               

                                 #4/5 ( 1-3)




                                 .᪢, 1990 .

         =================================================================

                                                                     
         TASM2 #4-5/                = 1 =

         ........................................................9
         ॡ    ணࠬ ।⢠.................9
           㪮⢥...........................................10
         樮 ᮣ襭........................................10
          1. ।। 䨪.......................12
           $............................................................13
           @code........................................................13
           @CodeSize....................................................14
           @Cu.........................................................14
           curseg.......................................................15
           @data........................................................16
           @DataSize....................................................17
           ??date.......................................................17
           @fardata.....................................................18
           @fardata?....................................................18
           @FileName....................................................19
           ??filename...................................................19
           @Model.......................................................20
           @Startu.....................................................20
           ??Time.......................................................21
           ??Version....................................................21
           @WordSize....................................................22
          2. .............................................23
           䬥᪠ 筮......................................23
            2.1:   ਮ ஢  ० MASM.........25
            2.2: ਮ ஢  ० Ideal..........25
           ()...........................................................26
           *............................................................26
           + ().................................................27
           + (㭠)..................................................27
           - ().................................................28
           - (㭠)..................................................29
           . ...........................................................29
           /............................................................30
           :............................................................31
           ?............................................................31
           [ ] .................................................32
           AND..........................................................34
           BYTE.........................................................34
           CODEPTR......................................................35
           DATAPTR......................................................36
           DUP..........................................................36
           DWORD........................................................37
           EQ...........................................................38
           FAR..........................................................38
           FWORD........................................................40

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 2 =

           GE...........................................................40
           GT...........................................................41
           HIGH.........................................................42
           LARGE........................................................43
           LE...........................................................44
           LENGTH.......................................................45
           LOW..........................................................45
           LT...........................................................46
           MASK.........................................................48
           MOD..........................................................48
           NE...........................................................50
           NEAR.........................................................50
           NOT..........................................................52
           OFFSET.......................................................52
           OR...........................................................54
           PROC.........................................................54
           PTR..........................................................56
           PWORD........................................................58
           QWORD........................................................58
           SEG..........................................................59
           SHL..........................................................59
           SHORT........................................................60
           SHR..........................................................60
           SIZE.........................................................61
           SMALL........................................................61
           SYMTYPE......................................................63
           TBYTE........................................................63
           THIS.........................................................64
           .TYPE........................................................65
           TYPE.........................................................66
           UNCNOWN......................................................67
           WIDTH........................................................69
           WORD.........................................................70
           XOR..........................................................70
           樠  ..................................72
           &............................................................72
           <>...........................................................74
           !............................................................75
           %............................................................75
           ;;...........................................................76
          3. ४⨢.............................................77
           Samle Directive  (ࠧ ४⨢)........................79
           .186.........................................................79
           .286.........................................................80
           .286C........................................................80
           .286P........................................................81

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 3 =

           .287.........................................................81
           .386.........................................................83
           .386C........................................................83
           .386P........................................................84
           .387.........................................................84
           8086.........................................................85
           .8087........................................................85
           :............................................................86
           =............................................................87
           ALIGN........................................................89
           .ALPHA.......................................................90
           ARG..........................................................91
           ASSUME.......................................................94
           %BIN.........................................................95
           CATSTR.......................................................96
           .CODE........................................................96
           CODESEG......................................................98
           COMM.........................................................98
           COMMENT.....................................................101
           %CONDS......................................................101
           .CONST......................................................102
           CONST.......................................................103
           .CREF.......................................................103
           %CREF.......................................................104
           %CREFALL....................................................104
           %CREFREF....................................................105
           %CREFUREF...................................................106
           %CTLS.......................................................106
           .DATA.......................................................108
           .DATA?......................................................109
           DATASEG.....................................................111
           DB..........................................................111
           DD..........................................................113
           %DEPTH......................................................115
           DF..........................................................115
           DISPLAY.....................................................116
           DOSSEG......................................................118
           DP..........................................................119
           DQ..........................................................120
           DT..........................................................121
           DW..........................................................122
           ELSE........................................................123
           ELSEIF......................................................124
           EMUL........................................................124
           END.........................................................126
           ENDIF.......................................................126

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 4 =

           ENDM........................................................127
           ENDP........................................................128
           ENDS........................................................129
           EQU.........................................................130
           .ERR........................................................131
           ERR.........................................................131
           .ERR1.......................................................132
           .ERR2.......................................................132
           .ERRB.......................................................133
           .ERRDEF.....................................................134
           .ERRDIF.....................................................134
           .ERRDIFI....................................................135
           .ERRE.......................................................136
           .ERRIDN.....................................................136
           .ERRIDNI....................................................138
           ERRIF.......................................................139
           ERRIF1......................................................139
           ERRIF2......................................................139
           ERRIFB......................................................140
           ERRIFDEF....................................................140
           ERRIFDIF....................................................140
           ERRIFDIFI...................................................140
           ERRIFE......................................................140
           ERRIFIDN....................................................141
           ERRIFIDNI...................................................141
           ERRIFNB.....................................................141
           ERRIFNDEF...................................................141
           .ERRNB......................................................143
           .ERRNDEF....................................................143
           .ERRNZ......................................................144
           EVEN........................................................144
           EVENDATA....................................................145
           EXITM.......................................................146
           EXTRN.......................................................146
           .FARDATA....................................................149
           .FARDATA?...................................................150
           FARDATA.....................................................151
           GLOBAL......................................................151
           GROUP.......................................................153
           IDEAL.......................................................154
           IF..........................................................155
           IF1.........................................................155
           IF2.........................................................156
           IFB.........................................................157
           IFDEF.......................................................158
           IFDIF,IFDIFI................................................158

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 5 =

           IFE.........................................................159
           IFIDN,IFIDNI................................................160
           IFNB........................................................161
           IFNDEF......................................................161
           %INCL.......................................................163
           INCLUDE.....................................................163
           INCLUDELIB..................................................164
           INSTR.......................................................165
           IRP.........................................................165
           IRPC........................................................166
           JUMPS.......................................................167
           LABEL.......................................................167
           .LALL.......................................................168
           .LFCOND.....................................................170
           %LINUM......................................................170
           %LIST.......................................................171
           .LIST.......................................................171
           LOCAL.......................................................172
           LOCALS......................................................175
           MACRO.......................................................177
           %MACS.......................................................178
           MASM........................................................179
           MASM51......................................................179
           .MODEL......................................................181
            3.1  Tiny.....................................184
            3.2  Small....................................184
            3.3  Medium...................................184
            3.4  Compact..................................185
            3.5  Huge  Large.............................185
            3.6  TPASCAL..................................185
           MODEL.......................................................186
           MULTERRS....................................................186
           NAME........................................................187
           %NEWPAGE....................................................188
           %NOCONDS....................................................188
           %NOCREF.....................................................189
           %NOCTLS.....................................................189
           NOEMUL......................................................191
           %NOINCL.....................................................191
           NOJUMPS.....................................................193
           %NOLIST.....................................................193
           NOLOCALS....................................................194
           %NOMACS.....................................................194
           NOMASM51....................................................195
           NOMULTERRS..................................................195
           %NOSYMS.....................................................197

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 6 =

           %NOTRUNC....................................................197
           %NOWARN.....................................................198
           ORG.........................................................198
           %OUT........................................................200
           P186........................................................200
           P286........................................................201
           P286N.......................................................201
           P286P.......................................................201
           P287........................................................202
           P386........................................................202
           P386N.......................................................202
           P386P.......................................................203
           P387........................................................203
           P8086.......................................................203
           P8087.......................................................204
           PAGE........................................................204
           %PAGESIZE...................................................205
           %PCNT.......................................................206
           PNO87.......................................................206
           %POPLCTL....................................................207
           PROC........................................................207
           PUBLIC......................................................212
           PUBLICDLL...................................................213
           PURGE.......................................................214
           %PUSHLCTL...................................................215
           QUIRKS......................................................216
           .RADIX......................................................216
           RADIX.......................................................217
           RECORD......................................................217
           REPT........................................................219
           .SALL.......................................................220
           SEGMENT.....................................................220
           .SEQ........................................................224
           .SFCOND.....................................................225
           SIZESTR.....................................................225
           .STACK......................................................226
           STACK.......................................................226
           .STARTUP....................................................227
           STARTUPCODE.................................................227
           STRUC.......................................................228
           SUBSTR......................................................230
           SUBTTL......................................................230
           %SUBTTL.....................................................232
           %SYMS.......................................................232
           %TABSIZE....................................................233
           %TEXT.......................................................233

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 7 =

           .TFCOND.....................................................234
           TITLE.......................................................234
           %TITLE......................................................235
           %TRUNC......................................................235
           UDATASEG....................................................236
           UFARDATA....................................................236
           UNION.......................................................237
           USES........................................................239
           WARN........................................................240
           .XALL.......................................................241
           .XCREF......................................................241
           .XLIST......................................................241

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 8 =

         =================================================================

                              ᪨ ⨢ "*.*"
                              㪮⢮ ૮ ..



                            -  ⥬
                        ணࠬ஢   2.0

                               

                                 #4/5 ( 1-3)




                                 .᪢, 1990 .

         =================================================================

         TASM2 #4-5/                = 9 =

                                                                               
                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                 ன   , ᮯ஢ 
         ࡮ ᥬ. ,   猪 ⠫ ⥫-
          ࢮ 㪮⢮ (User's Guide),     
          㪮⢮  祭 ⥫쭮 ଠ樨.

              Reference Guide    ࠧ  ⥬,      
         ⭮ ।⠢  ࡮ ᥬ. ᫨    -
           祭 몠 ᥬ, ୨  User's Guide 
          㡮 祭  ᮢ.
                                                                               
                   ॡ    ணࠬ ।⢠
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ  ᯮ짮    ᥬ-
         ⢠ IBM PC,  饣 XT,  AT  PS/2,   ⠪  ,
          ᮢ⨬  .  ࡮ ᥬ ॡ MS DOS 2.0
            ᨨ,  ⠪   256 ⨢ .
              ࡮ ᥬ  ஢   ஢ 8086,
         80186,  80286   80386.   ⠪  ஢ 樨 
         饩 窮  䬥᪨ ᮯ஢ 8087,  80287  
         80387.



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 10 =

                                         㪮⢥                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                㪮⢥  㤨 ᫥騥 .

          1 :       "।। 䨪"    
                          ࠢ⢠  ࡮ ᥬ.

          2 :       "" 뢠 ࠧ    ࡮
                         ᥬ.

          3 :       "४⨢" ।⠢    䠢⭮  浪
                         ஡  ଠ   ४⨢ ࡮ -
                         ᥬ.

         ਫ :   "⠪ ࡮ ᥬ"  ࠦ-
                          ࡮ ᥬ  ஢ ଥ -
                         - (  ० - MASM  Ideal).

         ਫ :   "⨬  㣨 ।⢠" ᮤন ࠧ-
                           MASM  ० MASM ࡮ ᥬ.

         ਫ :   "᭮     ࡮  ᥬ",  
                         ⫨   MASM.

         ਫ D:   "⨫ ࡮   ᥬ"  뢠   -
                         ,  ⠢   : MAKE,
                         TLINK,TLIB.  ଠ  ⨫ GREP, OBJXREF
                          TCREF ᮤন  䠩   ਡ⨢-
                          ᪠.

         ਫ :   "饭   訡  ࡮ ᥬ" -
                           ᮮ饭  訡,    -
                           ᯮ짮 ࡮ ᥬ:  -
                         ଠ樮  ᮮ饭,  ᮮ饭    ⠫
                         訡, ।०騥 ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭 
                         訡.
                                     樮 ᮣ襭                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------


                 ਬ    IBM  PC    ᮢ⨬   ,  
         ࠧ㬥,      ᯮ 稯  8088,
         8086,  80186,80286   80386 (  稯  饥 祭
         8086).   뫪  PC-DOS,  DOS  MS DOS      

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 11 =

         樮 ⥬ ᨨ 2.0   .

               ᠭ 믮   ᨮ쭮 ⥪-
         ⮢ ।.   뤥  ⥪ ᯮ  ࠧ
         ,   ᫥饥 ਬ:

         Italics    ⥪   ⮬ ࠦ ⪨, ६
                    ᨢ.

         Boldface     ᯮ    ⥪      ४⨢,
                   権, 䨪஢   ஢,   ⠪ 
                   ࠬ஢  ப.

         Caitals   ⥪  㪢 ᯮ    ࠦ
                   権, ४⨢, ॣ஢  ஢.

         Monosace   ⨯ ᯮ  ⮡ࠦ   ⥪,
                      襬 ࠭,  ⠪  -
                   ,       ᥬ஢, -
                     ᪠ ணࠬ.

         Keycas    ⨯  ᯮ  ⥪  祭
                     襩 .    ᯮ 
                   ᠭ ,      믮-
                    । 㭪樨. ਬ:" Enter ᫥
                     襩 ணࠬ".





         TASM2 #4-5/               = 12 =

                             1. ।। 䨪.          
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ  ᮤন  ।। 䨪-
         ஢,    ᯮ짮   ணࠬ.  -
         䨪    ࠧ 祭  ࠧ  襣
         室 䠩.   室묨  ᨬ ࠢ⢠, -
         묨   ⠭,  ᯮ ४⨢ EQU.   ࡮
         ᥬ 砥  襬 室 䠩    -
         ஢,    ⥪騬 祭.

                   䨪஢      ப
         (⥪⮢) 祭,   - ᫮,  ⠫ -  㣨
         .  ப 祭   ᯮ짮   ,
            ᯮ짮 ப ᨬ.  ਬ,  -
         樠樨 ᫥⥫쭮 ⮢  ᯮ ४-
          DB:

                            NOW DB ??time

              ᫮ ।। 祭   ᯮ짮 
          ,    ᯮ짮 ᫠:

                            IF ??version GT 100h

              祭, ᮤঠ騥 㣨 , ⠭ ᨭ 
         ।⠢     祭,      ᯮ짮  
         ।। 䨪஢     ,    
         ᯮ짮 ⮥ :

                            ASSUME cs:@code

               ।। 䨪    ᯮ짮
          ० MASM  Ideal.

              ᫨   ᥬ஢ ᯮ     ப
         ࠬ  /ML,      ᯮ짮  ।।
         䨪஢  ⠪,    ᠭ  ᫥ ࠭-
         .

              饥 ࠢ  ਬ       ।।
         䨪஢, 稭     @:  ࢠ 㪢 
         ᫮,  ஥ ⠢  ᨬ쭮 ,  -
          孥 ॣ,  ᫥騥 - . ਬ:

                            @CurSeg

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 13 =

                            @FileName
                            @WordSize

              ᪫祭 ⠢ ८। 䨪஢, -
          㪠뢠  ᥣ.   ᥣ,  稭饥  ᨬ
         @,    㪢  ॣ. ਬ:

                         @curseg
                         @fardata

              ,  稭          (??),
          ᮤঠ ⮫쪮 㪢  ॣ.

                         ??data
                         ??version

                                                                               
         $
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ࠭ 稪 .

         砭:       ᯥ樠 ᨬ ।⠢ 稪  -
                         . 稪  -  ⥪饥 ᬥ饭
                          ⥪饬 ᥣ      ᥬ஢.
                         (  ࠭    ਡ,    ⪠
                         near "").

                         稪  ।⠢ ᮡ , -
                          㢥稢 ⠪,  ᮮ⢥ ⥪饬
                          ⠪,   ᫨     室-
                          䠩 㦥 ࠭᫨஢.

         ਬ:         helMessage  DB  'This is hel for the rogram'
                         hellength   =  $ - helMessage

                         ᫥ ᥬ஢   ப 䨪-
                          hellength 㤥 ࠢ   ப.

                                                                               
         @code
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭   ᥣ .CODE

         砭:       ᯮ짮   饭  ४⨢  ᥣ-

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 14 =

                         ஢ (.MODEL  ..)  祭  -
                            ᯮ짮   ࠦ  ᥣ
                         ,  ASSUME.

         ਬ:         .DATA
                         mov ax,@code
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME ds:@code
                                                                               
         @CodeSize
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ᫮ 祭, 㪠뢠饥  ⨯  

         砭:      @CodeSize ⠭  0   㯫⭥-
                             㪠⥫ﬨ ,    -
                            1   㣨 ⨯  쭨
                         뫪.   ᯮ짮  -
                           㪠 ⨯ 뫮   ᨬ
                          ⨯ .

         ਬ:            IF @CodeSize EQ 0
                         PROCPTR DW PROC1 ;  뫪  楤
                            ELSE
                         PROCPTR DD PROC1 ;  뫪  楤
                            ENDIF
                                          @Cu                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ᫮  祭,ᮤঠ饥 ଠ-
                           ⨯ 

         砭:       頥 祭  @Cu  ⨯ -
                         

                         -------------------------------------------------
                                     ᠭ
                         -------------------------------------------------
                         0   8086  樨 
                         1   80186 樨 
                         2   80286 樨 
                         3   80386 樨 
                         7   ਢ஢ 樨 
                             (80286  80386)
                         8   8087  樨  䬥᪮  

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 15 =

                         10  80287 樨  䬥᪮  
                         11  80387 樨  䬥᪮  

                         ,  㪠  ⠡, १ࢨ஢ 
                         饣  ᯮ짮.    ᯮ짮 @Cu
                           ᪨  ⠪ ࠧ    ண-
                         ࠬ  ⠭  ᮢ⨬  騬 ﬨ
                         ࡮ ᥬ.

                         ⢮ ஢,  稭  8086,  
                         ᮢ⨬ ᭨  .  ᫨      ⨯
                          ४⨢,  .286,  ⨯
                         ஢ (8086, 80186) ⠪ ⠭ -
                         ⨬묨 ⮬᪨.

         ਬ砭:      祭  ᮤন  ଠ  ⮫쪮   
                         ,    ।  
                         ᥬ஢ ४⨢ .286     묨.
                           ६  믮 襩 ணࠬ ⨯ -
                           .

         ਬ:         IPUSH=@Cu AND 2 ;  믮 ush
                                          ; 186  
                         IF IPUSH
                         PUSH 1234
                         ELSE
                           mov ax,1234
                           ush ax
                         ENDIF
                                                                               
         curseg
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭   ⥪饣 ᥣ

         砭:      @curseg     ⮡ࠦ-
                          ⥪饣  ᥣ.     筮  -
                           ᫥  ਬ  ४⨢ 饭
                         ᥣ樨 (.MODEL  ..)  ᯮ  @curseg
                          樨 ࠬ஢ ASSUME,  ஢ ᥣ-
                           㣨 ࠬ஢,    室
                          ᯮ짮 ⥪饣  ᥣ

         ਬ:         .CODE
                         ASSUME CS:@curseg


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 16 =

                                                                               
         @data
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭  㯯   

         砭:       ᯮ짮 ४⨢ 饭 ᥣ樨
                          祭   ᯮ짮  -
                          , 饥   ᥣ 
                         (.DATA,  .CONST,  .STACK)  ࠦ, ⠪ 
                         ASSUME  ஢ ᥣ.

         ਬ:         .CODE
                         mov ax,@data
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME DS:@data



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 17 =

                                                                               
         @DataSize
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ᫮ 祭, 㪠뢠饥  ⨯  -
                         

         砭:      @DataSize ⠭  0  筮,  -
                            ।    㪠⥫ﬨ -
                         ,  1  让  㯫⭥   -
                           㪠⥫ﬨ  ,   2  祭 让
                         .

                           ᯮ짮   䨪  
                         㪠 ⨯ 뫮   ᨬ  ⨯
                         

         ਬ:         IF @DataSize EQ 1
                           lea si,Datatr
                           mov al,[BYTE PTR si]
                         ELSE
                         les si,Datatr
                         mov al,[BYTE PTR ES:SI]
                         ENDIF
                                                                               
         ??date
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ப 祭  ⥪饩 

         砭:      ??data  ⥪⮢ 祭, ।⠢-
                         騬 ⥪  .   ଠ ப  
                          ࠧ ࠭ ।   DOS

         .⠪        ??Time

         ਬ:         ASMTIME DB ??data ; ப  8 




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 18 =

                                                                               
         @fardata
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭  樠஢    ᥣ
                           쭨 㪠⥫

         砭:       ᯮ짮 ४⨢ 饭 ᥣ樨
                         (.MODEL  ..)  祭   -
                         짮   樠஢ ᥣ -
                          (.FARDATA)    ⠪  ࠦ  ASSUME 
                         ஢ ᥣ

         ਬ:         mov ax,@fardata
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME DS:@fardata

                                                                               
         @fardata?
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭    樠஢  ᥣ
                           쭨 㪠

         砭:       ᯮ짮 ४⨢ 饭 ᥣ樨
                         (.MODEL  ..)  祭   -
                         짮   樠஢ ᥣ -
                          (.FARDATA?)  ⠪ ࠦ   ASSUME  
                         ஢ ᥣ

         ਬ:         mov ax,@fardata?
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME DS:@fardata?




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 19 =

                                                                               
         @FileName
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭   ⥪饣 ᥬ㥬 䠩

         .⠪:       ??FileName

                                                                               
         ??filename
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ப 祭   ⥪饣 ᥬ-
                          䠩

         砭:      ??filename  ।  쬨ᨬ  ப,
                         ।⠢    䠩    ᥬ஢.
                         ᫨  䠩    쬨  ᨬ,
                           㤥  ஡

         ਬ:         SRCNAME DB ??filename ; ᥣ 8 



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 20 =

                                                                               
         @Model
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ஢ 祭, ஥ 㪠뢠  ⥪
                         .

         砭:      @Model 頥 楫 祭, 㪠뢠饥 
                         ᫥騥 .
                          1 - TINY    (筠)
                          2 - SMALL   (쪠)
                          3 - COMPACT (⭠)
                          4 - MEDIUM  (।)
                          5 - LARGE   ()
                          6 - HUGE    (஬)

         . ⠪:      .MODEL, MODEL
                                                                               
         @Startu
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⪠, 㪠뢠  砫 ᯮ塞 .

         砭:      @Startu -   ⪠, । ४-
                         ⨢ .STARTUP  STARTUPCODE,  㪠뢠-
                          砫 ᯮ塞 , ᮧ ⨬ -
                         ४⨢.

         . ⠪:      .STARTUP, STARTUPCODE




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 21 =

                                                                               
         ??Time
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ப  祭    ⥪饣 ६ ??Time
                          ⥪⮢ 祭,  ।⠢騬 -
                         饥  ६.    ଠ  ப  ६
                         ।  ࠧ ࠭   DOS

         .⠪:       ??Data

         ਬ:         ASMTIME DB ??Time ; ப  8 ᨬ

                                       ??Version                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ᫮ 祭   ᨨ ࡮ ᥬ-
                         

         砭:      訩    ஬  ᨨ,  
                         訩 - ⥯ ஬ ᨨ. ਬ
                         V2.1 㤥 ।⠢  201h.

                         ??Version   ᮧ 室 䠩,
                           ᯮ짮 ⭮ ⮩  
                         ᨨ ࡮ ᥬ.

                          稭 ⠪    訬  室
                         䠩  㧭,  뫨   ᥬ஢  -
                          MASM  ࡮  ᥬ஬.  ??Version  
                         । ।⢮ MASM.

         ਬ:         IFDEF ??Version
                         ; ⥪ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
                         ENDIF




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 22 =

                                                                               
         @WordSize
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ᫮ 祭,  ᮮ饥 16-  32-⮢
                         ᥣ.

         砭:      @WordSize 頥 2    砥,  ᫨  ⥪騩
                         ᥣ    16-⮢  ᥣ⮬   4 
                         砥, ᫨   32-⮢.

         ਬ:         IF @WordSize EQ 4
                         mov es,0100h
                         ELSE
                         mov s,0100h
                         ENDIF





         TASM2 #4-5/               = 23 =

                                                                               
                   2. 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                   ନ஢  ࠦ,
            ᯮ짮  ⢥ ࠭  -
           ४⨢.   ந ⢨  ⠪ -
         ࠭ , ਬ,  ணࠬ 䨪  祭
         ⠭.  ࡮  ᥬ   ᥬ஢ 襣 室
         䠩  ࠦ, ⠢  ࠦ ᫥
         祭.  ࠧ,   ᯮ짮 ࠦ  -
         ᫥ 祭,  饣  㣨 祭,   
           䨪樨  室 䠩.

                 ⠫쭮 뢠  ࡮  ᥬ-
         .

                                     䬥᪠ 筮                   
         ----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ 16-  32- ࠧ來 䬥⨪,
           ⮣, ᯮ짮   ४⨢ .386  . 386P 
          80386.   ᥬ஢   80386  
         ० Ideal,   ࠦ   १ ⫨
          ⮣, ᫨      뫨  믮    16-⮢  ०.

         ਬ:

                         DW (1000h*1000h)/1000h

               32-⮢  ०  ᫮ 1000h,    16-⮢
         ० - 0.   16-⮢ ०  믮 㬭 -
           ९      ⮬  ࠭ ⮫쪮 訥 16 
         १.

              ࡮ ᥬ  ᫥ ࠦ ᯮ  ᫥-
         騥 ࠢ:

              -       ᮪ ਮ⮬ 믮 ࠭
                   .
              -   ࠢ묨 ਮ⠬ 믮 ᫥ ࠢ
                   ࠦ.
              - ᫨ ࠦ ᮤন 㣮 ࠦ, ⮥  ᪮,
                 ࠦ  ᪮     ।, ..
                ࠦ  ᪮  訩 ਮ.


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 24 =

              P Ideal  MASM  ࠧ ਮ  
         ஢.  騥  ⠡ 뢠 ஢  ਮ⮢
         ஢   ०.   ࢮ ப  ⠡ ਢ-
          ,  騥 訩 ਮ,     -
           ப    訩  ਮ.     ப 
            ਮ.




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 25 =

                                                                               
          2.1:   ਮ ஢  ० MASM
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                         <>, (), [], LENGTH, MASK, SIZE, WIDTH
                         .( 롮   )
                         HIGH, LOW
                         +, - (㭠)
                         :(஢ ᥣ)
                         OFFSET, PTR, SEQ, THIS, TYPE
                         *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR
                         +, - ()
                         EQ, GE, GI, LE, LT, NE
                         NOT
                         AND
                         OR, XOR
                         LARGE, SHORT, SMALL, .TYPE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                               
          2.2: ਮ ஢  ० Ideal.
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                         (), [], LENGTH, MASK, OFFSET, SEQ, SIZE, WIDTH
                         HIGH, LOW
                         +, - (㭠)
                         *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR
                         +, - ()
                         EQ, GE, GT, LE, LT, NE
                         NOT
                         AND
                         OR, XOR
                         :(஢ ᥣ)
                         .(롮  )
                         HIGH (। 뫪),LARGE, LOW (। 뫪),
                           PTR, SHORT, SMALL, SYMTYPE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              , 室騥    ࠦ,  ᫥  䠢⭮
              浪.




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 26 =

                                                                               
         ()
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         祭:     ⬥砥 ࠦ  ࢮ। ᫥

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      (ࠦ)

         砭:       ਬ   ଠ ਮ-
                         ⮢ ஢  ᫥.  ࠦ-
                         ,  祭   ᪮,  㤥 ᫥
                          믮 ஢,  ।  ᫥
                         ᪮.

         .⠪:       +, -, *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         (3 + 4) * 5 ; ࠢ 35
                         3 + 4 * 5   ; ࠢ 23
                                                                               
         *
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       楫᫥ ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1*ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2    ८ࠧ-
                           楫᫥ ⠭

         .⠪:       +, -, /, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         SCREENSIZE=25*80; ⢮   ᨬ  
                                         ;࠭



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 27 =

                                                                               
         + ()
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠  ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 + ࠦ 2

         砭:        "ࠦ 1"   "ࠦ  2"  
                          ८ࠧ  楫᫥ ⠭. -
                          ࠦ   ८ࠧ  .

         .⠪:       -, +, /, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         X DW 4DVP(?);
                         XPTR DW X+4 ;  ᫮  
                                                                               
         + (㭠)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ⥫쭮 ᫮.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      + ࠦ

         砭:          ⢨.    
                         ᯮ짮   㪠,    ⠭  
                          ⥫쭮 祭.

         .⠪:       -, *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         FOO DB +4;  +



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 28 =

                                      - ()                             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠥  ࠦ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 - ࠦ 2

         砭:       ⠭   짮 ६ -
                         ﬨ ࠭:

                         - ࠦ 1   ࠦ  2      楫-
                           ᫥묨 ⠭⠬

                         - ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2    -
                            (묨)  ᠬ,  ⠪      ᠬ
                              ⮣  ᥣ.  ⠭
                            ᮢ १⮬  ⠭.  
                           ० Ideal ஢ઠ ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2
                            ᮮ⢥⢨ ஢  ண,  祬 
                           ० MASM

                         - ࠦ 1   ᮬ,  ࠦ 2 -
                           ⠭⮩. ⮬  

         .⠪:       +, *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         DATA     SEGMEHT
                                  DW ?
                         XYZ      EQU 10
                         VAL1     DW XYZ-1    ; ⠭ 9
                         VAL2     DW ?
                         VISIZE   DW VAL2-VAL1; ⠭ 2
                         VIBEFORE DW VAL1-2   ; 㪠⥫  DW
                                              ;    । VAL1
                         DATA     ENDS



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 29 =

                                                                               
         - (㭠)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ࠦ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      - ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ८ࠧ   ⠭.
                         ᫨ ࠦ  ⥫,  १-
                         ⮬ 㤥 ⥫쭮 ᫮ ⮩   稭.
                         ᫨ ࠦ  ⥫,  १-
                         ⮬ 㤥 ⥫쭮 ᫮.

         .⠪:       +, *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         LOWTEMP DB -10
                                           .                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     롨ࠥ  .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      memtr.fieldname

         砭:       ० MASM,  memtr     ࠭,
                         뫠騩  ⮪  ,   fieldname -
                                 
                           ﭭ ࠦ. ᫨ memtr -
                                (   XINST),   
                         fieldname     ⮬ ⮩ .
                         ⢨       宦  
                           +.:    ᪫뢠  ᬥ饭 fieldname
                            ᮬ    memtr, 
                         ⠪ ।⠢ ࠧ  .

                          ०   Ideal     ⢨    
                         ண.  memtr   ८ࠧ  㪠-
                         ⥫  ,  fieldname   -
                         ⮬  .     
                         ࠧ     ⥬   ,
                          ࠧ ᬥ饭  ࠧ.  ᫨    
                         ᯮ짮  /  ॣ 

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 30 =

                         memtr,      ।⥫쭮  㪠  
                         ,  ன    .

         .⠪:       STRUC

         ਬ:         X STRUC
                         MEMBER1 DB ?
                         MEMBER2 DW ?
                         X ENDS
                         XINST X <>

                         ;MASM ०
                           mov [].Member2,1
                         ;Ideal ०
                           mov [(X PTR).Member2],1
                                                                               
         /
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       楫᫥ ࠭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 / ࠦ 2

                         ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2    ८ࠧ-
                           楫᫥ ⠭. ⮬ -
                           ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2, 祭-
                           ⮪  뢠.     
                         ⮪, ᯮ  MOD  ⥬  ࠭-
                         ,    /.

         .⠪:       +, -, *, MOD, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         X = 55 / 10    ; =5(楫᫥ )



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 31 =

                                           :                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ᥣ  㯯 ஢.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      segorgrou:exression

         砭:       稥  (:)  뢠      
                         exression ᮮ⢥⢥  । ᥣ
                           㯯.    ᯮ  ⮣,  ⮡
                         ⠢ ᥬ ਬ  ।⢮  -
                         㯠    exression,   ࠭  
                          ⮤.

                           । seqorgrou ᪮쪨 -
                         :
                         - ᥣ ॣ :  CS, DS, ES  SS (
                          FS, ᫨  80386  뫨 ਬ -
                          ४⨢ P386  P386N);
                         -     ᥣ,   ।   ४⨢
                          SEGMENT;
                         - 㯯   ,   ।   ४⨢
                          GROUP;
                         - ࠦ   SEG

                         exression    ⠭⮩  ࠦ,
                         騬 뫪  .

         ਬ:             mov cl,es:[Si+4]
                         PTR DD DGROUP:MEMVAR
                                           ?                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     樠 । .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      Dx ?

         砭:      Dx 뫠  ,  ࠧ饭  ४⨢
                         DB,  DD  ..  ᯮ ?,   -
                         ࢨ஢   ,     筮
                         ।  祭.

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 32 =


                           ᯮ짮 ?,  ᨢ  
                         樠஢  襩 ணࠬ । ⥬,  
                          ᯮ짮.  ᯮ짮 ? ।⥫-
                         ,  祬 ᯮ짮 0, .. ⮤ 樠-
                         樨  襬 室 ⥪ ⠭  -
                           .

                          ᯮ짮 ? ⮫쪮  祭  ࠦ-
                          DVP   ࠦ DVP,  ꥪ   
                         .   ᫨     ᯮ  ?  
                         ࠦ DVP,  ஥ ᮤন 樠஢-
                          祭,  㤥 ਭ  0.

         .⠪:       DUP

         ਬ:         MyByt DB 20 DUP (?); ᯮ  -
                                            ;  ᨢ
                                      [ ]                              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ᫮    ࠭  ஢
                         .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [ࠦ 1] [ࠦ 2]

         砭:          ᥡ ᮢ襭 -ࠧ 
                         ० MASM  Ideal

                          ० MASM     㯠    
                         ᫮,   ਡ ࠦ 1  ࠦ-
                          2.    ࠭祭 뢠  -
                          ࠭,  ਬ, ࠦ 1  ࠦ-
                          2 ६    ᠬ. [] -
                           ஢ ॣ  ᢥ 㪠
                          ࠭  ,  ᯮ ॣ BX, BP,
                         SI  DI.    ᢥ 樨 
                           祭    [].  饭    ᢥ
                         樨  室  ,  ⠪  
                         ᪮ ([]).

                          ० Ideal,  [] 砥 "뫪   ".
                           ࠭,  騩  ,   

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 33 =

                         祭    ᪮.    ᯥ稢  ᭮,
                         ।᪠㥬  ᫥  ।-
                            ࠭   祭    
                         뫪  

         .⠪:       +

         ਬ:            ;० MASM
                          mov al,BYTE PTR ES:[BX]
                          mov al,CS:10h
                         ;० Ideal
                          mov al,[BYTE PTR ES:BX]
                          mov al,[CS:10h]



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 34 =

                                                                               
         AND
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⭮ 믮 ᪮ ""

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 AND ࠦ 2

         砭:      믮 ⭮ ᪮ "" ࠦ  1  
                         ࠦ 2. ⮬   ࠧ拉 㤥 1,
                         ᫨  ࠦ   ࠧ拉  1  0 
                          㣮 砥

         .⠪:       NOT, OR, XOR

         ਬ:         mov al,11110000 AND 10100000;   १
                                                     ;    10100000

                                          BYTE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠧ  ࠦ   

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      BYTE ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ, ஥ 㪠뢠    
                          ,   ᥣ  ࠧ BYTE,  
                         ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ ࠦ.

                         筮  ᯮ    ।-
                          ࠧ ࠦ ०饩  뫪,  
                          筮 । ࠧ ॣ 室-
                             ࠦ,    ண  ࠧ    
                         ।

                          ०  MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨 
                          ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR   ।-
                         騬  BYTE

         .⠪:       PTR


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 35 =

         ਬ:         mov [BYTE BX],1; ।⢥ ।
                                        ; 
                         mov [BYTE X],1 ; ० 뫪
                         X   DB 0
                                                                               
         CODEPTR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ⠭  㬮砭 ࠧ
                          楤.

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      CODEPTR ࠦ

         砭:      CODEPTR  頥  ⠭    㬮砭
                         ࠧ  楤,  ᨬ  ⥪饩
                           (WORD         NEAR;
                         DWORD        FAR).  CODEPTR 
                         ᯮ짮    ᯮ짮 DATAPTR.

         .⠪:       DATAPTR



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 36 =

                                                                               
         DATAPTR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砥 ࠦ ࠧ, 騩  .

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      DATAPTR ࠦ

         砭:        ࠦ   쭨 㪠-
                           ᨬ  ࠭  .

         .⠪:       CODEPTR, PTR, UNKNOWN

         ਬ:         mov [DATAPTR bx],1

                                          DUP                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠧ饭 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      count DUP(ࠦ 1,[ࠦ]...)

         砭:      count । ⢮  ࠧ,  ஥  
                         ७ , । ࠦ. -
                          DUP ⠢ ᫥   ४⨢ ࠧ-
                           (DB, DW  ..)

                          ࠦ  樠஢ -
                         祭 । ⨯   ᫥  DUP

                           ᭮ ᯮ짮   DVP 
                         ࠦ    17 ஢ 

                          ᥣ    祭  ࠦ  
                         ᪮ ()

         ਬ:         WRDBUF DW 40 DVP(1)      ;樠
                                                  ;40 ᫮  -
                                                  ; 1
                         SQUARE DB 4 DVP(4DVP(0)) ;ᨢ 44 
                                                  ;祭 0


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 37 =

                                         DWORD                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠧ  ࠦ   ᫮

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      DWORD ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ, ஥ 㪠뢠    
                            ᥣ  ࠧ DWORD,  
                         ⢨⥫ ଠ ࠦ.

                         筮  ᯮ    ।-
                          ࠧ ࠦ ०饩 뫪.

                          ० MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨  
                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR  ।-
                         騬  DWORD.

         .⠪:       PTR

         ਬ:         CALL DWORD FPTR
                         X    DD MYFUNC



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 38 =

                                           EQ                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 祭 "⨭", ᫨ ࠦ ࠢ-
                         

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 EQ ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2     ਢ-
                            ⠭.  EQ 頥 祭 "-
                         "(-1),  ᫨  ࠦ ࠢ  ᮡ  
                         祭 ""(0), ᫨   ࠧ -
                         祭.

                         EQ ⠥,  ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2 -
                           32-ࠧ來묨  ᫠   ,   
                         訩     .    ࠧ,
                         ࠦ  -1 EQ 0FFFFFFFFh  祭 "-
                         ".

         .⠪:       NE, LT, LE, GT, GE

         ਬ:         ALIE = 4 EQ 3      ; =0 ()
                         ATRUTH = 6 EQ 6    ; =1(⨭)
                                          FAR                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ  쭥 뫪

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      FAR ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ,  㪠뢠饥      
                          쭥 뫪, ᮤঠ饩  ᥣ-
                            ᬥ饭  ᨬ    ॠ쭮  ⨯
                         ࠦ.

                          筮 ᯮ       맮
                         楤  室  ०饩 ⪥,  -
                            FAR  室 䠩.


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 39 =

                          ० MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨  
                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR  ।-
                         騬  FAR.

         .⠪:       NEAR

         ਬ:             CALL FAR ABC  ;  뫪
                         ABC PROC FAR



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 40 =

                                         FWORD                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ,  ।⠢饥 ᮡ 32- -
                           뫪

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      FWORD ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ,  ஥ 㪠뢠    -
                         ,    ᥣ   ࠧ FWORD,   
                         ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ ࠦ.

                         筮  ᯮ    ।-
                           ࠧ  ࠦ  ०饩 뫪 
                          筮 । ࠧ ॣ,  室-
                         饣    ࠦ,    ண  ࠧ  
                         ।.

                          ० MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨  
                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR c ।-
                         騬  FWORD

         .⠪:       PTR, PWORD

         ਬ:         .386
                         CALL fword []  ;쭨 ᢥ
                                          ; 48- 맮
                         jm  fword func ;० 뫪
                         func DF myroc  ;ᢥ 㪠⥫  roc

                                           GE                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 祭 "⨭"  砥,  ᫨ 
                         ࠦ  㣮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 GE ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2   ਢ 
                         ⠭.  GE 頥 祭  "⨭"(-1),

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 41 =

                         ᫨  ࠦ 1   ࠢ ࠦ 2, 
                         頥 祭 ""(0), ᫨  .

                         GE ⠥,  ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2 -
                           33-ࠧ來묨  ᫠   ,   
                         訩     .    ࠧ,
                         ࠦ 1 GE -1  祭 "⨭", 1 GE 0
                         FFFFFFFFh - 祭 "".

         .⠪:       EQ, GT, LE, LT, NE

         ਬ:         TROOTH = 5 GE 5
                         AFIB   = 5 GE 6
                                           GT                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 祭 "⨭"  砥,  ᫨ 
                         ࠦ  㣮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 GT ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2   ਢ 
                         ⠭.  GT  頥 祭 "⨭"(-1),
                         ᫨ ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2,  頥
                         祭 ""(0), ᫨    ࠢ.

                         GT ⠥,  ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2 -
                          33-ࠧ來묨 ᫠    ,    
                         訩      .   ࠧ,
                         ࠦ 1 GT -1  祭 "⨭",  1 GT
                         0FFFFFFFFh - 祭 "".

         .⠪:       EQ, GE, LE, LT, NE

         ਬ:         AFACT = 10 GT 9
                         NOTSO = 10 GT 11



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 42 =

                                          HIGH                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥   ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      HIGH ࠦ

                         쪮  ० Ideal:
                         ⨯ HIGH ࠦ

         砭:      HIGH 頥 訥  8  ࠦ, 
                           ८ࠧ  ⠭.

                          ० Ideal HIGH  ⠭    LOW  
                           堭   뤥 ⤥ 
                         .   । ࠧ   뤥
                          ࠦ      筮 ।-
                          ࠧ஢ (BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD   ..).  
                         ࠦ      ਬ    祬 
                          HIGH  LOW;  ਬ, ⮢ -
                           㪠⥫    ⨩      ᫮
                         DBLVAL:

                         BYTE LOW WORD HIGH DBLVAL

         .⠪:       LOW

         ਬ:         ; ० MASM  Ideal
                          MAGIC EQU 1234h
                          mov cl,HIGH MAGIC
                         ; ⮫쪮 ० Ideal
                          BIG DD 12345678h
                          mov al,WORD HIGH BIG     ;㦠 1234h



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 43 =

                                         LARGE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ଠ ᬥ饭 ࠦ 32 

         :          MASM, Ideal (⮫쪮 ० 386)

         ⠪:      LARGE ࠦ

         砭:       ࠦ    ࠦ  ࠭-
                         ,  ஥ ८ࠧ      LARGE  
                         32-⮢  ᬥ饭.    筮 ᯮ 
                           ࠭  ᫥,   易   
                         ଠ⮬.  ਬ:  ᫨     稨 80386
                          ᯮ ४⨢ P386,   -
                           ஢  쭨 맮  ᥣ-
                         ⮬  16-⮢ ᬥ饭,  ⠪   -
                         , ᯮ騬 32-⮢ ᬥ饭:

                          jm [DWORD PTR ABC]

                          ᫥    ࠭,  -
                          ४⨢ LARGE :

                          jm LARGE [DWORD PTR ABC] ;32-⮢
                                                    ;ᬥ饭 
                                                    ; 맮

                           ਬ LARGE ⮨  ᪮,   ⮬
                         砥     ⠥  ᫮.  ᫨
                         LARGE  ࠧ頥    ᪮,      -
                           ଠ ,  ஬ -
                         ⠥ ࠭,    ଠ ᠬ ࠭,
                         ⠥  . ਬ,   -
                         ,  XYZ  4-⮢ 㪠⥫

                         jm LARGE [LARGE DWORD PTR XYZ]

                         ࠪ   32-⮢ ᬥ饭     ⮬
                         JMP  ᢥ १  ⠥ ।⢥
                           JMP, 騩 32-⮢ ᬥ饭.

                         樥 ஢ LARGE  SMALL,  
                         뭮      ᪮,     
                         樨 ᢥ JMP  CALL  16-  32--
                         ⮢ ᥣ  16  32-⮢ ᥣ.

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 44 =


                            ᯮ짮 LARGE  ⮣, -
                           訡 ᢮    㯥  
                         ६  ०饩 뫪 :

                         mov ax,[LARGE FOOBAR]  ;FOOBAR 室 
                                                ;ᥣ USE32

         .⠪:       SMALL
                                           LE                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 祭 "⨭"  砥,  ᫨ 
                         ࠦ   ࠢ 㣮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 LE ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ  1  ࠦ 2    ਢ-
                           ⠭.  LE 頥 祭  "-
                         "(-1),   ᫨  ࠦ  1      ࠢ
                         ࠦ 2,   頥 祭 "",  ᫨
                          .

                         LE ⠥,  ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2 -
                          33-ࠧ來묨 ᫠    ,    
                         訩      .   ࠧ,
                         ࠦ 1 LE -1  祭 "",  1 LE 0
                         FFFFFFFFh - 祭 "⨭".

         .⠪:       EQ, GE, GT, LT, NE

         ਬ:         YUP = 5 LT 6          ;⨭ = -1




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 45 =

                                         LENGTH                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥  ⢮ ࠧ饭 ⮢ -
                         

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      LENGTH 

         砭:        䨪஬, 㪠뢠騬  ࠧ-
                         饭   ।⢮      ४⨢
                         ࠧ饭  (DB, DD  ..). LENGTH -
                         頥 ⢮ 塞      ⮢.
                         ᫨      뫮    
                         DUP,  ᥣ 頥 1.

                         LENGTH 頥  1  ⠪   砥,   
                         뫠    ,        ࠧ⨫
                         ।⢮ 뤥  묨.

         .⠪:       SIZE, TYPE

         ਬ:         MSG     DB "Hello"
                         array   DW 10 DUP(0)
                         numbrs  DD 1,2,3,4
                         var     DQ ?
                         lmsg    =LEHGTH MSG   ;=1  ᯮ짮 DUP
                         larray  =LENGTH ARRAY ;=10
                         lnumbrs =LENGTH NUMBRS;=1, ᯮ짮 DUP
                         lvar    =LENGTH VAR   ;=1, ᯮ짮 DUP

                                          LOW                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥   ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      LOW ࠦ

                         쪮  ० Ideal:
                         ⨯ LOW ࠦ

         砭:      LOW 頥 訥 8   ࠦ,  

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 46 =

                           ८ࠧ  ⠭.

                          ०  Ideal  LOW   ⠭  HIGH 
                          堭  뤥  ⤥  
                         .   । ࠧ   뤥
                          ࠦ      筮 ।-
                           ࠧ஢ (BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD  ..).  
                         ࠦ     ਬ    祬  
                          LOW  HIGH; ਬ:

                         BYTE LOW WORD HIGH DBLVAL

                             ⮢    㪠⥫  
                         ⨩   ᫮ DBLVAL.

         .⠪:       HIGH

         ਬ:         ;० MASM  Ideal
                         MAGIC EQU 1234h
                         mov bl,LOW MAGIC
                         ;⮫쪮 ० Ideal
                         BIG DD 12345678h
                         mov al,WORD LOW BIG;㦠 5678h

                                           LT                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 祭 "⨭", ᫨  ࠦ
                          ண

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 LT ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2     ਢ-
                            ⠭.  LT 頥 祭 "-
                         "(-1),  ᫨ ࠦ 1 ,  祬 ࠦ
                         2,    頥  祭  ""(0),  ᫨ 
                           ࠢ.

                         LT ⠥,  ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2 -

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 47 =

                           33-ࠧ來묨  ᫠   ,   
                         訩 ࠧ  .   ࠧ,
                         1 LT -1  祭 "",   1 LT 0FFFFFFFFh
                         - 祭 "⨭".

         .⠪:       EQ, GE, GT, LE, NE

         ਬ:         JA = 3 LT 4             ; ⨭ =-1




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 48 =

                                          MASK                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ⮢   

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      MASK recordfieldname (  )
                         MASK record ()

         砭:      recorfieldname      
                          ࠭  . MASK 頥 -
                           ⮢ ᮮ⢥ 権  ,  -
                           recordfieldname.

                         record   ࠭ । .
                         MASK  頥 祭 ⮢,  ᮮ⢥
                         ᥬ   .

                           ᯮ짮 MASK  뤥 -
                         㠫쭮     ।⢮ AND 祭
                         ᪨  ᥩ .

         .⠪:       WIDTH

         ਬ:         STAT    RECORD A:3,B:4,C:5
                         NEWSTAT STAT <0,2,1>
                         mov al,NEWSTAT   ;砥 
                         and al,MASK B    ;뤥 B
                         mov al,STAT      ;砥   ᥩ
                                          ;

                                                                               
         MOD
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥  ⮪   ()      
                         ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ1 MOD ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ  1  ࠦ 2    ਢ-

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 49 =

                           楫᫥ ⠭. ⮬ -
                           ⮪   ࠦ 1  ࠦ
                         2.

         .⠪:       +, -, *, /, SHL, SHR

         ਬ:         REMAINS=17/5; =2




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 50 =

                                           NE                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 祭  "⨭"     砥,   ᫨
                         ࠦ  ࠢ  ᮡ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 NE ࠦ 2

         砭:      ࠦ  1  ࠦ 2    ਢ-
                           ⠭.  NE 頥 祭  "-
                         "(-1),  ᫨  ࠦ   ࠢ  ᮡ 
                         祭 ""(0) -  砥, ᫨  ࠢ.

                         NE ⠥,  ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2 -
                           32-ࠧ來묨  ᫠   ,   
                         訩     .    ࠧ,
                         ࠦ -1 NE 0FFFFFFFFh  祭 "".

         .⠪:       EQ, GE, GT, LE, LT

         ਬ:         aint =10 NE 10        ;  =0

                                          NEAR                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ   뫪

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      NEAR ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ,  㪠뢠饥      
                           뫪,  ᮤঠ饩 ⮫쪮 ᬥ-
                         饭   ᥣ, ᨬ  ॠ-
                          ⨯ ࠦ.

                          筮 ᯮ    쭥-
                          맮 楤  室  쭥  -
                         ,  ᯮ    ⨯ 맮  室.
                           ਬ  ⨯筮 業.

                          ० MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨  

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 51 =

                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR  ।-
                         饩  NEAR.

         .⠪:       FAR

         ਬ:         far PROC FAR
                          ;⥫ 楤
                         far ENDP
                          ;   ⮬  ᥣ
                         ush cs
                         CALL NEAR far        ;॥/, 祬
                                               ;쭨 맮




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 52 =

                                                                               
         NOT
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ஢

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      NOT ࠦ

         砭:      NOT   ࠦ  ,    0
                          1  1  0

         .⠪:       AND, OR, XOR

         ਬ:         mov al,NOT 11110011b;㦠 00001100b



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 53 =

                                         OFFSET                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ᬥ饭  । ᥣ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      OFFSET ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ    ࠦ  ࠭-
                         ,   㪠뢠    . OFFSET
                         ⮬᪨  頥 祭 ᬥ饭 ⭮-
                         ⥫쭮 砫 ,  㪠   ᥣ-
                         ⮬. ᫨  ᯮ ४⨢ ᥣ樨
                            室  ᬥ饭  ⭮⥫쭮  砫
                         㯯,     ᥣ,    筮 㪠
                         㯯   ࠦ. ਬ:

                         mov si,OFFSET BUFFER

                             ᠬ, 

                         mov si,OFFSET DGROUP:BUFFER

                         ᫨ ⮫쪮 ᥣ,  ᮤঠ騩 BUFFER,  -
                           ᥣ⮬  DGROUP

         .⠪:       SEG

         ਬ:         .DATA
                         msg DB"砫 "
                         .CODE
                         mov si,OFFSET MSG         ; MSG


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 54 =

                                                                               
         OR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ᪮ ""

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 OR ࠦ 2

         砭:      믮 ⭮ ᪮ "" ࠦ 1 
                         ࠦ 2. ⮬   ࠧ拉 㤥 1,
                         ᫨   ࠧ拉   ࠦ    
                           1  0   㣨 

         .⠪:       AND, NOT, XOR

         ਬ:         mov al,11110000b OR 10101010b ;㦠
                                                       ;11111010b

                                          PROC                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ,  饥   쭨
                         㪠⥫  

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      PROC ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ,  㪠뢠饥      
                         饥      쭨 㪠⥫,  
                           ⢨⥫ ⨯ ࠦ.  ᫨  
                         ।  ⨯  TINY,  SMALL  COMPACT 
                         ४⨢ .MODEL,   뫪  㤥  .   
                         㣨  뫪 㤥 쭥.

                          筮 ᯮ PROC  맮  -
                           ०  㭪樨  ᯮ짮-
                          ४⨢ 饭 ᥣ樨.

                          ०  MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨 
                          ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR   ।-
                         饩  PROC


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 55 =

         .⠪:       NEAR, FAR

         ਬ:         .MODEL LARGE
                         .CODE
                         CALL PROC TEST1
                         TEST1 PROC       ; 쭨 맮,
                                          ;᫮ 㪠
                                          ;⨯  LARGE




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 56 =

                                          PTR                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ, 饥 ᮡ ࠧ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      tye PTR exression

         砭:      exression(ࠦ)     ᮬ.  -
                         ⮬    ࠦ,  㪠뢠饥   
                             ᥣ 饥 ଠ tye, -
                           ⢨⥫ ࠧ ࠦ.

                         筮  ᯮ    ।-
                           ଠ  ०  ࠦ
                           筮  ଠ ࠦ, -
                           ᢥ    ଠ  ண   
                         ।.

                         tye  ਭ   ᫥ 祭:

                         - UNKNOWN, BYTE,  WORD, DWORD, FWORD, PWORD,
                         QWORD, TBYTE, DATAPTR, CODEPTR   
                         - 

                         - SHORT, PROC, NEAR, FAR- 

                          ० Ideal   㦤    ᯮ짮
                           PTR.      㪠뢠 exression
                         ࠧ  ᫥ tye.

                          ० MASM tye     ᫥
                         :

                         -  :

                         0 = UNKNOWN              6 = PWORD
                         1 = BYTE                 8 = QWORD
                         2 = WORD                10 = TBYTE
                         4 = DWORD

                         -  :

                         0FFFFh = NEAR           0FFFEh = FAR


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 57 =

                         ⢥⢥,   ० MASM ᫥騥 祢
                         ᫮  ⠪ 祭:

                         -  :

                         UNKNOWN = 0            QWORD = 8
                         BYTE = 1               TBYTE = 10
                         WORD = 2               DATAPTR = 2  4
                         DWORD = 4         ( ᨬ  MODEL)
                         PWORD = 6              CODEPTR = 2  4
                         FWORD = 6         ( ᨬ  MODEL)

                         -  :
                         NEAR = 0FFFFh       PROC = 0FFFFh  0FFFEh
                         FAR = 0FFFEh      ( ᨬ  MODEL)

         .⠪:       BYTE, WORD,  DWORD,  QWORD,  FWORD, PWORD,
                         TBYTE, NEAR, FAR, PROC

         ਬ:         mov BYTE PTR[SI],10
                         fld qword PTR val
                         val DQ 1234.5678




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 58 =

                                                                               
         PWORD
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ࠦ  ଠ  32-ࠧ來  
                         뫪

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       FWORD

                                         QWORD                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ ଠ  ᫮

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      QWORD ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                           ࠦ,  㪠뢠饥      
                         ᥣ 饥 ଠ QWORD,      -
                         ⢨⥫ ଠ ࠦ.

                         筮    ᯮ   QWORD    ।
                         ଠ ०  ࠦ  
                         筮   ଠ ࠦ  -
                           ଠ ண     ।.

                          ० MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨  
                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR  ।-
                         饩  QWORD

         .⠪:       PTR

         ਬ:         fadd [QWORD BX]
                         fsub [QWORD X]
                         .DATA
                         X DQ 1.234




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 59 =

                                          SEG                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ᥣ  ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      SEG ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ    ࠦ  ࠭-
                         , ஥  뫠       . SEG
                         頥 ⠭,   ।⠢  ᥣ-
                              

         .⠪:       OFFSET

         ਬ:         .DATA
                         tem DW 0
                         .CODE
                         mov ax,SEG tem
                         mov ds,ax           ;⠭ ᥣ⭮
                                             ;ॣ
                         ASSUME DS:SEG TEMP  ;ᮮ饭  ⮬
                                             ;ᥬ

                                                                               
         SHL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      祭 ࠦ 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ SHL ᫮

         砭:      ࠦ  ᫮      ८ࠧ  
                         ⠭.  SHL  믮 ᪨ ᤢ ⮢
                         ࠦ  .  祭  ⮢,   
                         ࠢ, ࠢ 0,  , ᤢ   ࠩ-
                         .

         .⠪:       SHR

         ਬ:         mov al,00000011b SHL 3   ;㦠
                                                  ;00011000b


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 60 =

                                         SHORT                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ,  饥 ⪨ 㪠⥫
                          

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      SHORT ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ 뫠     ⥪饬  ᥣ
                         .   SHORT  ᮮ頥  ᥬ    ⮬,  
                         ࠦ   ।  -128  127  -
                         ⥫쭮  ⥪饣   ,   
                         ᥬ ஢  ⪮ JMP.

                          室 ᯮ짮 SHORT ⮫쪮  砥
                         ०饩 뫪 樨 JMP.࡮ ᥬ
                         ⮬᪨       ⪮
                         室    砥,  ᫨    㦥 ⥭ ⨯
                         뫪,  ࠦ.

         .⠪:       NEAR, FAR

         ਬ:         jm SHORT DONE   ; 
                                          ;⪮ 室     
                                          4;0 128    
                         DONE:

                                                                               
         SHR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      祭 ࠦ ࠢ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ SHR ᫮

         砭:      ࠦ  ᫮      ८ࠧ  
                         ⠭.  SHR  믮 ᪨ ᤢ ⮢
                         ࠦ  ࠢ.  祭  ⮢,  
                         ᫥, ࠢ 0,  , ᤢ  ࠢ ࠩ-
                         

         ਬ:         mov al,80h SHR 2     ;㦠 20h

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 61 =

                                          SIZE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ࠧ ࠧ饭 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      SIZE 

         砭:        䨪஬, 뫠騬  -
                         ,  ࠧ饭      ४⨢ ࠧ饭
                          (DB, DD  ..).  ० MASM, SIZE -
                         頥 祭 LENGTH,  㬭  TYPE. -
                         ⮬   ᫥     ,
                           뢠 㯯 ஢ DUP.

                          ० Ideal,  SIZE ᮮ頥  饥  ⢮
                            DUP.   祭 ⢠ 
                         DUP ᯮ LENGTH.

         .⠪:       LENGTH, TYPE

         ਬ:         msg     DB     "Hello"
                         array   DW     10 DUP(4 DUP(1),0)
                         numbrs  DD     1,2,3,4
                         var     DQ     ?
                         ;० MASM
                         smsg   =SIZE msg   ;1, ப   1
                         sarray =SIZE array ;=20,10 DUP  ᫮
                         snumbrs=SIZE numbrs;4, =1,DD=4 
                         svar   =SIZE var   ;=8,1 ,DQ=8 

                         ;० Ideal
                         smsg   =SIZE msg   ;1,ப   1
                         sarray =SIZE array ;=20,10 DUP  ᫮
                         snumbrs=SIZE numbrs;4,=1,DD=4 
                         svar   =SIZE var   ;=8,1 ,DQ=8 

                                         SMALL                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ଠ ᬥ饭 ࠦ 16 

         :          MASM, Ideal( ⮫쪮   386)


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 62 =

         ⠪:      SMALL ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ࠦ    ࠭-
                         . SMALL ८ࠧ   16-⮢ ᬥ饭.
                           筮 ᯮ  ࠭ -
                         , 易  ଠ⮬. ਬ, ᫨ 
                          稨 80386  ᯮ ४-
                          P386

                         jm [DWORD PTR ABC]

                            ஢   쭨 맮 
                         ᥣ⮬  16-⮢ ᬥ饭,  ⠪   
                         맮, ᯮ騬 32-⮢ ᬥ饭. 
                         ᫥     ࠭,  ᯮ
                         ४⨢ SMALL:

                         jm SMALL [DWORD PTR ABC] ;16-⮢ ᬥ-
                                                   ;饭  -
                                                   ; 맮

                          ⮬  ਬ  SMALL  ⮨  ᪮   ⮬
                         砥    ⠥    ᫮.  ᫨
                         SMALL  ࠧ頥    ᪮,      -
                           ଠ ,  ஬ -
                         ⠥ ࠭,    ଠ ᠬ ࠭,
                         ⠥  . ਬ :

                         CODE SEGMENT USE32
                         jm  SMALL [SMALL DWORD PTR XYZ]

                         砥,  XYZ  4-⮢ 㪠⥫,
                         ࠪ㥬  16-⮢ ᬥ饭  ᥣ, 
                         ⮬  jm  ᢥ १  ⠥ ।-
                         ⢥   jm, 騩 16-⮢ ᬥ-
                         饭.

                         樥 ஢ LARGE  SMALL,  
                         뭮   ᪮,        
                         樨 ᢥ JMP  CALL  16-  32--
                         ⮢ ᥣ  16-   32-⮢ ᥣ.
                         LARGE  SMALL  ⠪ ᯮ짮  
                         㣨 ᫥묨 ﬨ, ⠪ 
                         LIDT  LGDT

         .⠪:       LARGE

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 63 =

                                                                               
         SYMTYPE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥  ᠭ 䨪

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      SYMTYPE  ࠦ

         砭:      㭪  SYMTYPE 4 0祭4 0 宦4 0  .TYPE,  
                          ⫨稥: 4 0᫨4 0  4 0ࠦ4 0 
                         । 䨪,  SYMTYPE   뤠
                         訡  ⫨稥  .TYPE.

         .⠪:       .TYPE

                                         TBYTE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ ࠧ஬  10 

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      TBYTE ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ,  ஥ 㪠뢠    -
                           ᥣ   ࠧ  TBYTE,    
                         ⢨⥫ ଠ ࠦ.

                          筮   ᯮ   TBYTE    ।
                         ଠ ०  ࠦ   
                         筮  ଠ ࠦ,  -
                           ଠ ண     ।.

                          ० MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨  
                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR  ।-
                         騬  TBYTE

         .⠪:       PTR

         ਬ:         fid [TBYTE BX]
                         fst [TBYTE X]
                         X   DT    0


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 64 =

                                          THIS                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠭,  ᮬ ண  ⥪-
                         騩 ᥣ  祭 稪

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      THIS ⨯

         砭:       뢠 ଠ ࠭  㪠뢠, 뫠-
                                .      
                         ᫥騥 祭:

                         - NEAR,  FAR   PROC (Proc  筮 -
                           ४⨢,    ६  NEAR  FAR  
                           ⨯ ᯮ㥬 , ⠭ ४-
                           ⨢ MODEL)
                         - BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD, FWORD, PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE
                            ୮ 

                            筮 ᯮ  -
                         樨  EQU  =

         ਬ:         tr1  EQU THIS WORD
                         tr2  LABEL WORD




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 65 =

                                         .TYPE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 , 뢠騩 䨪

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .TYPE 

         砭:       -  䨪,    ।
                            室 䠩. .TYPE 頥 ,
                          뢠 䨪  ᫥騬 -
                         ﬨ:

                         ----------------------------------------------
                                      ᠭ
                         ----------------------------------------------
                           0  ⭮⥫ 䨪 ணࠬ
                           1  ⭮⥫ 䨪 
                           2  ⠭
                           3  ० אַ 樨
                           4   ॣ஬
                           5  䨪  ।
                           7  䨪  譨
                         ----------------------------------------------

                         ᫨  2  3  ࠢ 0,  ࠦ ᯮ-
                          ᢥ ॣ ( BX  ..).

                         ᫨ TYPE 頥 0,  ࠦ ᮤন -
                         । 䨪.

                         TYPE 筮 ᯮ    ।-
                           ᯮᮡ ࠡ⪨ ࠧ ⨯ 㬥⮢

         .⠪:       SYMTYPE

         ਬ:         IF (.TYPE ABC) AND 3    ; ⭮⥫
                                                 ;ᥣ
                         ASSUME DS:SEG ABC
                         mov ax,SEG ABC
                         mov ds,ax
                         ENDIF




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 66 =

                                          TYPE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ᫮,  ।饥  ࠧ    ⨯
                         䨪

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      TYPE exression

         砭:      TYPE 頥   ᫥ 祭, -
                         饥  ⨯ ࠦ:

                            BYTE      1
                            WORD      2
                            DWORD     4
                            FWORD     6
                            PWORD     6
                            QWORD     8
                            TBYTE     10
                            NEAR      0FFFFh
                            FAR       0FFFEh
                            constant  0
                            structure ⢮   

         .⠪:       LENGTH, SIZE

         ਬ:         bvar   DB 1
                         darray DD 10DUP(1)
                         X STRUC
                           DW ?
                           DT ?
                         X ENDS
                         f EQU THIS FAR
                         tbvar=TYPE bvar    ;=1
                         tdarray=TYPE darray;=4
                         tx   =TYPE x       ;=12
                         tf  =TYPE f      ;0FFFEh




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 67 =

                                        UNCNOWN                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ଠ  ⨯ ࠦ

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      UNCNOWN ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ  ᮬ.  ⮬ 
                             ᠬ  ࠦ,      㤠 ⨯
                         (BYTE, WORD  ..).

                         ᯮ UNCNOWN  筮  㪠 ࠧ
                         直  ࠧ,      室 ᫠ 
                         ⮯.    ,  ᫨     
                            ⮯   ⨯ ꥤ-
                         , 騬 ࠭  ࠧ -
                          .

                          ⠪    ᯮ짮     ࠧ஬
                         UNCNOWN  ⠪ ,  ᫨   ᯮ짮
                         ᢥ-ॣ஢  뫪    
                         ࠭  뢠 ࠧ  樨,  ᯮ
                         ॣ     㣮  ࠭.  ।  
                         UNCNOWN,   ᯮ짮  筮 ⠪ ,
                           ﭭ  ࠦ  ॣ,  ⠪ 
                         [BX].

                          믮  㭪樨  ०  MASM  
                         室 ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR c ᫥-
                         騬 ⨯ BYTE.

         .⠪:       PTR


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 68 =

         ਬ:           .DATA
                         workbuf DT  0
                         worktr EQU UNCNOWN WORCBUF ;ﭭ
                                                     ;㪠⥫
                           .CODE
                         ;ਬ 1
                         mov [BYTE PTR WORKPTR],1    ;࠭ 
                         fst [QWORD PTR WORKPTR]    ;࠭ QWORD
                         mov [WORKPTR],1             ;訡 - 
                                                     ;⨯
                         ;ਬ 2
                         mov al,[WORKPTR]            ; 믮
                         mov ax,[WORKPTR]            ;


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 69 =

                                         WIDTH                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ਭ    

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      WIDTH recordfieldname
                         WIDTH record

         砭:      recordfieldname     ࠭
                         ।  . WIDTH 頥 ⢮
                         ⮢,  recordfieldname  .

                         record -    ࠭  । .

                         WIDTH 頥 饥 ⢮ ⮢, -
                          ᥬ ﬨ  

         .⠪:       MASK

         ਬ:         ;MACRO ।  ᨬ쭮   祭
                         ;  
                         maxval MACRO FIELDNAME
                         value=2
                           REPT WIDTH FIELDNAME-1
                         value=value+2
                           ENDM
                         value=value-1
                           ENDM




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 70 =

                                          WORD                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ࠦ   ᫮

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      WORD ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ   ᮬ.  ⮬ -
                          ࠦ,  㪠뢠饥      
                         ᥣ  ࠧ WORD,  ᨬ  ⢨-
                         ⥫쭮 ࠧ ࠦ.

                          筮 ᯮ WORD  । ଠ-
                          ०  ࠦ   -
                           ଠ ࠦ,  ᢥ-
                           ଠ ண    ।.

                          ०  MASM    믮  ⮩  㭪樨 
                          ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PTR   ।-
                         騬  WORD.

         .⠪:       PTR

         ਬ:         mov [WORD BX],1
                         mov [WORD X],1
                         X DW 0



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 71 =

                                                                               
         XOR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ᪮ ᪫饥 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ࠦ 1 XOR ࠦ 2

         砭:      믮  ⭮  ᪮  ᪫饥  
                         ࠦ 1  ࠦ 2.  ⮬    
                         ࠧ拉 㤥 1,  ᫨   ࠧ拉  
                         ࠦ - 1,   㣮 - 0,  0   㣨
                         

         .⠪:       AND, NOT, OR

         ਬ:         mov al,11110000b XOR 11000011;AL=00110011b





         TASM2 #4-5/               = 72 =

                                   樠                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------


              樠        ᯮ      맮
         ᮢ,  ᮢ   ।  .
               ᯮ짮  㬥⠬ ᫮ ४⨢
         ᥬ.

               ਢ   ⪮   ᠭ    ᯥ樠    
         ஢:

                         &      ⥫

                         <>     ⥪⮢ ப

                         !      ᨬ 祪

                         %      ८ࠧ ࠦ

                         ;;     

                   ஢  -
         䨪஢  ⤥ 䨪,       
          㤠 ᯥ樠쭮 祭  䨪,   ࠢ-
           ᫥ 㬥.

                                           &                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ⥫

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      & 

         砭:       - 祭  ⢨⥫쭮  ࠬ  
                         맮  騩 .    
                         ࠬ ⥫  ⮬᪨   
                           ᯮ짮  .  
                         ᯮ짮     ⠢
                         ⥫  ᨬ쭮 ப,  ⮩  窨,
                            "ᮡ"  䨪 
                              ࠬ஢  ᪮쪮 ।-
                          䨪஢.   ⮬ 砥 &    -

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 73 =

                         ᪠  ᨬ   

         ਬ:         MAKEMSG MACRO NAME,NUM
                         MSG&NUM: DB '&NAME'
                         ENDM

                         ᫨ 맢   ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                         MAKEMSG 9,< 祭:>

                         :

                         MSG9  DB ' 祭:'




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 74 =

                                           <>                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ⥪⮢ ப

         :          MASM< Ideal

         ⠪:      <⥪>

         砭:        ࠪ    ⤥    -
                         塞 ࠬ,  ᫨  ᮤন ,
                         ஡  ⠡樨, 묨 筮 ࠧ-
                          ࠬ.  ᯮ  , 
                           । 㬥, ᮤঠ騩  
                          ࠧ⥫ ᨬ.

                           ⠪ ᯮ짮   ࠬ 
                         㪠  ࡮  ᥬ  ࠪ⮢ 㪢
                         ᨬ     -  ᯥ樠쭮
                         祭. ਬ, ᫨   । 
                          ⮩ (;)  ࠬ      맮,  
                             㣫 ᪮ (<;>)  -
                          ࠪ⮢   ᨬ    砫
                         .

                         ࡮ ᥬ 뢮 ᮤন 㣫 ᪮
                           ।  ࠧ   ।  ࠬ
                           맮  .   । ࠬ १
                         ᪮쪮 ஢ 맮 ,   -
                            㣫 ᪮   ஢

         ਬ:         MANYDB MACRO VALS
                         IRP  X,<VALS>
                           ENDM
                           ENDM

                          맮       -
                         室  祭    㣫  ᪮ ,  ⠪
                         ࠧ,       ਭ    
                         ࠬ VALS:

                         MANYDB <4,6,0,8>

                          ୮ ४⨢ IRP  ࠬ  -०-
                          祭    㣫  ᪮,  ..  ᪮
                          ࠬ 㡨  맮 .

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 75 =

                                           !                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ᨬ 祪

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ! ᨬ

         砭:       !    뢠   -
                         ⮬,    ᮤন  ᯥ樠   ᨬ
                          .  ⭮ 祭 ᨬ-
                           㣫 ᪮.  ਬ,  !& -
                         ⭠  <&>

         ਬ:         MAKEMSG MACRO NAME,NUM
                          MSG&NUM: DB '&NAME'
                          ENDM

                         MAKEMSG <Can't enter !>99>

                            ਬ  㬥   ०६
                         祭, ᫨    ᯮ짮  !

                                           %                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ८ࠧ ࠦ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      % ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ      ᫮  ࠦ,
                         ᯮ騬      ࠭   ஢,
                         ᠭ  ⮩ ,   ⥪⮢ ࠦ-
                         . ப,  ।  ࠬ 
                         맮,      १⮬   ८ࠧ
                         ࠦ.

                         ᯮ      ।
                         ப,  ।⠢ ᫥  १  
                         ,  ।⥫쭥 ᠬ ࠦ

         ਬ:         DEFSYM MACRO NUM

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 76 =

                           ???&NUM
                           ENDM
                         DEFSYM %5+4

                         믮 । ⪨  ᫥饬  :

                         ???9:

                                           ;;                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ;;⥪

         砭:      ࡮ ᥬ   ⥪, ᫥騩
                               窠  ⮩ (;;).  筮
                         ਩ ࠭    ।-
                                ⨭ 直 ࠧ  -
                         짮  .  ਩,  騩  ᫥
                           窠  ⮩ (;;),   ࠭
                            ।.   ,
                         ᮡ  ᫨    ᮢ,  
                         ᮤঠ 讥 ⢮ ਥ.

         ਬ:         SETBYTES MACRO NAME,VAL
                           NAME DB 10 DUP(VAL)  ;; ਩
                                                   㤥 ࠭
                           ENDM



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 77 =

                                        3. ४⨢                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              室 ࠦ    樥,   ४-
         ⨢.  ப 樨  ꥪ   
         ।塞    樨      ࠭.   ப
         ४⨢ ᮮ頥 ᥬ   믮 -  ⢨,
          易  樥 権    । 
         ࠧ饭        ,   ।  ᮢ,
         ।   ଠ   䠩   ⨭,   ࠢ   ᫮
         ᥬ஢, 롮 ⨯   ⠭ 権.

               ४⨢ । 䨪,   -
             ப  室  ⥪.   ⠪ ४⨢ -
         , ਬ, SEGMENT, LABEL  GROUP. 㣨   ࠡ-
          ᥬ.

              ᫥   ४⨢  ᯮ      䠢⭮
         浪 (     㭪樨); ਬ .CODE ⮨
         ।⢥ । CODESEG.

              १ࢨ஢ ᫮ %TOC  %NOTOC    ᨨ ࡮
         ᥬ  ॠ. 騥 ᨨ  ᯮ짮 -
          祢 ᫮ , ⮬,    ᯮ짮   -
         ⢥ 䨪஢  ணࠬ.

              ४⨢     ⥣ਨ:

                 1. ४⨢  ० MASM :  ࡮ ᥬ ন
                  ४⨢ ० MASM.  ᯮ짮  ᥬ-
                    ० Ideal ᨭ⠪  ४⨢ -
                 .   ⠪ ४⨢ ਢ ᠭ  ᨭ⠪
                   ०.

                 2.   ४⨢  ࡮ ᥬ :   ४⨢
                    ࠢ  MASM.

                 3. ४⨢,  騥 ᨭ   -
                 ४⨢ MASM:   ᨭ   ७묨
                  ࠢ  騬 ४⨢ MASM.  ਬ,
                 ४⨢ .LIST  .XLIST  ।⥫쭥  ᯮ짮
                 %LIST  %NOLIST.   ࠢ,  ४⨢,  -
                  -   ,   XXXX 
                 NOXXXX.    ᨭ ⠪  ᯮ짮 窨
                 (.)  砫 ४⨢. ४⨢ ० MASM, 稭-
                   窨,  ⢨⥫  ० Ideal, ⠪ -

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 78 =

                 ,    ᯮ짮  ᨭ.

               ४⨢ ࡮ ᥬ, ࠢ騥 䠩 ⨭,
         稭  ᨬ 業 (%).

               ᠭ ᨭ⠪ ᯮ ᫥騥  ᮣ襭 :

               -  ᪮   ⮬,   㬥 -
                   易⥫묨 (    㬥
                   ᪮).

               - 㣫 ᪮ (...) ᮮ  ⮬,   ।騩 -
                    ७ 室 ⢮ ࠧ.



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 79 =

                                                                               
         Samle Directive  (ࠧ ४⨢)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ਢ ᠭ ⮣,      ४⨢
                         믮

         :          ,  ஬ 믮  ४⨢

         ⠪:      뢠,  ᯮ짮 ४⨢

         砭:      ᭮ ଠ  ४⨢


         .⠪:       㣨 ४⨢, 騥 ⭮襭  

         ਬ:         ࠧ , ᯮ饣  ४⨢


                                                                               
         .186
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢    樨   
                         80186

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .186

         砭:      ४⨢ .186    ஢  -
                         ⥫  樨,  ন  ஬
                         80186 (宦  P186)

         .⠪:       .8086,  .286,  .286C,  .286P, .386, .386C,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.

         ਬ:         .186
                         PUSH 1       ; 믮  186




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 80 =

                                                                               
         .286
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢  ਢ஢
                         樨  80286

         :          MASM

         砭:      ४⨢ .286    ஢  -
                         ⥫  樨,  ন  ஬
                         80286,   ਢ஢ ०.  樨
                         䬥᪮ ᮯ  80287  ন
                         筮  ⠪  ,    ᫨    뫨 ᯮ짮
                         ४⨢ .287  286C.(宦  ४⨢ .286
                         N  .286C).

         .⠪:       .8086,  .186,  .286C,  .286P, .386, .386C,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.

         ਬ:         .286
                         fstsw ax; 믮 ⮫쪮  80287

                                                                               
         .286C
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢  ਢ஢
                         樨  80286

         .⠪:       .8086,  .186,  .286,  .286P, .386, .386C,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 81 =

                                                                               
         .286P
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢   樨 
                         80286

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .286P

         砭:      ४⨢ .286P    ஢ -
                         ⥫  樨,  ন  ஬
                         80286,      樨  ਢ஢
                         ०.   ন 樨  䬥-
                         ᪮ ᮯ 80287 筮 ⠪ ,  ᫨
                          뫨 ᯮ짮  ४⨢  .287    P287.
                         (宦  P286)

         .⠪:       .8086,  .186,  .286,  .286C, .386, .386C,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 82 =

                                          .287                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢ 樨    ᮯ-
                          80287

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .287

         砭:      ४⨢   .287      ஢   
                         樨,  ন 䬥᪨ ᮯ-
                         ஬  80287.  ᯮ    ४⨢,
                         ᫨  ,   ணࠬ   -
                          ᯮ짮 ᮯ 8087.   ४⨢
                         뢠 樨  饩 ⮩,  
                           ᮢ⨬묨    8087    ⮬  
                         ᯮ  ४⨢, ᫨  ணࠬ
                          믮 ᯮ 8087. (宦  P287)

         .⠪:       .8087, .387, P8087, PN8087, P287, P387

         ਬ:         .287
                         fsetm   ;⮫쪮  287



         TASM2 #4-5/               = 83 =

                                          .386                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ஢  ਢ஢ -
                         樨  80386

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .386

         砭:      ४⨢ .386    ஢  -
                         ⥫  樨,  ন  ஬
                         80386,   ਢ஢ ०.   -
                         ন 樨 䬥᪮ ᮯ
                         80387 筮 ⠪ ,  ᫨  뫨 ᯮ짮
                         ४⨢ .387    386C.  (宦    P386N  
                         .386C)

         .⠪:       .8086,  .186,  .286,  .286C, .286P, .386C,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.

         ਬ:         .386
                         stosd  ; 믮 ⮫쪮 
                                ;386

                                                                               
         .386C
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢   樨    
                         80386

         .⠪:       .8086,  .186,  .286,  .286C, .286P, .386,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 84 =

                                                                               
         .386P
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢   樨 
                         80386

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .386P

         砭:      ४⨢ .386P    ஢ -
                         ⥫  樨,  ন  ஬
                         80386,      樨  ਢ஢
                         ०.   ন 樨  䬥-
                         ᪮ ᮯ 80387 筮 ⠪ ,  ᫨
                          뫨 ᯮ짮  ४⨢  .387    P387.
                         (宦  P386P)

         .⠪:       .8086,  .186,  .286,  .286C, .286P, .386,
                         .386C, P8086, P286, P286P, P286N, P386, P386P,
                         P386N.
                                          .387                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢ 樨    ᮯ-
                          387

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .387

         砭:      ४⨢ .387        ஢   
                         樨, ন  䬥᪨ ᮯ-
                         ஬  80387.  ᯮ    ४⨢,
                         ᫨  ,   ணࠬ   -
                          ᯮ짮 ᮯ 8087.   ४⨢
                         뢠 樨  饩 ⮩,  
                           ᮢ⨬묨    8087    ⮬  
                         ᯮ  ४⨢, ᫨  ணࠬ
                          믮 ᯮ 8087 (宦  .387)

         .⠪:       .8087, .287, 8087, PNO87, P287, P387

         ਬ:         .387
                         fsin  ;SIN( ) 믮 ⮫쪮  387

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 85 =

                                          8086                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢  樨   ⮫쪮   
                          8086

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .8086

         砭:      ४⨢ .8086    ஢ -
                         樨, ন ஬ 8086, ᮢ-
                             ᥬ ﬨ,  믮塞묨 ⮫쪮
                         ࠬ 80186, 80286, 80386.  ন-
                           樨  ᮯ 8087 筮 ⠪ ,
                          ᫨  뫨 ᯮ짮 .8087  8087.

                           ਭ  㬮砭, 
                         ࡮  ᥬ 稭 ᥬ஢ 室
                         䠩. ணࠬ, ᥬ஢  ᯮ짮-
                             ०,  ᬮ  믮  
                          ᥬ⢠ 8086.  ᫨  , 
                           ணࠬ 㤥 믮 ⮫쪮  
                         ⨯ ,     ⤠  ।⥭
                         ⥬ ᯥ ४⨢,   믮 
                         ᯮ㥬 ⨯  (宦  .P8086).

         .⠪:       .186, .286C,  .286,  .286P,  .386C,  .386,
                         .386P, P8086, P286, P286P, P386, P386P

                                         .8087                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ஢  樨   ᮯ-
                          8087.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .8087

         砭:      ४⨢ .8087      ஢    
                         樨, ন ᮯ஬  8087  
                         ᮢ⨬  ᥬ ﬨ, 믮塞묨
                         ⮫쪮 80287  80387.


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 86 =

                           ਭ  㬮砭, 
                         ࡮ ᥬ 稭  ᥬ஢ 室
                         䠩. ணࠬ, ᥬ஢  ᯮ짮-
                           ०,  ᬮ  믮    
                         ᮯ  ᥬ⢠  8087.  ᫨  ,
                           ணࠬ 㤥  믮  ⮫쪮  
                           ⨯ ᮯ,    ⤠ ।-
                         ⥭ ⥬ ᯥ ४⨢,   -
                           ᯮ㥬 ⨯ ᮯ (宦
                          .P8087)

         .⠪:       .287, .387, 8087, PN087, P287, P387

         ਬ:         .8087
                         fstsw memloc ;믮 FSTSW AL  8087

                                           :                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।   

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      :

         砭:       - 䨪,   ।⥫쭮 
                         ।  室 䠩.     ᯮ-
                             ᠬ⥫쭮  ப,
                           砫 ப ।  樥.  筮,
                          ⪠   ⮬ 祭 
                         権 JMP  CALL  ⮬    ᥣ.  ⪠
                           㤥 㯭 ⮫쪮  ⥪饣 䠩
                          ⮬ 砥,  ᫨   㤥 ᯮ짮 -
                         ४⨢ PUBLIC  ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ  -
                           㣨 室 䠩.

                         ⢨   ४⨢  筮   ⢨
                         ४⨢   LABEL    ।  NEAR  ⪨;
                         ਬ A:   ,   A LABEL NEAR.

         .⠪:       LABEL

         ਬ:         .
                         .
                         jne A        ;蠣 १ ᫥

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 87 =

                                      ;
                         inc si
                     A:               ;JNE । ࠢ 
                                      ;  

                                           =                                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ᫮ ࠢ⢮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      =ࠦ

         砭:       뢠  १⮬ ᫥  ࠦ-
                         ,  ஥   ।⠢  -
                         ⠭⮩,   ᮬ  ᥣ.   
                            ᨬ᪨ ,   -
                         䨪஬,   ࠭  㦥  ᯮ짮 
                         ४⨢ =.  ࠦ   ᮤঠ  -
                         -   ०    ᨬ᪨
                         .

                            ८। 䨪,  
                          ।  ᯮ짮 ४⨢  =,  
                            ᯮ짮  䨪  -
                         ⢥ 稪  (ᬮ  ਬ,  ਢ
                         ).

                            ᯮ짮 =  祭 ப,
                         ८।  祢   ᫮      
                         権.   ⮣, ⮡   , -
                          EQU.

                         ४⨢ =   ।᪠㥬  
                         ० MASM, 祬 ४⨢ EQU, ⮬  
                         ᯮ짮 =  EQU ,    -
                         .

         .⠪:       EQU


         TASM2 #4-5/               = 88 =

         ਬ:         MASK=1     ;樠  ᪨
                         BittBl LABEL BYTE
                           REPT 8
                           DB MASK
                         MASK=MASK*2;ᤢ  
                           ENDM




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 89 =

                                         ALIGN                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     㣫 祭 稪   ,  ⭮
                         

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ALIGN ࠭

         砭:      ࠭   ⭠ 2 (ਬ :2, 4, 8 
                         ..).

                         ᫨ 祭 稪    ࠭-
                         ,      ᥣ ⠢  NOP 
                         ⨦ 室 .    砥,  ᫨
                         祭   稪  ⭮  ࠭,    
                         ४⨢    ⢨.

                            ஢  ࠭,   -
                           ண,  祬 ࠢ ᥣ, 
                         ஬  ४⨢  ALIGN. ࠢ
                         ᥣ ।,  ᥣ ࢮ砫-
                          ⠭ ४⨢ SEGMENT.

                         ਬ, ᫨  뤥 ᥣ  

                           CODE SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC

                           ᪠ ALIGN 16 (筮  PARA), 
                            ᪠ ALIGN 32,  ᪮  -
                           ண, 祬 ࠢ, 㪠
                         祢 ᫮ PARA  ४⨢ SEGMENT

         .⠪:       EVEN, EVENDATA

         ਬ:         ALIGN  4            ;ࠢ  -
                                             ; DWORD  386
                         BigNum  DD  12345678




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 90 =

                                         .ALPHA                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ 䠢  冷 ᫥ ᥣ-
                         ⮢

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ALPHA

         砭:      筮  ᯮ .ALPHA  ᯥ祭 ᮢ-
                         ⨬   묨 ﬨ MASM  ᥬ
                         IBM.    ᨩ ᥬ஢ ᥣ -
                             䠢⭮ 浪,    易-
                         ⥫쭮  . ᯮ  ।⢮ 
                         ᥬ஢  室 䠩,  ᠭ 
                          ᨩ.

                         ᫨   ᯮ  ४⨢, ᥣ
                         ᫥  ⮬  浪,   ஬  -
                           室 䠩.  ४⨢ DOSEG ⠪ -
                           㯮冷稢 ᥣ.

                         .ALPHA 믮   ⢨,   ࠬ /
                         A   ப.  ᫨  ᯮ   -
                          ப ࠬ /S,  ४⨢ .ALPHA -
                          ⬥ .

         .⠪:       DOSSEG, .SEG

         ਬ:            .ALPHA
                         XYZ SEGMENT
                         XYZ ENDS
                         ABC SEGMENT   ; ᥣ 㤥 
                         ABC ENDS




         TASM2 #4-5/               = 91 =

                                          ARG                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥  ⥪ 㬥  楤

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ARG 㬥[,㬥]...[=ᨬ]
                         [RETURNS 㬥[,㬥]]

         砭:      ARG 㯮ॡ  PROC/ENDP,   
                            ࠬࠬ,  ࠭    ⥪
                         ।⢮  맮 楤.   㬥
                         砥 ⥫쭮 ᬥ饭  ॣ஬ BP,
                         ।,     맮 㭪樨 
                         BP ⮣,  뢠 㦥 ࠭  ⥪.

                         㬥 뢠 㬥,  뢠騩 楤-
                         . , ।  ४⨢ .MODEL, -
                         ,   㬥  ⥪  ⭮
                         浪.  ᥣ  ᫨ 㬥 
                         ⮬ 浪, ஬    뢠饩
                         楤 㭪樨 몠 ᮪ ஢.

                          室 ࡮  ᥬ  ⠥    
                         ⭮ 浪.  㬥  ᫥騩
                         ᨭ⠪:

                         argname[[count1]][:[distance][PTR]tye][:count2]

                         argname - ,  ஥ 㤥 ᯮ짮  
                         뫪       㬥    楤.
                         Distance - 易⥫       NEAR,
                          FAR  ⮡ࠦ ⮣,  㬥 -
                          㪠⥫  ଠ.  Tye - ⨯ -
                          㬥    ਭ  祭  WORD,
                         DWORD,  FWORD, PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE   -
                         .  count1, count2 - ⢮ ⮢ 㪠-
                          ⨯.  饥 ⢮ ⮢ ।-
                           count1*count2.

                         ᫨   । tye,  㤥 ਭ -
                          WORD.

                         ᫨   PTR  ⮡ࠦ  ⮣, 
                         㬥  ᠬ   㪠⥫  -

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 92 =

                         ,  ࡮ ᥬ 뤥   ⫠
                         ଠ  ࡮ ⫠稪. ᯮ짮 PTR
                         뢠 ⢨ ⮫쪮   筮
                         ⫠筮 ଠ樨    .

                          ᯮ짮  PTR,   । NEAR 
                         FAR ।,  ࡮ ᥬ ⠭ ࠧ-
                          㪠⥫, ᭮뢠  ⥪饬 ⨯ 
                          (  386) ࠧ ⥪饣 ᭮
                         ᥣ (16  32 ).  ⠭
                         稭  WORD  ᮢᥬ ,    ।-
                           ,     DWORD   ⠫ ⨯
                         , ᯮ 16-⮢ ᥣ. ᫨ 
                         ᯮ  386    32 ⮢ ᥣ,
                          ࠧ ⠭ 稭   DWORD  
                         ᮢᥬ ,    । ,    FWORD
                           ⠫ ⨯ .

                          㬥⮢  ।묨   -
                             ࠭      ⭮⥫쭮  BP.
                         ਬ:

                           Func1  PROC NEAR
                                  arg A:WORD,B:DWORD:4,C:BYTE=D

                         । A  [BP+4], B  [BP+6],   [BP+
                         14]  D  20.

                         ᫨  稢 ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢  -
                         ⢠  (=)  䨪஬,   䨪
                         㤥 ࠢ 饩   㬥⮢    -
                         .    祭     ᯮ짮 
                          楤  㬥 樨 RET,  -
                               頥 ⥪  ࠭
                         㬥⮢   (   ᮣ襭      맮
                           ᪠).

                            ஢ ᥬ⢠ 8086 
                         ࠭ 㬥 ࠧ஬   , 㬥-
                         ,    ⨯ BYTE,     2
                              ⥪.   ᮮ⢥ ଥ
                         ।  몠  ᮪   ஢   ᨬ
                         ६      ⢥  ࠬ஢.  ᫨  ,
                         -⠪,   ࠭  ⥪  ⢥
                         ,    筮 । ࠧ୮ -
                         :

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 93 =


                         ARG REALBYTE:BYTE:1

                         ᫨   । ࠧ୮   㬥⮢
                         ⨯ BYTE,  㬮砭 㤥 ਭ ࠧ୮
                         2.

                         易⥫쭮 祢 ᫮  RETURNS ।
                            㬥⮢,    
                         祭  ⥪    楤    
                         ,  㤠  뫠 맢.  筮, ᫨ 
                         ।   PASKAL  TPASKAL  ᯮ-
                          ४⨢ .MODEL,  㬥 -
                           ⥪     楤.  ᫨  
                         ᯮ   㬥   ᫥  祢  ᫮
                         RETURNS,    ࠭  ⥪  ᯮ-
                         ,  ⥬   ⥪.  ⭮, 
                          ।  頥  祭  ᪠-
                         ᪮ ப, ࠧ  ᫥ 祢 ᫮-
                          RETURNS.

         .⠪:       LOCAL, PROC, USES

         ਬ:          ᪠᪠ 楤:

                         f   PROC FAR
                              SRC:WORD,DEST:WORD=ARGLEN
                         arg  @a:WORD,@b:WORD=@arglen
                              ush b
                              mov b,s
                              mov di,DEST
                         ;< 楤>
                              mov si,SRC
                              o b
                              ret @arglen
                         f   ENDP





         TASM2 #4-5/               = 94 =

                                         ASSUME                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᥣ  ॣ    ᥣ⮬   
                         㯯 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ASSUME ᥣ  ॣ:
                         [,ᥣ ॣ:]...

                         ASSUME ᥣ ॣ:NOTHING

                         ASSUME NOTHING

         砭:       ॣ -   ॣ஢ CS, DS, ES
                          SS, , ᫨  稨  80386 뫨
                         ᯮ짮  ४⨢  P386    P386N,  ⠪
                         ॣ FS  GS.

                           ਭ   ᫥ 祭:

                         - 㯯  ,  ।  ᯮ짮
                         ४⨢ GROUP

                         -  ᥣ,  ।    ᯮ짮
                         ४⨢ SEGMENT  ४⨢ ᥣ樨

                         - ࠦ, 稭饥   SEG

                         - 祢 ᫮ NOTHING.

                         祢 ᫮ NOTHING ࠧ뢠  -
                          । ᥣ ॣ஬   ᥣ⮬
                           㯯  .  ࠦ ASSUME NOTHING
                         ᭨  裡   ᥣ  ॣ஬  
                         ᥣ⮬  㯯 .

                           ⢥ ࠦ ASSUME  -
                          । ᪮쪮 ॣ஢,   ⠪  ࠧ-
                           ᪮쪮 ࠦ ASSUME   
                         襣 室 䠩.

                          ଠ     ᯮ짮   ४⨢
                         ASSUME        "४⨢ ASSUME"
                         ( 10 㪮⢠ 짮⥫).

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 95 =


         .⠪:       GROUP, SEGMENT

         ਬ:         DATA SEGMENT
                         mov ax,DATA
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME ds:DATA

                                                                               
         %BIN
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ਭ  뢮 ꥪ⭮  
                         䠩 ⨭

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %BIN ࠧ

         砭:        ⠭⮩. ᫨   ᯮ-
                           ४⨢, 樨  ⮬ ࠧ
                          䠩 ⨭  20 .

         ਬ:         %BIN 12





         TASM2 #4-5/               = 96 =

                                         CATSTR                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ꥤ ᪮쪮 ப   ப

         :          MASM51, Ideal

         ⠪:       CATSTR ப[,ப]...

         砭:       -  祭, 饥  䨪-
                         ஢  ப, ꥤ   ப.

                          ப     ᫥:

                         - ப 㬥, 祭  㣫 ᪮-
                         ,  <abc>

                         - ࠭ । ⥪⮢ 

                         - ᫮ ப  饭,  稭饥  
                         業 (%)

         .⠪:       SUBSTR, INSTR, SIZESTR

         ਬ:         LETTER CATSTR <abc>,<def>;LETTER="abcdef"

                                         .CODE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ᥣ 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .CODE []

         砭:      ४⨢ .CODE 㪠뢠 砫 믮塞 -
                           襬 㫥. 砫   ᯮ짮
                         ४⨢ .MODEL  । ⨯ . -
                           । ⨯   ।  -
                         ,        ᯮ짮  ४⨢
                         .CODE  ࠬ஬ "",  ।騬   ᥣ-
                         .   ࠧ,     ᪮쪮
                         ᥣ⮢ ,   ࠧ .

                             襬  室  䠩  ⮫쪮

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 97 =

                         ४⨢ .CODE,  ᪮쪮 .   ࠧ
                         ᪨    ⥬    ᪮஢-
                               ᥣ  ⠪ ,   ᫨  
                              ᪮  ᫥  ⢥
                         ४⨢ .CODE.

                         ᯮ짮 ४⨢  .CODE   -
                          ॣ CS   ⥪騬  ᥣ⮬  .  
                          ⠪  ⢨,  ᫨   ࠧ頫
                          ४⨢   襬  室  䠩  ᫥
                          ४⨢ .CODE:

                         ASSUME CS:@code

         .⠪:       CODESEG, .DATA, .FARDATA, FARDATA?, .MODEL,.STACK

         ਬ:         .CODE         ;ᥣ 
                         mov al,x
                         .DATA         ;४祭  ᥣ
                         x DB ?        ;





         TASM2 #4-5/               = 98 =

                                                                               
         CODESEG
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ᥣ 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         砭:      CODESEG  ⥬  ᠬ,   .CODE

         .⠪:       .CODE, .DATA, .FARDATA, .MODEL, .STACK


                                          COMM                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  ६

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      COMM ।[,।]...

         砭:       । 뢠 䨪  -
                          ᫥騩 ଠ:

                         [distance][language] name[[count1]]:tye[:count2]

                         distance  易⥫    -
                          NEAR,  FAR.  । ᯮ 
                            ६          
                         (DGROUP)    ᥣ  쭨 맮. -
                            । distance,  㤥 ।
                          㬮砭  㤥  ଠ   ।-
                           㬮砭 ⨯ . ᫨   ᯮ-
                          ४⨢ ᥣ樨  (.MODEL    ..)  -
                         ଠ⮬   㬮砭 㤥 NEAR.   祭 -
                         ,   ।  ।  㬮-
                         砭 ଠ⮬ 㤥 ⠪ NEAR.   ⠫-
                          ⨯  - FAR.

                         language ਭ   祭 - C,  PASCAL,
                         BASIC, FORTRAN, PROLOG  NOLANGUAGE  ।-
                             몮 ᮣᮢ ਬ塞 ᨬ-
                          .  ᯮ짮 㪠 몠  -
                         ४⨢ COMM ६ ८। ⥪ -
                          ⠭ (  㬮砭    ।

         TASM2 #4-5/               = 99 =

                         ४⨢  .MODEL).  ,     㦭
                          ४⨢ .MODEL   ᯮ짮  
                         .

                         name - 䨪,    騬 
                         ࠧ  ६  .  ᫨  distance
                         FAR,    name      ⠪ । 
                         ᨢ ⮢ ⢥ ࠧ, 祭-
                            :

                         name [multilier]

                         tye     ᫥:  BYTE,  WORD,
                         DATAPTR,  CODEPTR,  DWORD,  FWORD,  PWORD, QWORD,
                         TBYTE  ୮ .

                         count 㪠뢠  ᪮쪮 । 饤-
                          䨪஢. 饥 ࠭⢮, ⢥-
                              ६,  । ,
                         饩 tye, 뢠 ࠧ ᨢ (᫨ 
                         ).

                           ।  祬  騩 -
                         䨪, ࠧ । 묨.

                         騥 ६ ࠧ 騪.

                          ० MASM 騥  䨪,  
                           ᥣ,   묨 १
                         ॣ DS,    ᥣ    ਭ
                          騩. ,    頥
                         ࠢ쭮 祭  ॣ  ᥣ  DS,  
                         ᯮ  筮 ᥣ⭮ ᬥ饭  -
                         饭  ⨬ ६.    ०  Ideal  ࡮
                         ᥬ ஢, ࠢ쭮  㥬 
                         ६,  ᯮ   ⥪  ᥣ-
                            ॣ஢,     ᠭ    ४⨢
                         ASSUME.

                         騥 ६     樠஢.
                         ᯮ ४⨢ GLOBAL, ᫨  -
                         ஢ ࠣ ,  ࠧ
                          ﬨ.  騪 ⠪  ࠭
                         ࠧ饭    ६   
                         ,  ⠪ ࠧ,        ᤥ
                         ᢮ ࠣ䠬 ,  ࠧ饭 ४-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 100 =

                         ⨢ COMM  ᫥ ப, 室 ⥪-
                         .

         .⠪:       EXTRN, GLOBAL, PUBLIC, PUBLICDLL

         ਬ:         COMM buffer:BYTE:512 ;ࠧ頥  ६
                                              ;
                         COMM FAR abc[41]:BYTE:10    ;410  (10
                                                     ;⮢  41
                                                     ;) ࠧ
                                                     ; ६ 





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 101 =

                                                                               
         COMMENT
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     稭  

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      COMMENT ࠧ࠭⥫ [⥪]
                         [⥪]
                         [⥪] ࠧ࠭⥫

         砭:      COMMENT     ⥪,  ᯮ騩
                             ᨬ-࠭⥫   ப,
                         ᮤঠ饩 ᫥騩  ࠭⥫. ࠭⥫
                             ᨬ  (஬  ஡)  ᫥
                         ४⨢ COMMENT

         ਬ:         COMMENT *
                          ⥪
                         *

                                                                               
         %CONDS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠  ࠬ  ᫮   -
                         ⨭

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %CONDS

         砭:      %CONDS  ।  㬮砭 ०
                         ⨭  砥,  ᫨   ᯮ ४-
                         ⨢ ࠢ ⨭ (⠪  .LFCOND)

         .⠪:       %NOCONDS, .LFCOND, .SFCOND, .TFCOND

         ਬ:         %CONDS
                         IF 0
                            mov ax,1
                         ENDIF




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 102 =

                                         .CONST                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ᥣ ﭭ 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .CONST

         砭:      ४⨢ .CONST । 砫 ᥣ 襩
                         ணࠬ,  ᮤঠ饣  ﭭ  (-
                         ⠭).    ,   室      襩
                         ணࠬ,           
                         ६ ᯮ ணࠬ.    ᥣ 
                           ࠧ  ⠪      ᪠  
                         ப ᮮ饭.

                            ᯮ짮  ४⨢  -
                         ᠭ  ᥬ ணࠬ.    -
                          楤,    몠 -
                         ᮪   ஢      ⥬  ᯮ    
                         樠樨 ﭭ 

         .⠪:       .CODE, .DATA, .DATA?, .FARDATA, .FARDATA?,
                         .MODEL

         ਬ:         .CONST
                         msg DB "믮 ४饭"




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 103 =

                                                                               
         CONST
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ᥣ ﭭ 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .CODE, .CONST,  .DATA,  .DATA?,  .FARDATA,
                         .FARDATA?

                                         .CREF                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:        ᮧ  ⨭ ४
                         뫮

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .CREF

         砭:      .CREF   ଠ ४-
                          뫮      䨪஢  室
                         䠩, 稭   .  ४⨢ -
                            ⢨     ⨢  ४⨢
                         %XCREF  . XCREF,   ᡮ -
                         樨  ४ 뫪.

                          㬮砭  ࡮  ᥬ  ᯮ 
                         ०  砥, ᫨   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢  ࠢ ४묨 뫪 (-
                           %CREF).

                         ࡮ ᥬ 砥 ଠ   ४-
                           뫪   䠩 ⨭,  ⠪    -
                          .XRF 䠩.

         .⠪:       %CREF




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 104 =

                                                                               
         %CREF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:        ᮧ  ⨭ ४
                         뫮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %CREF

         .⠪:       %NOCREF, .CREF, .XCREF, %CREFALL, %CREFREF,
                         %CREFUREF

         ਬ:         %CREF
                         wval DW 0         ;CREF 뢠 WVAL,
                                           ;। 

                                        %CREFALL                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       䨪   ᯨ᮪  ४
                         뫮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %CREFALL

         砭:      %CREFALL    ⢨    ⨢
                         ४⨢  %CREFREF    %CREFUREF,  ᯮ짮
                         ࠭,    ᮧ ᯨ᪠
                         뫮   뫮  䨪஢.  ᫥
                         ᯮ짮 %CREFALL   ᫥騥 -
                           室 䠩    ᯨ᪥  -
                         ४ 뫮.

                         ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ  ०   㬮-
                         砭   ᥬ஢ 襣 室 䠩

         .⠪:       %CREFREF, %CREFUREF

         ਬ:         %CREFREF
                         arg1 equ [b+4]; 뫮,  㤥 -
                                        ;⢮  ᯨ᪥
                         %CREFALL
                         arg2 equ [b+6]; 뫮, 

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 105 =

                                        ;
                         arg3 equ [b+8];뫮,  
                                        ;ᯨ᪥
                         mov ax,arg3
                         END


                                        %CREFREF                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:        뫮  -
                         䨪஢  ᯨ᪥ ४ 뫮

         :          MASM,Ideal

         ⠪:      %CREFREF

         砭:      %CREFREF  砥,   䨪,  
                         뫨 ।,      뫮, 
                         ᪫祭  ᯨ᪠ ४ 뫮.  筮,
                          맮  ४ 뫮,  -
                         䨪   ⠡ 䨪஢

         .⠪:       %CREF, %CREFUREF, %CREFALL

         ਬ:         %CREFREF
                         ABC EQU 4   ;   ᯨ᪥ CREF
                         xyz EQU 1   ;  ᯨ᪥
                         mov ax,xyz  ;㦨 稭 
                                     ;XYZ  ᯨ᪥
                         END




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 106 =

                                       %CREFUREF                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ᯨ᮪  ४  뫮  ⮫쪮  
                         뫮 䨪

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %CREFUREF

         砭:      %CREFUREF   ᥭ  뫮
                         䨪஢  ⠡ 䨪஢  ४-
                          뫮.  ᯮ짮  ४-
                            ⠡  䨪஢    
                         ⮫쪮  뫮 䨪.  ᬮ
                           뫮 䨪஢,  ⠪   뫮-
                         , ᯮ ४⨢ %CREFALL

         .⠪:       %CREFALL, %CREFREF

         ਬ:         %CREF
                         abc EQU 2     ;   ᯨ᪥
                         %CREFUREF
                         def EQU 1     ;  ᯨ᪥
                         END



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 107 =

                                                                               
         %CTLS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠥ ᯨ᮪ ࠢ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %CTLS

         砭:      %CTLS 뢠 祭  ᯨ᮪ ᯮ 
                         䠩  ⨭  ४⨢  ࠢ  (⠪ 
                         %LIST,  %INCL  ..); 筮  祭  ᯨ-
                         ᮪.    ४⨢   ⢨  ᥬ
                         ᫥騬 ப.  ࠧ, ᠬ ४-
                         ⨢ %CTLS  㤥   䠩 ⨭

         .⠪:       %NOCTLS

         ਬ:         %CTLS
                         %NOLIST     ; ४⨢ 㤥 -
                                     ;⢮  䠩 ⨭


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 108 =

                                         .DATA                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ᥣ 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .DATA

         砭:      ४⨢ .DATA  ᨣ  砫 樠-
                         ஢     襬  㫥.  砫  
                          ᯮ짮  ४⨢ .MODEL  ।-
                          ⨯ .

                           ᯮ짮  室  䠩  ⮫쪮
                         ४⨢ .DATA,  ᪮쪮 .  ࠧ
                           ꥤ   ᥣ  -
                           ⠪,   ᫨      ࠧ
                           ᫥  ⢥ ४⨢ .DATA.

                            砥    㯯,  
                         DGROUP,   ⠪ ᮤন ᥣ, ।-
                          ४⨢ .STACK, .CONST  .DATA?. 
                                
                         ᥣ⮢, 㡥,    ᥣ
                         ॣ஢ 㪠뢠  DGROUP.

                          祭     ଠ樨    ᥣ
                         ਡ  ᥣ , ᬮ ४⨢
                         .MODEL.

         .⠪:       .CODE, .CONST, .DATA?, DATASEG, .FARDATA,
                         .FARDATA?, .MODEL, .STACK

         ਬ:         .DATA
                         array1 DB 100 DUP(0) ;NEAR 樠
                                              ;




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 109 =

                                         .DATA?                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫  樠஢ ᥣ
                         

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .DATA?

         砭:      ४⨢ .DATA?  ᮮ頥    砫 樠-
                         ஢     襬  㫥.  砫  
                          ᯮ짮  ४⨢ .MODEL  ।-
                          ⨯ .

                         樠஢  ᮧ ᯮ짮-
                           DUP  ᨬ ?. ਬ :

                         DB 6 DUP(?)

                              ᯮ짮   ४⨢ 
                         ᠭ  ᥬ ணࠬ.   ।-
                         祭  ᠭ 楤,   -
                         䥩ᠬ  몠 ᮪  ஢      
                            ᯮ    樠஢
                         .

                           ᯮ짮  室  䠩  ⮫쪮

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 110 =

                         ४⨢ .DATA?, ᪮쪮 .  ࠧ
                           ꥤ   ᥣ  -
                           ⠪,   ᫨      ࠧ
                           ⢥ ४⨢ .DATA.

                          樠஢   砥 
                         㯯,   DGROUP,  ⠪ ᮤন
                         ᥣ, । ४⨢ .STACK, .CONST
                          .DATA.

                          祭     ଠ樨    ᥣ
                         ਡ  ᥣ   ᬮ ४⨢
                         .MODEL

         .⠪:       .CODE, .CONST, .DATA, .FARDATA, .FARDATA?,
                         .MODEL, .STACK

         ਬ:         .DATA?
                         tem DD  4  DUP(?)   ;樠஢
                                              ;




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 111 =

                                                                               
         DATASEG
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ᥣ 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      DATASEG

         砭:      DATASEG -   ,   .DATA.  ४-
                           ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ० Ideal

         .⠪:       .CODE, .CONST,  .DATA,  .DATA?,  .FARDATA,
                         .FARDATA?, .MODEL, .STACK

                                           DB                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 ⮢ 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [] DB ࠦ [,ࠦ]...

         砭:       -  䨪,   ᫥⢨ 
                          ᯮ짮  뫪  . ᫨ 
                          㪠 ,    ࠧ饭,   
                         ᬮ 뫠  , ᯮ ᨬ᪮
                         .

                          ࠦ ࠧ頥     ⮢
                              ਢ :

                         - ⠭, ਭ 祭  ஬⪥ 
                           -128  255

                         -  , 騩 । 樠-
                           ஢ 䨪;  १ࢨ 
                             । 祭

                         - ᨬ쭠 ப,      -
                            ᨬ

                         - 饥    ࠦ      ᯮ짮
                            DUP.

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 112 =


         .⠪:       DD, DF, DP, DQ, DT, DW

         ਬ:         fibs DB 1,1,2,3,5,8,13
                         but  DB 80 DUP(?)
                         msg  DB " 祭 :"




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 113 =

                                           DD                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥  ᫮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [] DD [⨯ PTR] ࠦ [,ࠦ]...

         砭:       -  䨪,   ᫥⢨ 
                          ᯮ짮  뫪  . ᫨ 
                          㪠 ,    ࠧ饭,   
                         ᬮ 뫠  , ᯮ ᨬ᪮
                         .

                           ᫥騬 ᫥  PTR  易-
                         ⥫.    ⫠  ଠ  
                         䨪, ⠪ ࠧ, ࡮ ⫠稪 -
                          ⮡ࠧ  ᮤন.  ।⢮ 
                           ⢨  묨, ஢-
                          ࡮ ᥬ஬.         
                         ᫥ :  BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD,  FWORD,  PWORD,
                         QWORD, TBYTE, DATAPTR, CODEPTR, SHORT, NEAR, FAR,
                           . ਬ :

                         erson STRUC
                         name   db 32 du(?)
                         age    dw ?
                         erson ENDS
                         pptr   dd erson tr 0 ;PTR -  -
                                                ;  

                          ࠦ ࠧ頥    
                         ᫮  (4 )      ਢ
                         :

                         - ⠭, ਭ 祭  ஬⪥ 
                           -2,147,483,648  4,294,967,295

                         - ⪮ (32 ) ᫮  饩 窮

                         -  , 騩 । 樠-
                           ஢ 䨪;  १ࢨ 
                             । 祭

                         -   ࠦ,  ।騩 쭨  

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 114 =

                           16-⮢  ᥣ   (ᥣ:ᬥ饭)   
                              32-⮢ ᥣ (⮫쪮 32-
                           ⮢ ᬥ饭)

                         - 饥   ࠦ       ᯮ짮
                            DUP.

         .⠪:       DB, DF, DP, DQ, DT, DW

         ਬ:         Data32 SEGMENT USE32
                         xarray DB 0,1,2,3
                         Data32 ENDS
                         Data   SEGMENT
                         Consts DD 3.141,2.718 ;⠭  -
                                               ;饩 窮
                         DblPtr DD consts      ;16-⮢ 쭨
                                               ;㪠⥫
                         NrPtr  DD xarray      ;32-⮢ 
                                               ;㪠⥫
                         BigInt DD 12345678    ; 楫᫥-
                                               ;
                         Darray DD 4 DUP(1)    ;4 楫᫥




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 115 =

                                         %DEPTH                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭  䠩 ⨭  ஢

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %DEPTH ਭ

         砭:      ਭ ।  ⢮   䠩 -
                         ⨭, ⢮   ஢ . -
                          ஢  ஢   䠩-
                          INCLUDE   ७.  ᫨    
                         ਭ  ࠢ 0,     㤥 ᪫祭
                          䠩 ⨭.  筮,   室
                         ।  ਭ   2,  ..   ⮬ 砥
                          ⮡ࠧ  99 ஢  祭.

                         祭  㬮砭    ਭ    
                         । ࠢ 1 

         ਬ:         %DEPTH 2   ;⮡ࠦ ஢ 
                                    ;>9

                                           DF                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 쭨 48-⮢ (6  ) 㪠⥫
                          

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [] DF [⨯ PTR] ࠦ[,ࠦ]...

         砭:       -  䨪,   ᫥⢨ 
                          ᯮ짮  뫪  . ᫨ 
                          㪠 ,    ࠧ饭,   
                         ᬮ 뫠  , ᯮ ᨬ᪮
                         .

                         ,  ᫥騬 ᫥  PTR,  -
                         ⥫.   ⫠ ଠ 
                         䨪,  ⠪ ࠧ ࡮ ⫠稪 -
                          ⮡ࠦ  ᮤন.  ।⢮ 
                           ⢨  묨, ஢-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 116 =

                          ࡮ ᥬ஬.         
                         ᫥ :  BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD,  FWORD,  PWORD,
                         QWORD, TBYTE, DATAPTR, CODEPTR, SHORT, NEAR, FAR,
                           . ਬ:

                         erson STRUC
                         mane   db 32 du(?)
                         age    dw ?
                         erson ENDS
                         DATA SEGMENT USE32
                         pptr   df erson tr 0;PPTR-  쭨
                                               ;32-ࠧ來 㪠-
                                               ;⥫  

                          ࠦ   ࠧ頥         
                         48-ࠧ來 쭨 㪠⥫ (6 )   
                            ᫥ :

                         - ⠭, ਭ 祭 
                           -140,737,488,355,328  281,474,976,710,655

                         -     (?),  騩  ।
                           樠஢ 䨪;   १ࢨ
                              । 祭

                         -   ࠦ,  ।騩 쭨  
                           48-⮢ ᥣ (ᥣ:48- ⮢ ᬥ-
                           )

                         - 饥 ࠦ  ᯮ짮 -
                            DUP.

                          ४⨢  ࠡ ⮫쪮   -
                         ஬ 80386

         .⠪:       DB, DD, DP, DQ, DT, DW

         ਬ:               .386
                         Data  SEGMENT USE32
                         Msg   DB   " ᤥ"
                         FmPtr DF   MSG          ;FAR 㪠⥫  MSG
                         Data  ENDS



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 117 =

                                        DISPLAY                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢮  ࠭ ப,   窨

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      DISPLAY "⥪"

         砭:      ⮬   ᮮ饭,  ஥  -
                           ⮡ࠧ  ᯫ;  ᮮ饭  
                           窨 (" "). 饭 뢮 
                         ⠭⭮ ன⢮ 뢮,  ,  筮,
                          ࠭.  ,  ᬮ ᯮ짮-
                           ।⢠  DOS     ࠢ 
                         ᫠ 뢮 ଠ, ।祭 
                         ᯫ,  䠩.

                            㣨 頬,    ᯮ짮
                          ४⨢  뤠  ଠ樨   -
                         樨,  ᥪ樮஢, ᫮ ᥬ஢-
                         .

         .⠪:       %OUT

         ਬ:         DISPLAY "ᥬ஢ 楤 EGA 䥩"



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 118 =

                                         DOSSEG                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ࠧ饭 ᥣ DOS  ६
                         

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      DOSSEG

         砭:      筮 DOSSEG ᯮ ᮢ⭮  ४⨢
                         .MODEL,  ⠭ 饭 ४-
                          ᥣ樨. DOSSEG ᮮ頥 騪, 
                         ᯮ ᥣ  襩 ணࠬ 㦭  -
                           ࠧ,      ᯮ  ᮪
                         ஢.      ᯮ짮    ४⨢
                         ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨   ⤥ -
                         ᥬ ணࠬ  ⮣   室  -
                         짮 ४⨢ DOSSEG ⭮  ᭮
                         㫥,   । ⮢  襩
                         ணࠬ.

                          믮塞  ணࠬ ᥣ ᯮ 
                         ᫥饬 浪 :

                         1. ᥣ,   ਭ     
                            'CODE'

                         2. ᥣ,   ਭ騥    -
                            'CODE'    騥    㯯  
                           DGROUP

                         3. ᥣ,  室騥    DGROUP   ᫥饬
                           浪:

                           a. ᥣ, ਭ騥    
                             'BEGDATA'

                           b. ᥣ,    ਭ騥   ᠬ 
                              'BEGDATA', 'BSS'  'STACK'

                           c. ᥣ, ਭ騥    
                             'BSS'

                           d. ᥣ, ਭ騥    
                             'STACK'

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 119 =


         .⠪:       .MODEL

         ਬ:         DOSSEG
                         .MODEL medium


                                                                               
         DP
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 쭨  48-⮢  㪠⥫ (6 )
                           

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       DB, DD, DF, DQ, DT, DW





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 120 =

                                           DQ                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 4 ᫮ (8 )  

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [] DQ ࠦ[,ࠦ]...

         砭:       -  䨪,   ᫥⢨ 
                          ᯮ짮  뫪  . ᫨ 
                          㪠 ,    ࠧ饭,   
                         ᬮ 뫠  , ᯮ ᨬ᪮
                         .

                          ࠦ ࠧ頥  㯯   4 ᫮
                         (8  )        ᫥-
                          :

                         - ﭭ ࠦ, ਭ饥 祭  -
                           2^63  2^64 - 1.

                         -  ᫮ (64 )  饩 窮.

                         -     (?),  騩  ।
                           樠஢  䨪;  १ࢨ
                              । 祭.

                         - 饥    ࠦ      ᯮ짮
                            DUP

         .⠪:       DB, DD, DF, DP, DT, DW

         ਬ:         HugInt DQ 314159265258979323
                         BigFit DQ 1.2345678987654321
                         Qarray DQ 10DUP(?)




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 121 =

                                           DT                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥 10-⮢  

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [] DT ࠦ[,ࠦ]...

         砭:       -  䨪,   ᫥⢨ 
                          ᯮ짮  뫪  . ᫨ 
                          㪠 ,    ࠧ饭,   
                         ᬮ 뫠  , ᯮ ᨬ᪮
                         .

                          ࠦ ࠧ頥    10--
                         ⮢        ᫥-
                          :

                         - 㯠 筠  ⠭,  ਭ
                           祭  0  99,999,999,999,999,999,999

                         -     (?),  騩  ।
                           樠஢  䨪;  १ࢨ
                              । 祭.

                         - 饥    ࠦ      ᯮ짮
                            DUP

         .⠪:       DB, DD, DF, DP, DQ, DW

         ਬ:         PakNum  DD 123456       ;㯠 10-
                         TemVal DD 0.0000000001 ;᮪筮 FP




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 122 =

                                           DW                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥  ࠧ஬  ᫮ (2 )

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      [] DW [⨯ PTR] ࠦ[,ࠦ]...

         砭:       -  䨪,   ᫥⢨ 
                          ᯮ짮  뫪  . ᫨ 
                          㪠 ,     ࠧ饭,  
                          ᬮ 뫠  ,  ᯮ  ᨬ-
                         ᪮ .

                           ᫥騬 ᫥  PTR  易-
                         ⥫.    ⫠ ଠ  
                         䨪, ⠪ ࠧ, ࡮ ⫠稪 -
                          ⮡ࠦ  ᮤন.  ।⢮ 
                           ⢨  묨, ஢-
                          ࡮ ᥬ஬.         
                         ᫥ :  BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD,  FWORD,  PWORD,
                         QWORD,  TBYTE, DATAPTR, CODEPTR, SHORT, NEAR, FAR
                           . ਬ :

                           narray dw 10du(?)
                           ntr   dw word tr narray; ntr- 
                                                    ; 뫪 
                                                    ; ᫮

                          ࠦ ࠧ頥    ᫮ (2
                         )      ᫥ :

                         - ⠭,  ਭ 祭   -32768  
                           65536.

                         -     (?),  騩  ।
                           樠஢  䨪;  १ࢨ
                              । 祭.

                         -   ࠦ,  ।騩   
                           16-⮢ ᥣ (⮫쪮 ᬥ饭).

                         - 饥   ࠦ       ᯮ짮
                            DUP


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 123 =

         .⠪:       DB, DD, DF, DP, DQ, DT

         ਬ:         int   DW 12345
                         wbuf  DW 6 DUP(?);   6 ᫮
                         wtr  DW Wbuf    ; ᬥ饭-뫪  wbuf

                                          ELSE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ୠ⨢ ᫮

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IF ᫮
                          1
                         [ELSE
                          2]
                         ENDIF

         砭:      , ᫥騥    ELSE,  ᥬ 
                         ⮬ 砥,  ᫨ ᫮, 易  IF, ਭ-
                           祭 "".   ࠧ,  㤥 -
                         ᥬ஢   :   1, 
                          2.

                         ४⨢ ELSE ᥣ ⠢  ।-
                         饩  ४⨢ IF,   ᥣ ᯮ-
                             ४⨢ ELSE.   IF -
                             祬   ELSE.  ⮬ 砥
                         祭  ᫮ ४砥  ࠧ, 
                         砥 ELSE. ਬ :

                           IF1
                           ; ᥬ
                           ELSE
                           ;  ᥬ
                           ELSE
                           ; ᥬ
                           ENDIF

         .⠪:       ENDIF, IF,  IF1,  IF2,  IFB, IFDEF, IFDIF,
                         IFDIFS, IFE, IFLOW, IFIDNI, IFNB, IFNDEF

         ਬ:         IF LargeModel EQ 1
                          les di,addr

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 124 =

                         ELSE
                          lea di,addr
                         ENDIF

                                         ELSEIF                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     稭 ⠢塞  ᫮ ᥬ஢
                          砥,  ᫨ ࠦ ਭ 祭 "-
                         ⨭"

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ELSEIF ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ     ⠭⮩    -
                         ঠ - ० 뫪   ᨬ-
                         .  ᫨  ࠦ ਭ 㫥 -
                         ,          ᫮   
                         ᥬ஢  ६,  ᫮ ।-
                         饩 ४⨢ (IF  ..) ELSEIF  ਬ -
                          "".

                            ᪮쪮 ४⨢ ELSEIF  
                         ᫮.   ⮫쪮   ELSEIF,  饥
                         ࠦ  祭 "⨭",    㤥
                         ᥬ஢,    ⠫   ᫮-
                         ,  ।  ELSEIF    ELSE,  ⠭
                         묨.   ᬥ訢 ࠧ ४-
                         ⨢ ELSE**    ⮬   ᫮

         .⠪:       ELSEIF1, ELSEIF2,   ELSEIFB,    ELSEIFDEF,
                         ELSEIFDIF, ELSEIFDIFI, ELSEIFE, ELSEIFIDN,
                         ELSEIFIDNI, ELSEIFNB, ELSEIFNDEF

         ਬ:         IF ARGSIZE EQ 1
                            mov al,arg
                         ELSEIF ARGSIZE EQ 2
                            mov ax,arg
                         ELSE
                            %OUT BAD ARGSIZE
                         ENDIF

                                          EMUL                                 

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 125 =

         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      㫨஢  樨 ᮯ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      EMUL

         砭:      ࡮ ᥬ    筮      ⨭
                         樨  饩 窮,  믮-
                          ࠬ 8087.  ᯮ EMUL,  ᫨ 
                         襩 ணࠬ ⠭  প  饩
                         窨.  EMUL    䥪,    
                          ப ࠬ /.     -
                         ஢  EMUL   NOEMUL   ஢
                         ⨭ 樨  饩  窮    
                           䠩    㫨஢  樨  㣮
                         

         .⠪:       NOEMUL

         ਬ:         Finit     ; 樨 ᮯ 8087
                         EMUL
                         Fsave buf ; 㫨஢ 




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 126 =

                                          END                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⬥砥  室 䠩

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      END [砫 ]

         砭:      砫    -  易⥫ 䨪
                          ࠦ,  ஥ ।    襩
                         ணࠬ,   ண    믮-
                         .  ᫨  ணࠬ   ᪮-
                           室  䠩,   ⮫쪮  䠩 
                         ᮤঠ 砫 .  ⮢  
                           ᮬ  ;     ⠪
                         譨 䨪஬,  ।    㣮
                         㫥,   ४⨢ EXTRN.

                         ࡮ ᥬ      ⥪   ᫥
                         ४⨢ END  室 䠩

         ਬ:         .MODEL SMALL
                         .CODE
                         Start:
                         ;⥫ ணࠬ
                         END Start      ; 窮 室  ணࠬ
                                        ;  Start
                          ப 

                                         ENDIF                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⬥砥   ᫮ ᥬ஢

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IF ᫮
                         
                         ENDIF

         砭:         ᫮  ᥬ஢  稭 
                         ४⨢ IF****    稢 ४⨢
                         ENDIF.        IF 
                         255 ஢

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 127 =


         .⠪:       ELSE, IF,  IF1,  IF2,  IFB,  IFDEF, IFDIF,
                         IFDIFI, IFE, IFIDN, IFIDNS, IFNB, IFNDEF

         ਬ:         IF DebugMode ; ᥬ஢ த-
                                      ;   砥, ᫨ DebugMode
                                      ; ⫨筮  0
                         mov ax,0
                         call DebugDum
                         ENDIF

                                                                               
         ENDM
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     頥    ७  

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ENDM

         砭:      ४⨢ ENDM ।    ७
                           ७

         .⠪:       IRP, IRPC, MACRO, REPT

         ਬ:         IRP reg,<ax,bx,cx,dx>
                         uch reg
                         ENDM




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 128 =

                                          ENDP                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  楤

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:       MASM :
                         [ 楤] ENDP

                          Ideal :
                         ENDP [ 楤]

         砭:      ᫨  ᯮ  楤,   -
                         ⢥⢮   楤,  ।  
                         ४⨢ PROC, 稭饩 । 楤.

                         ,    ० Ideal ࠬ  -
                          ᫥ ᫥ ENDP.

                         ENDP    RET    
                          맮 楤,     -
                          ᠬ

         .⠪:       ARG, LOCAL, PROC

         ਬ:         LoadIt PROC
                           ;  楤
                           ret
                         LoadIt ENDP




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 129 =

                                          ENDS                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⬥砥   ⥪饣 ᥣ  ꥤ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:       MASM :
                         [ ᥣ] ENDS
                         [ ] ENDS

                          Ideal :
                         ENDS [ ᥣ]
                         ENDS [ ]

         砭:      ENDS ⬥砥     ᥣ,  
                          ꥤ.  ᫨  ᯮ  ᥣ-
                         ,      ᮮ⢥⢮  ᥣ,
                         ।      ४⨢   SEGMENT.   ,
                         ࠬ        ᮮ⢥⢮
                          , ।  ४⨢ STRUC
                          UNION.

                         ,   ० Ideal ࠬ  ᫥
                         ᫥ ENDS

         .⠪:       SEGMENT, STRUC, UNION

         ਬ:         DATA SEGMENT   ; 砫 ᥣ 
                         Barray DB 10 DUP(0)
                         DATA ENDS      ;  ᥣ 

                         Stat STRUC
                         Mode DW ?
                         Ptr  DD ?
                         ENDS        ;  । 





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 130 =

                                          EQU                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ப   ࠢ,   ᫮  
                         䨪

         :          MASM

         ⠪:       EQU ࠦ

         砭:       ਭ  祭  ᫥  ࠦ.
                              ᨬ᪨ ,  -
                         ஥  뫮 । ࠭.   ० MASM 
                          ८। ⮫쪮 䨪, -
                           ।  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EQU,
                         ᫨   ࢮ砫쭮 ।  ப
                         ࠢ.

                          ०  MASM  EQU    ।    ⨯
                         ࠢ:

                         - 䨪:  ८।  祢  ᫮
                             権,  ⠪  
                             ୠ⨢   㣨 ᨬ-
                           ,  뫨  ।.

                         - ࠦ: ਭ 祭 ⠭  -
                           , 宦  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ =.

                         - ப:  ࠦ  ࠭    ⥪⮢
                           ப     쭥襬    
                               ࠦ.    ࠦ  
                            ⠭⮩  ᮬ,  ਭ
                            ப ࠦ

         .⠪:       =

         ਬ:         BlkSize EQU 512
                         BufBlks EQU 4
                         BufSize EQU BlkSize*BufBlks
                         BufLen  EQU BufSize         ;䨪
                                                     ; BUFSIZE
                         DoneMsg EQU <'  DOS'>




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 131 =

                                          .ERR                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᮮ饭  訡

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERR

         砭:      .ERR 뢠 ᮮ饭   訡, ⨢襩
                          ப 室 䠩.

                         筮   ᯮ    ४⨢  
                          ᫮ ᥬ஢,    ஢
                           㤮⢮७ ᫮  ६ ᥬ஢-
                         

         .⠪:       .ERR1, .ERR2,  .ERRE,  .ERRNZ,  .ERRNDEF,.ERRDEF,
                         .ERRB, .ERRNB,    .ERRIDN,   .ERRIDNI,   .ERRDIF,
                         .ERRDIFI

         ਬ:         IF $ GT 400h
                            .ERR         ;ᥣ ᫨誮 
                            %OUT  ᫨誮 
                         ENDIF

                                                                               
         ERR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᮮ饭  訡

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ERR

         砭:       ,   .ERR

         .⠪:       .ERR1, .ERR2,  ERRE,  .ERRNZ,  .ERRNDEF, .ERRDEF,
                         .ERRB, .ERRNB, .ERRIDN, .ERRIDNI, .ERRDIFI




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 132 =

                                         .ERR1                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᮮ饭  訡  蠣 1

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERR1

         砭:      筮  ࡮  ᥬ    室
                         ᥬ஬,   䠪  ⮣,    .ERR1  뢠
                         ᮮ饭    蠣 1 砥,   ᮮ饭 
                         訡 ᥣ 㤥 뤠  蠣  ᥬ-
                         ஢.  饭  訡   ࠭,
                           䠩 ⨭, ᫨  㪠.

                         ᫨   ᯮ  室  
                         ࡮  ᥬ  (뢠 ४⥫ -
                          ப /m),  .ERR1  뤠  ᮮ饭  
                         訡  ࢮ 蠣 ᥬ஢.

         .⠪:       .ERR2

         ਬ:         .ERR1


                                         .ERR2                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᮮ饭  訡  蠣 2

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERR2

         砭:      筮  ࡮  ᥬ    室
                         ᥬ஬,   䠪  ⮣,    .ERR2  뢠
                         ᮮ饭  蠣 2 砥,    ᮮ饭  
                         訡 䠪᪨   뤠.  騥
                          室 ।०  ᮧ,  -
                         ,     ⥭樠쭮 ᯮ冷-
                          .

                         ᫨   ᯮ  室  
                         ࡮  ᥬ  (뢠 ४⥫ -

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 133 =

                          ப /m),  .ERR2  뤠  ᮮ饭  
                         訡    ஬ 蠣 ᥬ஢.  ᫨ 
                         ࠫ  室   /m1,  騥  
                         室 ।०  뢠.

         .⠪:       .ERR1

         ਬ:         .ERR2

                                         .ERRB                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡  砥, ᫨ 㬥 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRB <㬥>

         砭:       ᥣ   ᯮ    㬥  
                         . ४⨢ ஢,    맢 
                          ࠬ஬. ᫨ 㬥 , 뤠
                         ᮮ饭  訡  室 ப,   ன
                          맢 .

                            㬥  ᥣ     㣫
                         ᪮ (<>)

         .⠪:       .ERRNB

         ਬ:         duble MACRO arg1
                           .ERRB <arg1>
                           shl arg1,1
                         ENDM


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 134 =

                                                                               
         .ERRDEF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 䨪  ।

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRDEF 䨪

         砭:      .ERRDEF 뢠  ᮮ饭   訡  室
                         ப, ᫨ 䨪 㦥    ।  
                         襬 室 䠩

         .⠪:       .ERRNDEF

         ਬ:         SetMode MACRO ModeVal
                            .ERRDEF _MODE     ;訡, ᫨ 㦥
                                              ;।
                         _MODE EQU ModeVal
                            ENDM

                                        .ERRDIF                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,  ᫨ 㬥  ࠧ-
                         묨

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRDIF <㬥1>,<㬥2>

         砭:       ᥣ  ᯮ  .ERRDIF      .
                         ४⨢ ஢,    㬥 -
                         묨 ᨬ묨 ப.  ᫨  ப 
                          묨, 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡-
                           室 ப,  ன  뢠.
                           ப ࠢ ᨬ  ᨬ,  
                         ⮬ 뢠 ॣ (孨   ), 
                         ஬  ᨬ. ᫨  , ⮡
                         ॣ    뢠,  ᯮ   ४⨢
                         .ERRDIFI.

                            ᥣ    㬥  㣫
                         ᪮ (<>), 㬥 ࠧ ⮩.


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 135 =

         .⠪:       .ERRIDN, .ERRDIFI, .ERRIDNI

         ਬ:         SegLoad MACRO reg,val
                           .ERRDIF <reg>,<es> ;ࠧ蠥 ⮫쪮
                                              ;ॣ ES
                           mov al,val
                           mov reg,ax
                           ENDM


                                        .ERRDIFI                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥 ࠧ, ॣ
                         (ࠧ  묨    묨  㪢)
                         

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRDIFI <㬥1>,<㬥2>

         砭:       ᥣ   ᯮ  .ERRDIFI    .
                         ४⨢ ஢,    㬥 -
                         묨 ᨬ묨 ப.  ᫨  ப 
                          묨, 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡-
                           室 ப,  ன  뢠.
                          ப ࠢ ᨬ   ᨬ,  
                         ⮬  뢠 ॣ. ᫨  , -
                           ॣ  뢠,  ᯮ   ४⨢
                         .ERRDIF.

                            ᥣ    㬥  㣫
                         ᪮ (<>), 㬥 ࠧ ⮩

         .⠪:       .ERRIDN, .ERRDIF, .ERRIDNI

         ਬ:         SegLoad MACRO reg,val
                           .ERRDIFI <reg>,<es> ;ࠧ蠥 ⮫쪮
                                               ;ॣ ES
                           mov ax,val          ; ᨬ
                                               ; ⮣  -
                                               ;⠭ REG
                           mov reg,ax
                           ENDM


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 136 =

                                                                               
         .ERRE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ ࠦ  (0)

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRE ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ     ⠭⮩    -
                         ঠ  ०  䨪஢.
                         ᫨ ࠦ ࠢ 0,   ᮮ饭    訡
                           ⥪饩 室 ப

         .⠪:       .ERRNZ

         ਬ:         PtrLoad MACRO tr,val
                           .ERRE val  ; 訡  ⪥ 㧪
                                      ; 0  㪠⥫
                           mov si,val
                           ENDM

                                        .ERRIDN                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRIDN <㬥1>,<㬥2>

         砭:       ᥣ  ᯮ  .ERRIDN      .
                         ४⨢  ஢,    㬥 ࠧ-
                         묨 ப.  ᫨  ப  -
                         묨,  뤠 ᮮ饭  訡  室
                         ப,   ன  뢠.    ப
                         ࠢ ᨬ  ᨬ,   ⮬ -
                          ॣ,  ஬  ᨬ. -
                            ,  ⮡ ॣ  뢠,  -
                          ४⨢ .ERRIDNI.

                           ᥣ   㬥    㣫
                         ᪮ (<>), 㬥 ࠧ ⮩

         .⠪:       .ERRDIF, .ERRIDNI, .ERRDIFI

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 137 =


         ਬ:         PushSeg MACRO reg,val
                           .ERRIDN <reg>,<CS>  ;㧪 CS  ࠧ襭
                           ush reg
                           mov reg,val
                           ENDM




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 138 =

                                        .ERRIDNI                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,   ᫨   㬥    ,
                         ॣ 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRIDNI <㬥1>,<㬥2>

         砭:       ᥣ   ᯮ  .ERRIDNI    .
                         ४⨢ ஢,    㬥  ࠧ-
                         묨 ப.  ᫨  ப  -
                         묨,  뤠 ᮮ饭  訡  室
                         ப,    ன  뢠.   ப
                         ࠢ ᨬ  ᨬ,  ⮬  -
                         뢠  ॣ,   ஬  ᨬ.
                         ᫨  , ⮡ ॣ 뢠, ᯮ-
                          ४⨢ .ERRIDN.

                          ᥣ      㬥  㣫
                         ᪮ (<>), 㬥 ࠧ ⮩

         .⠪:       .ERRDIF, .ERRIDN, .ERRDIFI

         ਬ:         PushSeg MACRO reg,val
                           .ERRIDNI <reg>,<CS> ;㧪 CS  ࠧ-
                                               ;襭
                           ush reg            ;ਭ CS  cs
                           mov reg,val
                           ENDM





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 139 =

                                                                               
         ERRIF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,  ᫨  ࠦ   祭
                         "⨭" ( 0)

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRE, .ERRNZ


                                                                               
         ERRIF1
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᮮ饭  訡  蠣 1

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERR1


                                                                               
         ERRIF2
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ᮮ饭  訡  蠣 2

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERR2





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 140 =

                                                                               
         ERRIFB
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRB


                                                                               
         ERRIFDEF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 䨪 ।

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRDEF


                                                                               
         ERRIFDIF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥 ࠧ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRDIF


                                                                               
         ERRIFDIFI
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,  ᫨  㬥  ࠧ,  -
                          ॣ

         :          Masm, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRDIFI


                                                                               
         ERRIFE

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 141 =

         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,  ᫨  ࠦ   祭
                         (0)

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRE


                                                                               
         ERRIFIDN
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRIDN

                                                                               
         ERRIFIDNI
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,  ᫨ 㬥  ,  -
                          ॣ

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRIDNI


                                                                               
         ERRIFNB
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥  

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRNB



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 142 =

                                                                               
         ERRIFNDEF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 䨪  ।

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .ERRNDEF



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 143 =

                                         .ERRNB                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 㬥 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRNB <㬥>

         砭:       ᥣ ᯮ .ERRNB  . ४-
                         ⨢ ஢,  뫮  맢   ⢨-
                         ⥫ 㬥⮬. ᫨ 㬥 , 뤠-
                          ᮮ饭  訡    室  ப,  
                         뫮 맢 .

                          ᥣ   㬥,   -
                          ஢,  㣫 ᪮ (<>)

         .⠪:       .ERRB

         ਬ:         DoIt MACRO a,b
                           .ERRB <B>  ;㦥 ⮫쪮  㬥
                           ...
                           ENDM

                                                                               
         .ERRNDEF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡, ᫨ 䨪  ।

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRNDEF 䨪

         砭:      .ERRNDEF 뢠  ᮮ饭   訡  ⥪饩
                         室 ப,  ᫨ 䨪     
                         ।   室 䠩.  訡 㤥 -
                            砥,  ᫨ 䨪 㤥 -
                         । 

         .⠪:       .ERRDEF

         ਬ:         .ERRNDEF Bufsize ;ࠧ     ⠭
                         buf DB BufSize


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 144 =

                                                                               
         .ERRNZ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 訡,  ᫨ ࠦ    祭
                         "⨭" (㫥)

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .ERRNZ ࠦ

         砭:      ࠦ     ⠭⮩    -
                         ঠ ०饩 뫪   䨪.
                         ᫨ ࠦ ਭ 㫥 祭,  
                         ⥪饩 ப  ᮮ饭  訡

         .⠪:       .ERRG

         ਬ:         .ERRNZ $ GT 1000h ;ᥣ ᫨誮 


                                          EVEN                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     㣫 ⥪饥 祭  稪    ⭮
                         

         :          MASM, Ideal

         砭:      EVEN    ࠢ   䥪⨢-
                             㯠    ࠬ,    ᯮ騬
                         16-ࠧ來  設  (8086,  80186,  80286).
                          ४⨢  蠥  ࠡ ஢,
                         ᯮ   8-ࠧ來   設    (8088,
                         80188).

                            ᯮ짮  ४⨢  ᥣ-
                         ,    ⮢ ࠢ,  ஥
                         ।  ४⨢ SEGMENT,  뢠饩 -
                          ᥣ.

                         ᫨       ४⨢ EVEN ⥪饥
                         祭 稪 ⭮,  ᥣ 㤥 ⠢-
                           筠    NOP  ⮣,  ⮡
                         ᤥ ⥪饥 祭 稪 .    -
                           NOP,  EVEN     ᯮ짮 

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 145 =

                         ᥣ   맮 権 訡,  -
                           ६ 믮. ᫨ 祭 -
                          ⭮,   ४⨢ ⢨  .

         .⠪:       ALIGN, EVENDATA

         ਬ:         EVEN
                         @A: LODSB
                             XOR bl,al
                             LOOR @A


                                        EVENDATA                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     㣫 ⥪饥 祭 稪  ᫥饣
                         ⭮   ᥣ 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      EVENDATA

         砭:      EVENDATA   ࠢ   -
                         䥪⨢ 㯠 ࠬ, ᯮ騬 16
                         -ࠧ來 設  (8086, 80186, 80286). -
                          ४⨢  蠥 ࠡ ஢, -
                          8-ࠧ來 設  (8088, 80188).

                            ᯮ짮  ४⨢  ᥣ-
                         ,  ᯮ ⮢ ࠢ,  -
                         ஥ ।  ४⨢ SEGMENT, 뢠饩
                          ᥣ.

                         ᫨     ४⨢ EVENDATA ⥪-
                         饥 祭  稪  ⭮,  㤥  ⠢
                           祭 0  ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ ⥪-
                         饥 祭 稪 . ᫨ 祭 -
                         稪 ⭮,   ४⨢ ⢨  

         .⠪:       ALIGN, EVEN

         ਬ:         EVENDATA
                         varl DW 0



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 146 =

                                         EXITM                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢠 ७   騩 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      EXITM

         砭:      EXITM  뢠  ७  -
                         騩 . ,  ᫥  EXITM, -
                         .

                          㤮  室   ஢ ᫮

         .⠪:       ENDM, IRP, IRPC,REPT, MACRO

         ਬ:         Shiftn MACRO o,n
                         count=0
                           REPT N
                           shl OP,N
                         count=count+1
                           IF count GE 8   ;  8
                           EXITM
                         ENDIF
                         ENDM


                                         EXTRN                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  䨪,  ।  㣮
                         㫥

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      EXTRN ।[,।]...

         砭:       । 뢠 䨪  -
                          ᫥騩 ଠ:

                         [language] :⨯[:⢮]

                         language ਭ   祭 - C,  PASCAL,
                         BASIC, FORTRAN, PROLOG  NOLANGUAGE  ।-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 147 =

                            몮  ᮣᮢ ਬ塞 ᨬ-
                          .   䨪஬, -
                           㣮 㫥.  ᯮ짮 㪠
                         몠  ४⨢ EXTRN  ६  ८।
                         ⥪  몮 ⠭ ( 㬮砭  -
                         । ४⨢ .MODEL).  ,  
                          㦭  ४⨢ .MODEL  ᯮ짮
                          .

                           ᮮ⢥⢮ ⨯ 䨪  
                         㫥,   ஬  ।    -
                           ᫥:

                         - NEAR, FAR  PROC. PROC   NEAR -
                             FAR (  ⨯ , ⠭
                           ४⨢ MODEL)

                         - BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD,  DATAPTR,  CODEPTR, FWORD,
                           PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE   

                         - ABS

                         祭 "⢮"  । ⢮ -
                         ७  譥 䨪. ᫨ -
                         । 䨪  㣮 䠩 ᯮ-
                           ࠧ饭    㭪  ४⨢
                         DUP,     祭 ᯮ짮  -
                          "⢮".    ࠬ SIZE 
                         LENGTH  ࠢ쭮  । ࠧ 譨 -
                         .  ᫨   । 祭   "-
                         ⢮" - ਭ 祭 1.

                            ।  祬  譨 ᨬ-
                          ࠧ ।   ᮡ  ⮩
                         (,). ,  㬥 稭 ⠪ 
                         ᨭ⠪,   㬥 ARG  LOCAL.

                                      PUBLIC  
                         PUBLICDLL  㣮 㫥   ⮣,  ⮡  
                         ணࠬ 뫠 ᪮ ࠢ쭮.

                           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EXTRN  
                          ᥣ,    ४⨢  SEGMENT.
                         ᫨    ᯮ ४⨢ EXTRN  ᥣ-
                         ,  ନ ᥬ  ⮬,  -
                           ६  室  㣮 㫥,   

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 148 =

                         ⮬  ᥣ. ᫨  ࠧ頥 EXTRN  -
                         - ᥣ,   ᮮ頥 ᥬ, 
                             ஬ ᥣ   
                         ६.

                          ० MASM 譨 䨪, 
                          - ᥣ,   㯭 -
                         १ ॣ DS,   ᥣ ᮤন ⨭-
                          祭. ,  祭 DS ४-
                           ᯮ ।⢥ 㪠 ᥣ-
                           뫪   ६.

                          ० Ideal ࡮  ᥬ  筮  ஢
                           譥  ६    ᮮ⢥⢨ 
                         ४⨢ ASSUME

         .⠪:       COMM, GLOBAL, PUBLIC, PUBLICDLL

         ਬ:         EXTRN aroc:NEAR
                           call aroc    ;뢠  㣮 




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 149 =

                                        .FARDATA                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ᥣ   쭨  㪠-
                         ⥫

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .FARDATA []

         砭:      .FARDATA ।  砫  ᥣ   樠-
                         ஢   쭨 㯮. ᫨  -
                           ⢮ ࠧ ᥣ⮢ -
                          ,    㪠  ᥣ,  ⥬
                         ᠬ ᮧ  ᥣ.

                            ⮫쪮  ࠧ  ᯮ짮   ४⨢
                         .FARDATA  室 䠩,  ᪮쪮   -
                         室.  ࠧ     ⥬  -
                            ꥤ   ᥣ  筮
                         ⠪,  ᫨      뫨    ᫥
                         ⢥ ४⨢ .FARDATA.

                          쭨        祭 
                         㯯.    ᤥ 쭨 ᥣ  -
                         㯭묨 ।⢮ 㧪  쭥 ᥣ-
                           ᥣ ॣ । 㯮   -
                         .

                          ४⨢  .MODEL    祭 
                         ଠ樨  ᥣ  ਡ    ᥣ
                         쭨 

         .⠪:       .FARDATA?, .CODE, .DATA, .MODEL, .STACK

         ਬ:         .FARDATA
                         FarBuf DB 80 DUP(0)
                         .CODE
                           mov ax,@FarData
                           mov ds,ax
                           ASSUME ds:@FarData
                           mov al,FarBuf[0]  ; 砥 
                                             ;  




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 150 =

                                       .FARDATA?                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫  ᥣ  쭨  樠-
                         ஢ 

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .FARDATA? []

         砭:      .FARDATA? ।  砫 ᥣ 樠-
                         ஢   쭨 㯮. ᫨  -
                            ⢮ ࠧ ᥣ⮢ -
                          ,    㪠  ᥣ,  ⥬
                         ᠬ ᮧ  ᥣ.

                             ⮫쪮  ࠧ  ᯮ짮  ४⨢
                         .FARDATA?  室 䠩, ᪮쪮   -
                         室.  ࠧ     ⥬  -
                           ꥤ   ᥣ   筮
                         ⠪,  ᫨        뫨  ᫥
                         ⢥ ४⨢ .FARDATA?.

                              祭  㯯. 
                          ᤥ 쭨 ᥣ 㯭묨 ।-
                         ⢠ 㧪  쭥 ᥣ  ᥣ-
                          ॣ । 㯮  .

                          ४⨢  .MODEL    祭 
                         ଠ樨  ᥣ  ਡ    ᥣ
                         樠஢ 쭨 

         .⠪:       .CODE, .DATA, .FARDATA, .MODEL, .STACK

         ਬ:         .FARDATA?
                         FarBuf DB 80 DUP (?)
                         .CODE
                         mov ax,@FarData
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME ds:@FarData
                         mov al,FarBuf[0] ;砥   





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 151 =

                                                                               
         FARDATA
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ᥣ 쭨 

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      FARDATA []

         砭:       ,   .FARDATA

         .⠪:       .FARDATA


                                         GLOBAL                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  䨪

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      GLOBAL । [,।]

         砭:      GLOBAL ࠡ⠥   ४⨢  EXTRN  
                         PUBLIC.   । 뢠 䨪-
                            ᫥騩 ଠ :

                           [language]  [[⢮]]:⨯ [⢮]

                         language       C,  PASCAL,  BASIC,
                         FORTRAN, PROLOG  NOLANGUAGE  । 
                         몮   ᮣᮢ   ਬ塞  ᨬ
                         .  ᯮ짮 㪠 몠    ४⨢
                         GLOBAL  ६  ८। ⥪ 몮
                         ⠭ ( 㬮砭  । ४-
                          .MODEL). ,    㦭  -
                         ४⨢ .MODEL  ᯮ짮    -
                         .

                         ᫨  ।  ⥪饬 室 䠩, -
                                ⢨,      ४⨢
                         PUBLIC. ᫨   ।  ⥪饬 室
                         䠩,  䨪 ⠥ 譨,  ᫨
                          뫠 ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EXTRN.


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 152 =

                           ᮮ⢥⢮ ⨯ 䨪  
                         㫥,   ஬  ।    -
                           ᫥ :

                         - NEAR, FAR  PROC

                         - BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD, DATAPTR, CODEPTR, FWORD,
                           PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE  ୮ 

                         - ABS

                         祭 "⢮"  ।  ⢮ ࠧ
                         ७  䨪. ᫨ ।-
                           䨪 ᯮ  ࠧ饭 -
                           㭪 ४⨢ DUP,    
                         祭  ᯮ짮    "⢮".  
                          ࠬ SIZE  LENGTH ࠢ쭮  -
                         । ࠧ 譨 .  ᫨   -
                          祭  "⢮"  -  ਭ
                         祭 1.

                         ४⨢ GLOBAL            䠩
                         INCLUDE,  砥   室 䠩;  䠩
                         INCLUDE ᮤন  ࠧ塞    -
                          䨪.   뫪     
                           㫥  ।  GLOBAL     
                         ⢨,    ४⨢ EXTRN, 뢠 -
                           ࠧ   ।  㣮 -
                         .  㫥,  ஬  । , -
                         । GLOBAL    ⢨,    -
                         ४⨢ PUBLIC,      㯭묨  
                         㣨 㫥.

                           ।  祬  饤㯭
                         䨪, ࠧ । ⮩ (,).

                           । 䨪  GLOBAL -
                         । ⥬,    㤥 ᯮ짮 -  -
                         襬 室 䠩.

         .⠪:       COMM, EXTRN, PUBLIC

         ਬ:         GLOBAL X:WORD,Y:BYTE
                         X DW 0     ;  㯭  㣨
                                    ; 㫥
                         mov al,Y   ; Y ।  譨

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 153 =

                                         GROUP                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  ᥣ⮢,   ⨦  
                         ᥣ⭮ ॣ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      : MASM:
                         <> GROUP < ᥣ> [,< ᥣ>]...

                         : Ideal:
                         GROUP <> < ᥣ> [,< ᥣ>]...

         砭:      <> ।  㯯, < ᥣ> 
                            ᥣ, ।  
                         ४⨢ SEGMENT, ⠪  ࠦ, 稭饬
                           SEG.    ᯮ짮 <>  ४⨢
                         ASSUME,   ⠪  ⠭  ࠦ,  
                           砫쭮 ࠣ 㯯.

                          ᥣ    㯯        64
                         ,  ᫨    ᬥ묨.

                          ० MASM   ᯮ짮 䨪 -
                          ᥣ  饭  䨪ࠬ  
                         ᥣ⮢ 㯯.   ० Ideal ࡮ ᥬ
                         ᠬ  䨪  ᥣ.

                          ਢ  ਬ ६ var1  var2
                         ਭ ࠧ  ᥣ⠬  㯯  DGROUP.
                           㧪  ॣ DS   㯯
                         DGROUP,   ६     -
                         騬   ᥣ.

                            ,   ० Ideal <>
                         室 ᫥ ४⨢ GROUP.

         C.⠪:       SEGMENT,ASSUME

         ਬ:         DGROUP GROUP seg1,seg2
                         seg1 SEGMENT
                         var1 DW 3
                         seg1 ENDS
                         seg2 SEGMENT
                         var2 DW 5

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 154 =

                         seg2 ENDS
                         seg3 SEGMENT
                         mov ax,DGROUP ; 㧪  
                         mov ds,ax
                         ASSUME DS:DGROUP
                         mov ax.var1
                         mul var2
                         seg3 ENDS


                                         IDEAL                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ० ᥬ஢ Ideal.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      Ideal

         砭:      IDEAL  ࠨ ᨭ⠪᪨    
                         ࠡ ஢,  ᨭ⠪  ०-
                          Ideal.    㦤 -
                         ⥩  २ ० Ideal .   11 "-
                         ⢠ 짮⥫".

         :          Ideal ⠥  ᨫ   ,     -
                          ⬥ ४⨢ QUIRKS  MASM.

         .⠪:       QUIRKS, MASM

         ਬ:         IDEAL
                         mov  [BYTE PTR DS:SI],1 ; ⠪ : ࠭
                                                 ;  ० Ideal




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 155 =

                                           IF                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         ,  ᫨ ࠦ,  室饥    ⠢,
                         ୮.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IF <ࠦ>

         砭:      祭 <ࠦ>   ᫮,   
                          ᮤঠ 뫪  ।  ⮩
                         ४⨢ . ᫨  ࠦ  㫥-
                          祭,   ,  室騥  
                         ,  ᥬ஢.

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         . ⠪:      ELSE, ENDIF, IF1, IF2, IFDEF, IFDIF, IFDIFI, IFE,
                         IFIDN, IFIDNI,IFNB,IFNDEF

         ਬ :          IF DoBuffering
                             mov  ax,BufNum
                             call ReadBuf
                         ENDIF

                                          IF1                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢. 
                          ࢮ 室 ᥬ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IF1

         砭:      筮, ࡮ ᥬ   室-
                          ᥬ,    ⮣  -
                           ᥣ  ࠡ⠭,  ⠪  ᥣ  
                           室.

                         ᫨   ᯮ  室  
                         ࡮ ᥬ (祭   ४-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 156 =

                         ⥫   /m),  IF1  ᥬ    
                         ᫮   ࢮ 室 ᥬ.

                          ᯮ ८।  ஢  
                         ०饩 뫪,   ᥣ   䠩
                         ⨭ ।,   - 뫮 ࠢ-
                         .    ६  ᮧ ⨭, ந-
                          ८। ஢.    ।⢮
                           ᮧ  ࠢ ⨭,   
                         ⮬  ந室  襩  樨    
                         ꥪ⭮ 䠩.

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF2,IFDIF,IFDIFI,IFE,IFIDN,IFIDNI,
                         IFNB,IFNDEF,IF,IFDEF

         ਬ:         IF1
                         ;   ᥬ  ࢮ 室
                         ENDIF

                                          IF2                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢. 
                          ஬ 室 ᥬ.

         :          MASM,Ideal

         ⠪:      IF2

         砭:      筮, ࡮ ᥬ   室-
                           ᥬ.    ⮬   ⮣
                             ࠡ⠭,  ᫨ ⠭-
                           室.  ⮬ 砥 뤠 騥
                          室 ।०騥 ᮮ饭,  ⮡ -
                         ⮢    ᪮  -
                         饭.

                         ᫨   ᯮ  室  
                         ࡮ ᥬ (祭   ४-
                         ⥫  /m),  IF2  ᥬ     
                         ᫮   ஬ 室 ᥬ. -
                         ,  騥  室 ᮮ饭    ᮧ-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 157 =

                         .

                          ᯮ  ८।  ஢ 
                         ०饩 뫪,   ᥣ   䠩
                         ⨭ ।,   - 뫮 ࠢ-
                         .    ६  ᮧ ⨭, ந-
                           ८। ஢.   ।⢮
                          ᮧ ࠢ  ⨭,    
                         ⮬    ந室  襩  樨  
                         ꥪ⭮ 䠩.

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IFDIF,IFDIFI,IFE,IFIDN,IFIDNI,
                         IFNB,IFNDEF,IF,IFDEF

         ਬ:           IF2
                         ;   ᥬ  ஬ 室,
                         ;  ᫨  ᯮ
                         ENDIF

                                          IFB                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ 㬥 - ஡.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFB <<㬥>>

         砭:      ᫨ 祭  㬥  -  ஡  (),  
                         ᥬ   ,   室騥  
                         ᫮ .  ४⨢ ᯮ  -
                         ,  ⮡ ஢, ।   -
                           맮.

                         㬥   ᥣ  祭    㣫
                         ᪮ (<>).

                          襭 ᫮   ᯮ  -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF,IF1,IF2,IFDIF,IFDIFI,IFE,IFIDN,

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 158 =

                         IFIDNI,IFNB,IFNDEF,IFDEF

         ਬ:           print MACRO msg
                              IFB <msg>
                              mov si,DefaultMsg
                              ELSE
                              mov si,msg
                              ENDIF
                              call ShowIt
                              ENDM

                                         IFDEF                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ ᨬ᪮  ।.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFDEF <ᨬ᪮ >

         砭:      ᫨ <ᨬ᪮ > ।,  ᥬ-
                            ᫮ .

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IF2,IFDIF,IFDIFI,IFE,IFIDN,
                         IFIDNI,IFNB,IFNDEF

         ਬ:           IFDEF
                          buf DB Savesize DUP (?) ; । BUFFER
                                            ; ᫨ SAVESIZE ।
                         ENDIF

                                      IFDIF,IFDIFI                             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ 㬥 ࠧ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFDIF <<㬥1>>,<<㬥2>>

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 159 =


         砭:      筮    ४⨢ ᯮ  -
                         ᮢ.   ஢,    -
                         㬥 ࠧ묨 ப 䨪஢.  -
                           㬥⮢   䨪⨢ 㬥⮬
                         , ஬, ᫥ ࠢ, 㤥 ᢮-
                          祭 ॠ쭮 㬥.  ᫨ 㬥
                         ࠧ,       ᥬ-
                         .  ப ࠢ ᨬ쭮,   ⮬
                           쪨 㪢.   ⮣, ⮡  
                         뢠, ਬ ४⨢ IFDIFI.

                          襭 ᫮   ᯮ  -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IF2,IFE,IFIDN,IFIDNI,IFNB,
                         IFNDEF,IFB

         ਬ:         loadb MACRO source
                              IFDIF <source>,<si> ; 㪠⥫  ப
                               mov si,source
                              ENDIF
                               loadsb              ;  
                              ENDM

                                          IFE                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ <ࠦ> .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFE <ࠦ>

         砭:      祭 <ࠦ>   ⠭.  -
                         ࠦ   ᮤঠ 䨪஢,  -
                         ।     ࠭樨.  ᫨
                         祭 <ࠦ>  ࠢ  ,    
                            ᥬ஢.

                          襭 ᫮   ᯮ  -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IF2,IFIDN,IFIDNI,IFNB,IFNDEF,

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 160 =

                         IFB,IF

         ਬ:         IFE StackSize
                           StackSize = 1024
                           DB StackSize DUP (?) ; ࠧ頥 ⥪
                         ENDIF

                                      IFIDN,IFIDNI                             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ 㬥 .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFIDN <<㬥1>>,<<㬥2>>

         砭:      筮  ४⨢ ᯮ    -
                         ᮢ.   ஢,    -
                         㬥 ࠧ묨 ப 䨪஢.  -
                           㬥⮢   䨪⨢ 㬥⮬
                         , ஬, ᫥ ࠢ, 㤥 ᢮-
                          祭 ॠ쭮 㬥.  ᫨ 㬥
                         ,      ᥬ-
                         .  ப ࠢ ᨬ쭮,   ⮬
                           쪨 㪢.   ⮣, ⮡  
                         뢠, ਬ ४⨢ IFIDNI.

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IF2,IFE,IFIDN,IFIDNI,IFNB,
                         IFNDEF,IFB

         ਬ:           rdwr MACRO buf,rwmode
                           mov ax,buf
                           IFIDN <rwmode>,<read>
                             call ReadIt
                           ENDIF
                           IFIDN <rwmode>,<write>
                             call WriteIt
                           ENDIF
                           ENDM



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 161 =

                                          IFNB                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ 㬥 -  ஡.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFNB <<㬥>>

         砭:      ᫨  祭 㬥 -  ஡,   ᥬ-
                          ,  室騥  ᫮
                         .   ४⨢ ᯮ  ⮣,  ⮡
                         ஢,  ।    ࠬ  
                         맮.

                         㬥   ᥣ  祭    㣫
                         ᪮ (<>).

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IF2,IFDIF,IFDIFI,IFE,IFIDN,
                         IFIDNI,IFNB,IFNDEF

         ਬ:           PopRegs MACRO reg1,reg2
                            IFNB <reg1>
                               pop reg1
                            ENDIF
                            IFNB <reg2>
                               pop reg2
                            ENDIF
                            ENDM

                                         IFNDEF                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ᫮ ᥬ஢.  ࠭᫨-
                         , ᫨ ᨬ᪮   ।.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IFNDEF <ᨬ᪮ >

         砭:      ᫨  <ᨬ᪮  >  ।,   -

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 162 =

                         ᥬ   ᫮ .

                          襭  ᫮   ᯮ -
                         ४⨢ ENDIF.

         .⠪:       ELSE,ENDIF,IF1,IF2,IFDIF,IFDIFI,IFE,IFIDN,
                         IFIDNI,IFNB,IFNDEF

         ਬ:           IFNDEF BufSize
                         buf Size DB EQU 128 ; । ࠧ ,
                                             ; ᫨    ।
                         ENDIF




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 163 =

                                                                               
         %INCL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 ⨭ 䠩,  祭  ४-
                         ⨢ INCLUDE (include-䠩).

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %INCL

         砭:      ᯮ  ᫥  ४⨢  %NOINCL,  
                         頥 ⨭   include-䠩.       砫
                         ࠭樨  ० ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       %NOINCL

         ਬ:           %INCL
                         INCLUDE DEFS.INC ; 䠩   ⨭

                                        INCLUDE                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭  室 ⥪ 㣨 䠩.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                         INCLUDE < 䠩>

                         ० Ideal:
                         INCLUDE "< 䠩>"

         砭:      㬥  <  䠩>  -   室 䠩
                         ᥬ୮ ணࠬ.  ࡮  ᥬ ᭠砫
                         ᥬ  䠩,  祭 ⮩ ४-
                         ,  ⥬ ᥬ ⥪騩 䠩.

                         㬥 < 䠩>    ᠭ    -
                         짮  ⠭ ᮣ襭 DOS  
                         䠩 (   ७  䠩).    㬮砭
                         ਭ ७ .ASM.

                         ᫨   <  䠩>    ⠫,  
                         ࡮ ᥬ  ॡ㥬  䠩  ᭠砫  
                          ⠫, ।   樨 -

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 164 =

                          ப /I,   ⥬  ⥪饬 ⠫.

                         ⢮  ४⨢ INCLUDE   ࠭-
                         祭.

                            ,   ० Ideal -
                          < 䠩>   祭  窨.

         ਬ:         ;० MASM
                         INCLUDE DCEFS.INC
                         ;० Ideal
                         INCLUDE "DEFS.INC"

                                       INCLUDELIB                              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     饭  । 痢  ᮥ塞 -
                         ⥪.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                         INCLUDELIB < 䠩>

                         ० Ideal:
                         INCLUDELIB "< 䠩>"

         砭:      㬥 < 䠩> -   ⥪,  -
                            ᯮ짮  ⠯  ।஢-
                           痢.   㬮砭 ਭ ७
                         .LIB.

                         ᫨  㪠뢠  ४⨢,  ⯠ -
                         室 ᯥ樠쭮 㪠뢠    ⥪
                          ᪥ । 痢.

                            ,   ० Ideal -
                          < 䠩>   祭   窨.




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 165 =

                                                                               
         INSTR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 樨,   ன  ப "-
                         "  .

         :          MASM51, Ideal

         ⠪:      <> INSTR [<砫>,] <ப1>,<ப2>

         砭:      ᫥  믮  ⮩ ४⨢ 㬥 <>
                         ᢠ 祭  樨,   ன
                         <ப2> 室  <ப1>.

                          樨  ࢮ  ᨬ  ப ࠢ 1.
                         ᫨ <ப2>  "室"  <ப1>,  ४-
                         ⨢ 頥 0.

         .⠪:       CATSTR,SIZESTR,SUBSTR

         ਬ:         COMMAPOS INSTR <aaa,bbb>,<,>  ; COMMAPOS=4


                                          IRP                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ७  ஢   ப.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IRP <ࠬ>,<<1>[,<2>] ...>
                             <>
                         ENDM

         砭:      <>   ᥬ   ࠧ
                             㬥  ᯨ᪠,  祭  
                         ᪮ (<>). ᫮ 㬥⮢  ᯨ᪥  ࠭-
                         祭. 㬥  ᮤঠ  ⥪ (ᨬ-
                         ,  ப,  ᫠  ..).   ࠧ, 
                          ᥬ,  ᫥騩 㬥  ᯨ᪥
                           <ࠬ>   .

                         㬥  ᯨ᪥  ࠧ 묨, 
                         ᯨ᮪  㬥⮢    祭  ᪮
                         (<>).   襭 ⢨ ४⨢ IRP  -

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 166 =

                          ४⨢ ENDM.

                          ४⨢   ᯮ짮   -
                         ᮢ, ⠪   .

         .⠪:       IRPC,REPT

         ਬ:         IRP reg,<ax,bx,cx,dx>
                            push reg
                         ENDM

                                          IRPC                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ७  ஢   䨪-
                         .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      IRPC <ࠬ>,<ப>
                              <>
                         ENDM

         砭:      <>   ᥬ   ࠧ
                           䨪 ப.  ᫮ -
                         䨪஢  ப    ࠭祭.    ࠧ,
                           ᥬ,  ᫥騩 䨪-
                           ப   <ࠬ>   -
                          .

                          襭 ⢨ ४⨢ IRPC  ᯮ-
                          ४⨢ ENDM.

                          ४⨢   ᯮ짮   -
                         ᮢ, ⠪   .

         .⠪:       IRP,REPT

         ਬ:           IRPC lucky,1379
                            db lucky
                         ENDM
                          १ 㤥 ᮧ 4      
                         祭ﬨ 1,3,7  9.



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 167 =

                                         JUMPS                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ० ᥬ,  ஬ ந-
                            ᫮ 室,  ᫨ 
                         । ࠢ  祬 १ 128 .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      JUMPS

         砭:       ᫮ 室   ।  -
                         ࠢ ⮫쪮  128  ""  "" 
                         ணࠬ.  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ JUMPS -
                          ᥬ ஢   室    
                           ᫮ 室 ,  ᫨  室
                         ⢫     (  墠⠥  ᬥ饭
                          ),    室  ⨢-
                          ᫮  ᫮ 室  ॡ-
                          . ਬ:

                            jne xyz

                         ८ࠧ 

                            je  @aa
                            jmp xyz
                            a:

                         ᫨  室   ࠭樨  -
                         ,   室 ᯮ짮  NEAR
                          FAR    㪠  ࡮  ᥬ  
                         ࠧ  室. ᫨  ⮣  ᤥ-
                         ,  㤥 ᣥ஢  . ४⨢
                         JUMPS  筠 樨  ப /JJUMPS.

         .⠪:       NOJUMPS

         ਬ:           JUMPS
                         JMP NEAR A
                           ORG $+400h
                         A:



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 168 =

                                         LABEL                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ᨬ᪮    ⨯.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                         <> LABEL  <⨯>

                         ० Ideal:
                         LABEL <> <⨯>

         砭:      㬥 <> -  ᨬ᪮    -
                         ।  ணࠬ. 㬥 <⨯> ।
                         ࠧ ⮢ ,    ⮨ ᨬ-
                         ᪮ ,   ⠪     -
                         묨  ணࠬ.  㬥 <⨯>  ਭ-
                            ᫥ 祭:

                         - NEAR, FAR  PROC. PROC 筮 NEAR  FAR,
                               ,  ⠭ -
                           ४⨢ MODEL;

                         -  BYTE,  WORD,  DATAPTR,  CODEPTR, DWORD, FWORD,
                           PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE   .

                          㤥 㯭 ⮫쪮   ⮣  室
                         䠩,  ஬  ।.   ⮣, ⮡
                         ᤥ  㯭  ᥩ ணࠬ, ᯮ-
                          ४⨢ PUBLIC.

                            ,   ० Ideal -
                          <> 室 ᫥ ४⨢ LABEL.

         .⠪:       :

         ਬ:           words LABEL WORD   ;  BYTES   ᫮
                         BYTES DB 64 DUP (0)
                           mov words[2],1



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 169 =

                                                                               
         .LALL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭  ⥪ ७.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .LALL

         .⠪:       %MACS




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 170 =

                                                                               
         .LFCOND
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭  ⮡ࠦ    ⨭ ஢ 
                         ᫮ .

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .LFCOND

         砭:      ४⨢  .LFCOND ࠧ蠥   ⨭
                         ணࠬ ஢, 室  ᫮ -
                         ,     ᨫ    ᫮   뫨
                         ࠭᫨஢.  ४⨢  ⬥  -
                         樥  ப /X.

         .⠪:       %CONDS


                                         %LINUM                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭  ਭ   ப  䠩 -
                         ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %LINUM <ࠧ>

         砭:      ४⨢ %LINUM  ⠭ ਭ 
                          ப  䠩 ⨭. 㬥 <ࠧ>
                             ⠭⮩.  ᫨   ᤥ
                         ⨭   ,     㬥
                         ਭ ⮣ . , ᫨ 室 ணࠬ
                         ᮤন  9999 ப,   室  㢥-
                          ࠧ  ப,   ப 㤥
                         祭.

                          㬮砭 ࠧ   ப ࠢ 4.

         ਬ:         %LINUM 5 ; ⨬ ⢮ ப  99999





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 171 =

                                                                               
         %LIST
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 뤠 ⨭ 室 ணࠬ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %LIST

         砭:      ४⨢   %LIST   ⬥  ⢨  ४⨢
                         %NOLIST, 饩 뤠 ⨭.

                          砫  ࠭樨    ०  ⠭  
                         㬮砭.

         .⠪:       .LIST,%NOLIST,%XLIST

         ਬ:           %LIST
                          jmp xyz  ;  ப   ⨭


                                                                               
         .LIST
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 뤠 ⨭ 室 ணࠬ.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .LIST

         .⠪:       %LIST

         ਬ:            .XLIST    ; 饭 뤠 ⨭
                         INCLUDE more.inc
                          .LIST     ; 襭 뤠 ⨭





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 172 =

                                         LOCAL                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।   ६      
                         楤.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:       :
                         LOCAL <䨪> [,<䨪>]...

                          楤:
                         LOCAL <>:<⨯>[:<稪>][,<>:<⨯>[:
                               <稪>]] ...[=<ᨬ᪮ >]

         砭:      ४⨢ LOCAL   ᯮ짮  -
                           ,  ⠪   楤.   㭪樨
                         । ⥬,   ਬ.

                           LOCAL । ६  ᨬ-
                         ᪨ ,    맮 
                             㭨  ᨬ᪨  .
                         쭮  ᨬ᪮    ??<᫮>
                          <᫮> ਭ 祭  0  0FFFFh.

                          楤 LOCAL ।  , 
                           ࠡ   ⥪,    -
                          BP. ࢠ 쭠 ६ ᯮ-
                           ⥪  ᬥ饭 0. ᫨ ᯨ᮪ 㬥-
                         ⮢ ४⨢ 蠥  (=)    ᨬ-
                         ᪨ ,   ⮬  㤥 ᢮ -
                         騩 ࠧ ( ) ।   ६-
                         .    祭      ᯮ짮 
                         ⮣,  ⮡ ⠭ 㪠⥫  砫  
                         । ६.

                         ᠭ  <쭮 ६>  ᫥-
                         騩  ( ਠ):

                         <쭮 >:[[ﭨ]PTR]⨯[:稪]

                          ᯮ짮 ୠ⨢ ᨭ⠪
                         ।   <쭮   ६>    (ன
                         ਠ):

                         <쭮 >[[稪]][:[ﭨ]PTR]⨯]

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 173 =


                          <쭮 > - ,  ஥   -
                         짮   楤  뫪   -
                          ६. 㬥 <⨯> -  ⨯ <-
                         쭮 ६>.   ਭ 祭:
                         WORD,   DATAPTR,   CODEPTR, DWORD,  FWORD, PWORD,
                         QWORD, TBYTE   .

                         ᫨   । 㬥 <⨯>,  ᯮ-
                           ன  ਠ  ᨭ⠪ । <-
                         쭮 ६>,   㬮砭 <⨯> ਭ-
                          ࠢ WORD.

                         㬥 <稪>  । ⢮ -
                         ⮢  ⨯, ࠧ饭  ⥪.

                         㬥 <ﭨ>  ᫮ PTR 㪠뢠 ࡮
                         ᥬ  室 祭  ꥪ
                          ⫠筮 ଠ樨,室   -
                         稪  (Debugger),     ⮬,  
                          쭠 ६   㪠⥫  
                         㣮  .  㦤 ⠫ .
                         ᠭ ४⨢ PROC.

                          ਢ  ਬ ࠢ쭮  -
                         ।  ६:

                                   (  ਠ)

                             LOCAL X:DWORD:4,Y:NEAR PTR WORD

                                   (ன ਠ):

                             LOCAL X[4]:DWORD,Y:PTR STRUCNAME

                         㬥 <⨯>  뢠  ᪮쪮   
                          १ࢨ஢  .   -
                            ਭ ᫥騥 祭:

                          BYTE,  WORD,  DATAPTR,  CODEPTR, DWORD, FWORD,
                           PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE   ,

                           㪠⥫  :

                          NEAR,FAR  PROC


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 174 =

                         ४⨢ LOCAL     ࢮ ४⨢ 
                         .   楤    ᯮ  
                          ,    ।⢮ ࢮ
                          ⮣ 䨪,    -
                         .

         .⠪:       ARG,MACRO,PROC,USES

         ਬ:           OnCarry MACRO func
                           LOCAL  done
                           jnc done
                           call func
                         done:
                           ENDM
                         read PROC NEAR
                           LOCAL N:WORD=LSIZE
                           push  bp
                           mov   bp,sp
                           sub   sp,LSIZE
                           mov   N,0
                           add   sp,LSIZE
                           pop   bp
                           ret
                         read ENDP



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 175 =

                                         LOCALS                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 ᯮ짮  .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      LOCALS [<䨪>]

         砭:       䨪 筮 稭  
                         ᨬ (@@)  ᯮ  , ࠭祭-
                           ன  PROC/ENDP  楤   -
                         묨 䨪ࠬ ᭠㦨  楤.  
                          䨪 । ४⨢
                         PROC,  LABEL  (.). ᫨  ᯮ ४⨢
                         LOCALS,   ᨬ᪨ , 室騥
                            묨  䨪ࠬ  ⨦
                         ⮫쪮  ⮣ .   ୮
                         ᯮ짮   楤  㣨  -
                         .

                         㬥 <䨪> -   ᨬ,   
                          ᯮ짮   䨪樨  
                         .  筮,   @@ 㪠뢠 쭮 .
                         ᫨   ணࠬ,  ன  稭-
                                @@,      ᯮ  ᢮
                         ᮡ⢥ ᮣ襭   ,  ⮣
                             ⠭   㣨 ᨬ 砫
                         쭮 .   ᨬ  㤮-
                           ᮣ襭 ᥬ  ,  -
                         , .? 室,  .. - .  ⠭ -
                           䨪  ࠧ   ࠧ蠥 ᯮ짮
                          .  ᫨  ⨫  ᯮ짮-
                          ४⨢ NOLOCALS,  䨪  
                         ⮣ ,    ᭮ ࠧ 
                          ४⨢ LOCALS.

                           ⮬᪨ ࠧ  ०-
                          Ideal. ᯮ짮    
                         ⬥ ४⨢ NOLOCALS.   ᫥-
                         騥  ⠭  㯭묨    ᥬ  襬
                         室 䠩.


         .⠪:       NOLOCALS,IDEAL


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 176 =

         ਬ:           LOCALS
                         abc PROC
                         @$1:
                           LOOP @$1
                         abc ENDP
                         xyz PROC
                         @@1:
                           LOOP @@1    ;  訡
                         xyz ENDP




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 177 =

                                         MACRO                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                         <> MACRO [<ࠬ>[,<ࠬ]...]

                         ० Ideal:
                         MACRO <> [<ࠬ>[,<ࠬ]...]

         砭:       ⮣,  ⮡   ⥫  ணࠬ  ᯮ짮
                         , ॡ  㪠 <>,    
                          ।.  㬥 <ࠬ> -  䨪⨢-
                          ६,  ᯮ㥬  , -
                         ன ᢠ 祭  ࠭樨.

                          襭     ᯮ   ४⨢
                         ENDM.

         .⠪:       ENDM

         ਬ:           swap MACRO A,B
                              mov  ax,A
                              mov  A,B
                              mov  B,ax
                              ENDM




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 178 =

                                                                               
         %MACS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 ⨭ ७.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %MAS

         砭:      ४⨢   %MACS   ⬥  ⢨  ४⨢
                         %NOMACS. ப, 室騥  ⠢ ᮢ 
                         뤠  䠩 ⨭.

         .⠪:       .LALL, %NOMACS, .SALL, .XALL

         ਬ:           %MACS
                         mymac  1,2,3  ;   㤥  䠩
                                       ; ⨭




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 179 =

                                                                               
         MASM
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         祭:     ⠭ ० ᥬ஢ MASM.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      MASM

         砭:      ४⨢ MASM ࠨ ᨭ⠪᪨  -
                          ࡮  ᥬ    ᨭ⠪ ஢
                          ० MASM.        㦤
                         ࠧ稩  ᨭ⠪ᮬ ஢ 몠  -
                          MASM  Ideal . ਫ B.

                          㬮砭 ।,  砫 ࠭-
                         樨 ⠭ ० MASM.

         .⠪:       QUIRKS,IDEAL

         ਬ:           MASM
                         mov   al,es:24


                                         MASM51                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 ᥬ஢    ७
                         몠, ਭ  MASM 5.1.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      MASM51

         砭:      ४⨢ MASM51 ࠧ蠥  ࠭  ᫥
                         ஢ 몠,  筮  㯭 -
                          ᥬ:

                         - ४⨢ SUBSTR, CATSTR, SIZESTR, INSTR;

                         - த ப   ᨬ (\);

                         - 㣮  ᨭ⠪  㬥⮢      ४⨢
                           LOCAL.

                         ᫨  ⠪ ࠧ訫 ० QUIRKS,   -

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 180 =

                         㯭 ᫥騥 ७ 몠:

                         -  ⪨ ।      
                           ᨬ @@,  뫪   - @F  @B;

                         - ८। ६  楤

                         - 譨  楤  몠  ᥣ  ਡ
                           PUBLIC.

         .⠪:       NOMASM51

         ਬ:           MASM51
                          MYSTR CATSTR <ABC>,<XYZ> ; MYSTR = "ABCXYZ"




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 181 =

                                         .MODEL                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭  .

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .MODEL [<䨪 >] < >
                            [< >] [,[<䨪 몠>]<>]
                            [,<䨪 >]

                         .MODEL TPASCAL

         砭:      㬥   <䨪   >      
                         NEARSTACK   FARSTACK.      ࡮
                         ᥬ ᤥ ।,  SS 
                          DGOUP (  㬮砭    ).
                         ⬥⨬,      ᨭ⠪   ।⠢    
                          ࠧ饭  䨪 .  
                           ᯮ짮. 饭 ᫥ <
                         >  ᯥ稢  ᮢ⨬    MASM 5.2
                         (Quick Assembler).

                         ࠬ  < >  ਭ  
                         ᫥ 祭:  TINY (筠), SMALL (-
                         ),  MEDIUM  (।),  LARGE (),  HUGE
                         (஬).    HUGE  LARGE ᥣ -
                         ᠭ ,  ࠧ ࠧ ।
                         ᨬ @DataSize ( ⢠  ᠭ ᨬ-
                           @DataSize .㭪 "㣨 ४⨢ ࠢ-
                          ᥣ⠬"   4 "㪮⢠  짮-
                         ⥫").

                          ⮣,  ⮡   ணࠬ  몥 -
                         ᥬ,    ࡮ ᪠ -
                          ᯥ樠  ४⨢ .MODEL:

                                 .MODEL TPASCAL

                          ४⨢ ନ ࡮ ᥬ   ⮬,
                           室  ᯮ짮  ⠪   
                         ᥣ⮢   T࡮ ᪠.  ᫥ ⮣ -
                             ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮 ४⨢
                         .CODE    .DATA.    㬮砭  㬥  <>
                         ਭ  ࠢ  TPASCAL.    ᯮ짮
                           ४⨢  ࠢ  ᥣ⠬,  

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 182 =

                         饭      ࡮   ᪠   㤥    뤠
                         ।०饥 ᮮ饭.

                          ।     ᯮ짮-
                          ४⨢ .MODEL    ४⨢ .CODE,
                         ,.DATA, .STACK  . ᫨  ਬ ४⨢
                         .MODEL  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ .386   .386P,
                          ᥣ        32-ࠧ來묨.
                           㢥७,      ⮣.
                         ,      ⨫  ४⨢  .MODEL
                         ।  .386    .386P,  ᫨      
                         16-ࠧ來 ᥣ.

                         㬥 <  > ᯮ   -
                                  ᥣ.
                         筮,     (_TEXT)
                            .  ᯮ짮 易⥫-
                           ࠬ      -
                           ஥ ணࠬ  ࠧ 䠩 
                         㫥.

                         ࠬ  <䨪  몠>  -     WINDOWS,
                         ODDNEAR, ODDFAR  NORMAL. 䨪  롨ࠥ
                         ⮬        
                         ⪨ ⥪   楤 室   室 
                         MSWindows      ODDNEAR      ODDFAR  
                         (૥).   NORMAL   (   㬮砭)  롨ࠥ
                         ଠ 楤 室  室.

                         㬥 <> ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
                          몥 ᠭ  , 뢠騩   ண-
                         ࠬ.   ਭ ᫥騥 祭:

                         C, Pascal, Basic, FORTRAN, Prolog  NOLANGUAGE.

                          ᯮ짮  ४⨢  PROC    ENDP  ࡮
                         ᥬ   ⠭ 楤 室
                          ணࠬ  室  .

                         ᫨  ४⨢ .MODEL ।  C,   
                         騥 (public)  譨 (external) 뫪  
                         稭  ᨬ ન (_).   ᯥ-
                         樠쭮 ᤥ,  ⮬ ,  㬮砭, ࡮
                          稭    ᨬ (_).    -
                         ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 ४⨢ QUIRKS   MASM51,
                         ᫨      ᨬ ન-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 183 =

                           몠 .

                         㬥 <>  ⠪ ᮮ頥 ࠭ -
                          ࠧ饭 ࠬ஢  ⥪  맮  -
                         .  ᫨  <>  ਭ  祭  Pascal,
                         Basic, FORTRAN,  ।,  ⥪ -
                         㬥  ࠭ ᫥ ࠢ,   ᮮ-
                         ⢨  ⥬ 浪,   ஬   㪠뢠-
                            뢠饩 ணࠬ.   -
                          ࠢ ࠬ, । 襩 ண-
                         ࠬ  몠 ᮪ ஢,   㤠 
                         ⥪     ᯥ樠쭮    樨
                         RET, ᣥ஢ ࠭஬.

                         ᫨ <>  ਭ 祭 C  Prolog,  
                         ।,   ⥪ 㬥   -
                         ࠭ ࠢ ,  浪, ⭮ ⮬,
                          ஬  㪠뢠    뢠饩
                         ணࠬ.   ࠢ ࠬ, -
                         । 襩 ணࠬ  몠 ᮪  ஢-
                         ,   㤠  ⥪.

                         ⬥⨬,    ᯮ짮  ४⨢ .MODEL 
                         ॡ  㪠  몠.  ४⨢ PROC, EXTRN,
                         PUBLIC,  COMM,  GLOBAL     PUBLICDLL,     ⠪
                           CALL    㪠⥫ 몠, 
                         ६  ८।      몮
                         ⠭.   , ਬ, ᬥ訢
                           ᮣᮢ뢠      ணࠬ  楤,
                         뢠騥   ᪠.

                         ᫨   ᯮ 㬥 <>,  ४-
                         ⨢ .MODEL । 冷 ᯮ짮  -
                         ४⨢ ࠢ ᥣ⠬.

                          ਢ ⠡ 뢠 ਡ ᥣ-
                         ⮢, ਭ  㬮砭.



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 184 =

                                                                               
          3.1  Tiny
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ४⨢          ࠢ  㯭       㯯
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         .CODE       _TEXT        WORD         PUBLIC    'CODE'     DGROUP
         .FARDATA    FAR_DATA     PARA         private   'FAR_DATA'
         .FARDATA?   FAR_BSS      PARA         private   'FAR_BSS'
         .DATA       _DATA        WORD         PUBLIC    'DATA'     DGROUP
         .CONST      CONST        WORD         PUBLIC    'CONST'    DGROUP
         .DATA?      _BSS         WORD         PUBLIC    'BSS'      DGROUP
         .STACK*     STACK        PARA         PUBLIC    'STACK'    DGROUP
         *STACK    DGROUP, ᫨ 㪠 FARSTACK  .MODEL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               
          3.2  Small
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ४⨢          ࠢ  㯭       㯯
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         .CODE       _TEXT        WORD         PUBLIC    'CODE'
         .FARDATA    FAR_DATA     PARA         private   'FAR_DATA'
         .FARDATA?   FAR_BSS      PARA         private   'FAR_BSS'
         .DATA       _DATA        WORD         PUBLIC    'DATA'     DGROUP
         .CONST      CONST        WORD         PUBLIC    'CONST'    DGROUP
         .DATA?      _BSS         WORD         PUBLIC    'BSS'      DGROUP
         .STACK*     STACK        PARA         PUBLIC    'STACK'    DGROUP
         *STACK    DGROUP, ᫨ 㪠 FARSTACK  .MODEL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               
          3.3  Medium
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ४⨢          ࠢ  㯭       㯯
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         .CODE       name_TEXT    WORD         PUBLIC    'CODE'
         .FARDATA    FAR_DATA     PARA         private   'FAR_DATA'
         .FARDATA?   FAR_BSS      PARA         private   'FAR_BSS'
         .DATA       _DATA        WORD         PUBLIC    'DATA'     DGROUP
         .CONST      CONST        WORD         PUBLIC    'CONST'    DGROUP
         .DATA?      _BSS         WORD         PUBLIC    'BSS'      DGROUP
         .STACK*     STACK        PARA         PUBLIC    'STACK'    DGROUP
         *STACK    DGROUP, ᫨ 㪠 FARSTACK  .MODEL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 185 =

                                                                               
          3.4  Compact
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ४⨢           ࠢ  㯭      㯯
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         .CODE        _TEXT        WORD         PUBLIC    'CODE'
         .FARDATA     FAR_DATA     PARA         private   'FAR_DATA'
         .FARDATA?    FAR_BSS      PARA         private   'FAR_BSS'
         .DATA        _DATA        WORD         PUBLIC    'DATA'    DGROUP
         .CONST       CONST        WORD         PUBLIC    'CONST'   DGROUP
         .DATA?       _BSS         WORD         PUBLIC    'BSS'     DGROUP
         .STACK*      STACK        PARA         PUBLIC    'STACK'   DGROUP
         *STACK    DGROUP, ᫨ 㪠 FARSTACK  .MODEL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               
          3.5  Huge  Large
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ४⨢           ࠢ  㯭      㯯
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         .CODE        name_TEXT    WORD         PUBLIC    'CODE'
         .FARDATA     FAR_DATA     PARA         private   'FAR_DATA'
         .FARDATA?    FAR_BSS      PARA         private   'FAR_BSS'
         .DATA        _DATA        WORD         PUBLIC    'DATA'    DGROUP
         .CONST       CONST        WORD         PUBLIC    'CONST'   DGROUP
         .DATA?       _BSS         WORD         PUBLIC    'BSS'     DGROUP
         .STACK*      STACK        PARA         PUBLIC    'STACK'   DGROUP
         *STACK    DGROUP, ᫨ 㪠 FARSTACK  .MODEL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               
          3.6  TPASCAL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                  ४⨢           ࠢ  㯭
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                  .CODE        _TEXT        BYTE         PUBLIC
                  .DATA        _DATA        WORD         PUBLIC
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         .⠪:       .CODE,.DATA,.FARDATA,.FARDATA?,.STACK

         ਬ:         .MODEL MEDIUM ; ⠭ 让 ,
                                       ;  쪨  




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 186 =

                                                                               
         MODEL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭    ४⨢ ࠢ
                         ᥣ⠬.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      MODEL

         .⠪:       .MODEL


                                        MULTERRS                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭  ⠪  ०,   ஬  砥
                         㦥   ப 室 ⥪ 
                           訡 㤥 뤠   ᮮ饭 
                          訡.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      MULTIERRS

         砭:      ४⨢  MULTERRS ⠭ ⠪ ०,  
                         ஬   ப 室  ⥪  
                          뤠   ।०饣 ᮮ-
                           ᮮ饭  訡.     
                          ᪠ "㫮" 訡,   ⮣, 
                         ப  ᮤঠ   訡.

                         ⬥⨬,     ⥫ ᮮ饭 
                         訡    砥  ⠪  뢠
                         "楯   ॠ樨",   ᫮  ⢥
                         訡  ணࠬ.

         m.⠪:       NOMULTERRS

         ਬ:           MULTERRS
                          mov  ax,[bp+abc  ; 2 訡 :
                                           ; 1.  । 䨪
                                                abc
                                           ; 2.  ࠢ ᪮ (])


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 187 =

                          ࠭樨  뤠 ᫥騥 ᮮ饭

                         ** Error ** MULTERRS.ASM(6)Undefined symbol:ABC
                         ** Error ** MULTERRS.ASM(6)Need right square
                                                      bracket

                                                                               
         NAME
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  䠩 ꥪ⭮ .

         :          Ideal

         ⠪:      NAME <>

         砭:      ࡮ ᥬ  㬮砭 ᯮ  
                         䠩 ꥪ⭮    ਡ  (   䠩,
                         ,  ४਩) 䠩 室 ணࠬ.  
                         ⮣,  ⮡   ਡ,  室 
                         㬥  <>  ४⨢ NAME 㪠  
                         祭.

         ਬ:         NAME loader





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 188 =

                                                                               
         %NEWPAGE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     砫  ࠭  䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NEWPAGE

         砭:       ப  室  ⥪,    室
                         ᫥  ⮩ ४⨢   䠩 ⨭ ࠧ-
                         饭   ࠭.

         .⠪:       PAGE

         ਬ:           %NEWPAGE
                         ;  ப 筥  ࠭  ⨭


                                        %NOCONDS                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⬥   䠩 ⨭ ஢, -
                         室   ࠭᫨஢ (- 믮-
                          ᫮) ᫮ .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOCONDS

         砭:      ᫥ ⮩ ४⨢ 䠩 ⨭   㤥  -
                         ঠ ஢,  室  ᫮ -
                         , ᫨ ᫮   뫮 믮.

         .⠪:       %CONDS,.LFCOND,.SFCOND,.TFCOND

         ਬ:          %NOCONDS
                         IF 0
                            mov ax,1 ; ⮩ ப  㤥  ⨭
                                     ; ⠪  ᫮ 
                         ENDIF




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 189 =

                                        %NOCREF                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     饭    䠩 ⨭ ४-
                          뫮.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOCREF [<ᨬ᪮ > ...]

         砭:      ४⨢ %NOCREF ⠭ 뤠 ଠ樨
                          ४ 뫪.

                         ᫨  ᯮ ४⨢ %NOCREF  ࠭-
                         ,  頥  ଠ  ४
                         뫪.  ᫨    㪠뢠   ᪮쪮
                         <ᨬ᪨ >,  頥 ଠ 
                         ४ 뫪 ⮫쪮  㪠 .

         .⠪:       %CREF,.CREF,.XCREF,%CREFALL,%CREFREF,%CREFUREF

         ਬ:         %NOCREF xyz
                         wval DW 0  ;
                         xyz  DW 0  ; ଠ  ४ 뫪
                                    ; 饭

                                        %NOCTLS                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     饭      䠩 ⨭ ४⨢
                         ࠢ ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOCTLS

         砭:      ४⨢  %NOCTLS  ⬥  ⢨  ४⨢
                         %CTLS.  ᫥  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ࠢ-
                          ⨭     䠩 ⨭-
                         .

                          砫 ࠭樨 ०,  ⠭  ⮩
                         ४⨢, ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       %CTLS

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 190 =


         ਬ:         %NOCTLS
                         %LIST  ; ⮩ ४⨢  㤥  䠩
                                ; ⨭





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 191 =

                                         NOEMUL                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⬥ ० 樨 権 ᮯ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      NOEMUL

         砭:      ४⨢ NOEMUL ⠢ ࡮ ᥬ -
                         ஢ 樨,   믮 
                         䬥᪮ ᮯ 80x87.    -
                         짮 ⮩ ४⨢ ᮢ⭮  ४⨢
                         EMUL,   ⮣,  ⮡ ࠢ  ࠧ饭  
                         ணࠬ  ॠ 権  ᮯ 
                         権  権.

                          砫 ࠭樨 ०,  ⠭  ⮩
                         ४⨢, ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       EMUL

         ਬ:         NOEMUL ; ᥬ஢ 樨 
                         finit  ; 䬥᪮ ᮯ
                         EMUL




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 192 =

                                        %NOINCL                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     饭 ⨭ 砥 䠩.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOINCL

         砭:      ४⨢ %NOINCL ⠭ 뤠   ⨭
                         室  ⥪  砥 (include) 䠩 
                          ,   ணࠬ   ४⨢
                         %INCL,  ⬥  .    ४⨢ 뢠
                         쬠 ,  ᫨  include-䠩  (⨯
                         ᯨ᪠ । EQU)  ᬠਢ  -
                           㦭.

         .⠪:       %INCL

         ਬ:         %NOINCL
                         INCLUDE DEFS.INC ;    ⨭





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 193 =

                                                                               
         NOJUMPS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⬥ ० JUMPS.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      NOJUMPS

         砭:      ᫨  ᯮ ४⨢ NOJUMPS,    
                         㢨    ப   室 ⥪ ணࠬ,
                          ॡ "७"  ᫮  -
                         室.

                          砫  ࠭樨 ०,  ⠭ ⮩
                         ४⨢, ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       JUMPS


                                                                               
         %NOLIST
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOLIST

         砭:      ४⨢ %NOLIST  ନ஢ ⨭
                         ணࠬ   ,    ⢨   㤥
                         ४饭 ४⨢ %LIST.   ४⨢ ⬥-
                          ⢨ 㣨 ४⨢ ࠢ  ⨭-
                         .

         .⠪:       .LIST, %LIST, .XLIST

         ਬ:           %NOLIST
                           jmp   xyz ;  ப    ⨭





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 194 =

                                        NOLOCALS                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     饭 ᯮ짮  .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      NOLOCALS

         砭:      ᫨  ४⨢  LOCALS  ࠧ襭 ᯮ짮
                          䨪஢,   ᨬ᪮
                         ,  稭饥   @@,  㤥 ਭ-
                             쭮.  ᫨   ᯮ 
                           ᢮ ᬮ७   , ⮡ 
                           뫨  묨,    ⬥ ⮩
                         ४⨢ ०  ᯮ짮.

                          ० MASM  䨪 饭.

         .⠪:       LOCALS,MASM

         ਬ:         NOLOCALS
                         @@Buf DB 10 DUP(?)


                                                                               
         %NOMACS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ⨭ ७,   
                          .

         :          MASM,Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOMAS

         砭:      ४⨢ %NOMACS  ᪠    䠩
                         ⨭ ப 室 ⥪,   
                         .

         .⠪:       .LALL,%MACS,.SALL





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 195 =

                                        NOMASM51                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         砭:      ४⨢ NOMASM51  ᥬ஢ -
                         ७ 몠, ਭ  MASM 5.1.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      MASM51

         砭:      ४⨢ NOMASM51  ᥬ஢ -
                         ७  몠,  ਭ    MASM 5.1.   砫
                         ࠭樨 ०,  ⠭ ⮩  ४-
                         , ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       MASM51

         ਬ:           MASM51
                         SLEN SIZESTR <ax,bx>     ; SLEN = 5
                         NOMASM51
                         CATSTR PROC NEAR
                              ....
                           CATSTR ENDP


                                       NOMULTERRS                              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         :       ⬥  ०  MULTERRS.  ( ⮫쪮 
                         訡  室 ப.)

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      NOMULTERRS

         砭:      ४⨢ NOMULTERRS ⠭  ⠪  ०,
                          ஬   ப 室 ⥪ -
                           뤠     ।०饣
                         ᮮ饭    ᮮ饭  訡.  ᫨ ப
                         室 ⥪ ᮤন    訡, 
                         ࡮ ᥬ ᮮ     .
                         ᫨  ।⠥ ᠬ⥫쭮 ,  -
                             訡   ,   -
                          ४⨢ MULTERRS.


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 196 =

                          砫 ࠭樨 ०,  ⠭  ⮩
                         ४⨢, ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       MULTERRS

         ਬ:         NOMULTERRS
                         mov  ax,[bp+abc  ; 1 訡 :
                                           ; 1.  । 䨪
                                                abc
                          ࠭樨 㤥 뤠 1  ᮮ饭

                         ** Error ** MULTERRS.ASM(6)Undefined symbol:ABC





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 197 =

                                                                               
         %NOSYMS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:        䠩 ⨭ ⠡ ᨬ-
                         ᪨ .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOSYMS

         砭:      ४⨢ %NOSYMS        䠩
                         ⨭  ⠡ ᨬ᪨ .  筮 
                         ⠡,  ᮤঠ  ᨬ᪨ , -
                         ।    ணࠬ,  ᯮ   
                         䠩 ⨭.

         .⠪:       %SYMS

         ਬ:          %NOSYMS ;  ᨬ᪨   㤥
                                  ;  ⨭


                                                                               
         %NOTRUNC
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ७ ᫨誮    䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOTRUNC

         砭:      筮, ᫨  ப 室 ⥪ -
                           ,  祬    
                         ப ⨭,   ᥪ. ᫥ ਬ-
                           ⮩ ४⨢ ப ⨭   -
                         ,   ७    .

                         ᯮ ४⨢ %TEXT  ⠭  -
                         ਭ 室 .

         .⠪:       %BIN,%TEXT,%TRUNC

         ਬ:          %NOTRUNC

                         DD 4 DUP (1,2,3,4) ; ப  㤥 祭

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 198 =

                                        %NOWARN                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      뢮  ।०  ᮮ饭  
                         ६ ࠭樨.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %NOWARN [< ।०>]

         砭:        ᯮ짮 ४⨢ %NOWARN  ࠭
                                 ।०
                         ᮮ饭.  ᫨    㪠 < ।०-
                         >,   㤥  뢮 ⮫쪮 ⮣  -
                         ०.  ।० ᮮ⢥
                         㪢 䨪 (<  ।०-
                         > - .  ४⨢ WARN ).  -
                         䨪 ᯮ   樨    ப
                         /W.

         .⠪:       WARN

         ਬ:         NOWARN OVF   ;  ।० 
                                      ; 䬥᪮ ९
                         DW 1000*1234 ;  ।० 饭


                                          ORG                                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ 祭 稪   ⥪饬 ᥣ-
                         .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ORG <ࠦ>

         砭:      㬥 <ࠦ>    ᮤঠ -
                         䨪஢, ।    ࠭-
                         樨.   ᮤঠ  ⠭  ᬥ-
                          䨪  ⥪饬 ᥣ,  ⠪  -
                         饥 祭 稪  ($).

                           ⮩ ४⨢     -
                         ন 稪 .   ॡ

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 199 =

                          ⮣, ⮡    ⠡ -
                          ⠬, 祭    ।-
                          ⮩ ⠡  .    ᮡ
                           ᯮ짮 ⮩ ४⨢.

                          ४⨢     ⠪ ᯮ짮 
                         ⮣,  ⮡ "易"   ᮫ ᮬ
                         ⨢ .  ४⨢ ORG  ⠭-
                          砫  .COM-䠩.

         .⠪:       SEGMENT

         ਬ:         PROG SEGMENT
                         ORG 100h ; ⠭ ᬥ饭  COM.-䠩





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 200 =

                                          %OUT                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     뢮 ᮮ饭  ࠭  ࠭᫨㥬 䠩.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      %OUT <⥪>

         砭:      㬥 <⥪> -    ᮮ饭,  ஥
                            뢥  ࠭.    ᮤঠ
                          䨪    .
                         饭  뤠  ⠭⭮ ன⢮ -
                          (筮  ࠭).     ⠭⭮
                         ன⢮   뢮       ८।
                         ।⢠ DOS.

                           ४⨢ ᯮ   ⮣, ⮡
                         ,    ᫮ ᥬ஢ -
                          祭  ணࠬ.

         .⠪:       DISPLAY

         ਬ:         %OUT Assembling graphics driver


                                                                               
         P186
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ 権   ய-
                          80186.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,286,P286,
                         P286P,P386,P386P,.186,P8086





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 201 =

                                                                               
         P286
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ 権   ய-
                          80286.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,P186,P286P,
                         P386,P386P,.186,P8086


                                                                               
         P286N
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢ -
                         権 ய 80286.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,P186,P286P,
                         P386,P386P,.186,P8086
                                                                               
         P286P
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢ -
                         権 ய 80286.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,P186,P286P,
                         P386,P386P,.186,P8086



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 202 =

                                                                               
         P287
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥  ᥬ஢  権  ᮯ-
                          80287.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8087,.287,.387,.PNO87,.P287

                                                                               
         P386
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ 権   ய-
                          80386.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,P186,P286P,
                         P386,P386P

                                                                               
         P386N
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢ -
                         権 ய 80386.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,P186,P286P,
                         P386P



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 203 =

                                                                               
         P386P
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢ -
                         権 ய 80386.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,P186,P286P,
                         P386P


                                                                               
         P387
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ਬ ⮩ ४⨢ ࠧ蠥 ᥬ஢-
                          権  ய 80387 (䬥-
                         ᪮ ᮯ).

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .8087,.287,.387,.PNO87,.P287


                                                                               
         P8086
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ 権  ⮫쪮  
                         ய 8086.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .186,.8086,.286,.286P,.386,.386,.386P,286,
                         P286,P286P,P386,P386P





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 204 =

                                                                               
         P8087
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     蠥 ᥬ஢ 権  ⮫쪮  
                         ய 8087 (䬥᪮ ᮯ-
                         ).

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .287,.387,.8087,8087,.PNO87,.P287,P387


                                          PAGE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ࠧ஢ ࠭ ⨭,  砫 -
                          ࠭.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      PAGE [<>][,<ਭ>]
                         PAGE +

         砭:      㬥 <> । ⢮  ப  
                          ࠭ ⨭ (쭮 祭10,
                         ᨬ쭮 - 255). 㬥 <ਭ> ।
                         ⢮  ⢮  権  ப ⨭
                         (쭮 祭 - 59,  ᨬ쭮 - 255).
                         ᫨   ᯮ  ࢮ,  ண -
                         㬥,   ⥪騥 ࠬ ࠭  
                          .  ⮣, ⮡  ⮫쪮  
                         ࠬ஢,  室 㪠    -
                         ,      塞 ࠬ - -
                         .

                          ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PAGE      (+)
                         稭  ࠭,  ᥪ樨 -
                           1, 㬥 ࠭ 稭 ᭠砫.

                         ᫨  ᯮ ४⨢ PAGE    㬥-
                         ⮢,  㤥   ࠭  
                          ᥪ樨.

         .⠪:       %NEWPAGE,%PAGESIZE


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 205 =

         ਬ:         PAGE      ; 砫  ࠭ ⨭
                         PAGE  ,80 ; ਭ ࠭ = 80,  
                                   ; 


                                       %PAGESIZE                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ࠧ஢ ࠭ ⨭,  砫 -
                          ࠭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %PAGESIZE [<>][,<ਭ>]

         砭:      㬥 <> । ⢮  ப  
                          ࠭  ⨭ (쭮 祭 -
                         10,  ᨬ쭮 - 255). 㬥 <ਭ> -
                           ⢮  ⢮  権   ப
                         ⨭ (쭮 祭 - 59, ᨬ쭮
                         - 255).

                         ᫨   ᯮ  ࢮ,  ண -
                         㬥,   ⥪騥 ࠬ ࠭  
                          .  ⮣, ⮡  ⮫쪮  
                         ࠬ஢,  室 㪠    -
                         ,      塞 ࠬ - -
                         .

         .⠪:       PAGE

         ਬ:         %PAGESIZE 66,132 ; ப ⨭, ଠ쭠
                                          ; 
                         %PAGESIZE   ,80  ; ਭ =80,  ⠫
                                          ; ०





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 206 =

                                         %PCNT                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭  ਭ  ᥣ:ᬥ饭  ⨭-
                         .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %PCNT <ਭ>

         砭:      㬥 <ਭ> -  ⢮ 権, -
                         ஥   १ࢨ஢  ᬥ饭 
                         ⥪饣 ᥣ.  㬮砭 㬥 <ਭ>
                         ਭ 祭 4      16-  ⮢
                         ᥣ    8    32- ⮢ ᥣ
                         ( 80386).   ४⨢ %PCNT  
                           祭.

         .⠪:       %BIN,%DEPTH,%LINUM

         ਬ:          %PCNT 3
                         ORG 1234h ; 㤥 ⠭ 234


                                                                               
         PNO87
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ᥬ஢  権 䬥-
                         ᪮ ᮯ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      PNO87

         砭:      筮 ࡮ ᥬ    Borland  
                         ᥬ஢ 樨  ᥬ⢠ ᮯ-
                         ஢ 80x87.  ४⨢ ᯮ  ⮣,
                         ⮡  㢥७  ⮬,   ணࠬ 
                         ᮤন 権  ᮯ.

         .⠪:       .8087,.287,.387,P8087,P287,P387

         ਬ:         PNO87
                         fadd ; 㤥 ᮮ饭  訡


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 207 =

                                        %POPLCTL                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭  ४⨢  ࠢ ⨭ 
                         ⥪.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %POPLCTL

         砭:      ४⨢  %POPLCTL ⠭ ४⨢ -
                         ࠢ ⨭  ⥪,      뫨
                         饭 ४⨢ %PUSHLCTL.   -
                             ४⨢  ࠢ   ⨭
                         (%MACS,%LIST  .),  ஬ ,  ⠭-
                          ਭ ࠧ   (%PCNT,  %DEPTH  
                         .).   ४⨢ 筮 ᯮ  -
                           INCLUDE-䠩  ⮣, ⮡ ⠭
                         ⢨ । ४⨢ ࠢ ⨭
                          襭 ⥪    INCLUDE-䠩.

         .⠪:       %PUSHLCTL

         ਬ:         %PUSHLCTL
                         %NOLIST
                         %NOMACS
                          . . .

                         %POPLCTL  ; ⠭ ४⨢ ࠢ
                                   ; ⨭

                                          PROC                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 楤.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                         <> PROC [<䨪 몠>] [<>]
                         [<ﭨ>] [USES <ॣ>,]
                         [<ࠬ>[,<ࠬ>] ...]
                         [RETURNS <ࠬ>[,<ࠬ>]...]



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 208 =

                         ० Ideal:
                          PROC [<䨪 몠>] [<>] <>
                         [<ﭨ>] [USES <ॣ>,]
                         [<ࠬ>[,<ࠬ>] ...]
                         [RETURNS <ࠬ>[,<ࠬ>]...]

         砭:      㬥 <>  -    楤.    ࠬ
                         <䨪  몠>  -    WINDOWS,   ODDNEAR,
                         ODDFAR      NORMAL.     䨪   롨ࠥ
                         ⮬        
                         ⪨ ⥪   楤 室   室 
                         MSWindows      ODDNEAR      ODDFAR  
                         (૥)    ଠ  楤  室   
                         室. ।  ४⨢ PROC 䨪
                         몠 ९뢠 (⮫쪮    楤)
                           䨪  몠,        ࠭
                         ⠭  ४⨢  .MODEL.    -    C,
                         PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN, PROLOG  NOLANGUAGE,  
                         롨ࠥ   ⮬        
                           ⪨ ⥪  楤 室 
                         室    㪠  몮.  ।   
                         ४⨢  PROC    ९뢠  (⮫쪮  
                           楤)     ,      
                         ⠭ ।騬 ४⨢. ⬥⨬,  
                               㦤    ४⨢ .MODEL 
                         襩   ணࠬ      樨   室  
                         室    楤.

                         㬥 <ﭨ>  । ⨯  樨
                            ࠢ   楤ன.       
                         ਭ  祭  NEAR    FAR.    
                          ࠧ   ,  ⠭ 
                         㬮砭.   ᫨      ᯮ   ४⨢
                         ࠢ   ᥣ⠬,            㬮砭
                         ਭ NEAR.   TINY, SMALL  COMPACT
                         㬥 <ﭨ> ਭ ࠢ NEAR,  
                              ⠫       -    FAR.
                         <ﭨ> ।, 㤥   RET,
                         㦥       楤,    ஢
                         ""    ""     .
                         ।,  <FAR>-楤 㤥 맢
                         ""  (FAR)   樥  CALL,      NEAR-
                         楤 - "⪮" (NEAR) 樥 CALL.

                         㬥  <ॣ>  -    ᯨ᮪  ॣ஢ 
                           ,  ᯮ㥬  楤ன.   

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 209 =

                         ॣ      ࠭    室   
                         楤    ⠭    室   .
                          ॣ஢  ᯨ᪥ ࠧ ஡.
                         ਬ:

                                 Mine PROC USES ax bx foo

                          ࠭   ⠭ ॣ AX   BX,
                         ⠪   ᫮ foo.

                         㬥 <ࠬ> । ࠬ,  ।-
                           楤.  ⥫  몠   ४⨢
                         PROC   ४⨢ .MODEL, ᫨   㪠  
                         PROC, ।,   㬥 室 
                         ⥪  ⭮  浪.    易⥫쭮
                         ᯮ 㬥   ⮬  浪,   
                             㭪樨 몠 ᮪  ஢,
                           뢠   楤.  ࡮   ᥬ
                         ⠥       ⭮  浪,  ᫨   
                         室.    <ࠬ>    ᫥騩
                         ᨭ⠪:

                         < ࠬ>[[᫮1]] [:[<ﭨ>]PTR ]
                                 <⨯> [:᫮2]

                          < ࠬ> - ,  ஥   -
                         짮   楤  뫪   -
                         ࠬ. 易⥫ 㬥 <ﭨ> (
                         ⮩ ४⨢)  ਭ 祭 NEAR 
                         FAR    ⮣, ⮡ । ࠧ 㪠⥫
                          ࠬ.

                         㬥  <⨯>  -    ⨯  ࠬ. 
                          ਭ  祭:   WORD, DWORD,  FWORD,
                         PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE   .   <᫮1>
                          <᫮2> -  ⢮ ⮢  㪠
                         ⨯.       饥    ᫮    ।    
                         <᫮1>*<᫮2>.           㬮砭    <⨯>
                         ਭ ࠢ WORD.

                         ᫨    PTR, 뢠,   㬥
                           ⢨⥫  㪠⥫    ,
                         ࡮   ᥬ          ⫠
                         ଠ  ࡮ ⫠稪 (Turbo  Debugger).
                         ᯮ짮   PTR   맮   ⮫쪮  
                         ⥫쭮 ⫠筮  ଠ樨,   

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 210 =

                          ᥬ ᮧ  㤥.    
                                 㯠     ⢨⥫
                         , ᯮ 㬥 㪠⥫.

                         ᫨  ᯮ ᫮ PTR  㪠⥫  NEAR
                            FAR   ।   ,      ࡮   ᥬ
                         ⠭   ࠧ   ࠬ   室    
                         ࠭   ,  80386  ,
                         ⥪饣  ࠧ    ᥣ  (16    32
                         ).  ᫨  ᯮ    TINY, SMALL 
                         MEDIUM,   㪠⥫ ⢮ ᫮  (WORD),
                          -  ᫮ (DWORD).   ᯮ짮
                         ய  80386    32-  ⭮   
                         ᥣ      TINY,  SMALL  MEDIUM 
                         㪠⥫  ⢮    ᫮  (DWORD),  
                          - 8  (FWORD).

                         祢 ᫮  RETURNS      -
                         쪮 ࠬ஢,    ⠭-
                            ⥪   ࠢ 뢠饩
                         ணࠬ.  筮, ᫨  । ४⨢
                         .MODEL  PASCAL  TPASCAL,  PASCAL  ⮩
                          ४⨢ PROC,    ࠢ 
                         ࠬ  ⠭   ⥪. ᫨  
                         ,    ᠭ  楤,   ࠬ
                         ᫥  祢  ᫮  RETURNS,      
                         ⠢    ⥪    ⮣,  ⮡ 뢠
                         ணࠬ ᯮ짮   ᠬ ⨫ ⥪. 
                         ⭮,      ।   頥
                         祭 ப 몠  PASCAL, ⨢   ᫥
                         祢 ᫮ RETURNS.

                           砭  楤  ᯮ  ४⨢
                         ENDP.   㪠  RET । ENDP
                           ⮣,   ⮡     ࠢ   -
                         뢠饩 ணࠬ.

                           PROC/ENDP   ᯮ짮 -
                          ᨬ᪨ ,   , -
                          㯭 ⮫쪮 ࠬ   楤.
                          ࠢ,  稭   ᨬ (@@).

                           뢠 ४⨢ PROC/ENDP, ᫨ 
                         ;     䨪 -
                         묨 ⠪.


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 211 =

                          䨪  ⮫쪮   -
                         饩 楤.

         .⠪:       ARG,ENDP,LOCAL,LOCALS,USES

         ਬ:         READLINE proc near ; ⥫ 楤
                         call ReadLine
                         READLINE ENDP




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 212 =

                                         PUBLIC                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      䨪஢,   㯭 㣨
                         .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      PUBLIC <><ᨬ.> [,<><ᨬ.>]...

         砭:      㬥 <>  -  C,PASCAL,BASIC,FORTRAN,PROLOG
                          NOLANGUAGE  -  ⠭    ᯥ-
                          몮 ᮢ⨬ ᨬ᪮ -
                         . ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PUBLIC ६ -
                         । ⥪ 몮 ⠭ (   㬮-
                         砭    ४⨢ .MODEL).  ,
                            ॡ  ४⨢  .MODEL  
                         䥪⨢ ᯮ짮  .

                         㬥 <ᨬ᪮ > 頥  ꥪ-
                           ⠪,  ⮡   㯥 㣨 -
                         .  ᫨    ᨬ᪮  -
                           ࠧ,      㤥 㯭 ⮫쪮 
                         ⥪饣 .

                          ࠧ  । ⮫쪮  ᫥-
                         騥 ⨯ :

                         -  ६

                         - ⪨ ணࠬ

                         - ᫮ ⠭, ।  EQU

         .⠪:       COMM,EXTRN,GLOBAL

         ਬ:             PUBLIC xyzproc  ;  楤, 
                         xyzproc PROC near   ; 㯭 㣨 



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 213 =

                                       PUBLICDLL                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      䨪஢ 㯭묨,   -
                         ᪨ 易 窨 室  㣨 㫥.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      PUBLICDLL <><ᨬ.> [,<><ᨬ.>]...

         砭:      㬥 <ᨬ᪮ > 頥  ꥪ-
                            ᪨ 易 窠  室
                         ⠪, ⮡   㯥  㣨 ணࠬ 
                         OS/2.   ᯮ ⮫쪮  ⮣,
                         ⮡    ந  ᪨   易
                         ⥪    OS/2.  ᫨     ᤥ 
                         PUBLIC,    㤥  㯭  ⮫쪮  ⥪饣
                         室 䠩.

                          ᭮,    PUBLICDLL ⮫쪮 ⪨
                         楤.  㣨 ⪨ ணࠬ,  ६-
                           ᫮ ⠭,  ।    EQU,
                         ⠪   PUBLICDLL.

                         㬥 <> ⠭  ᯥ
                         몮  ᮢ⨬   ᨬ᪮   .
                         ਬ,  ᯮ짮 㪠 몠 C  
                         饭 ᨬ᪮     ꥪ 䠩
                         ।  㤥 ᮧ ᨬ  ન
                         "_". 襭 㪠⥫ 몮  C,  PASCAL,
                         BASIC, FORTRAN, PROLOG  NOLANGUAGE

         .⠪:       COMM,EXTRN,GLOBAL,PUBLIC

         ਬ:            PUBLICDLL xyzproc  ;  楤
                         xyzproc PROC near     ; 㯭,
                                               ; ᪨ 易
                                               ; 窮 室


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 214 =

                                         PURGE                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⮦ ம।.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      PURGE < > [,< >]...

         砭:      ४⨢ PURGE 㤠       <
                         >.      㭨⮦ ࠧ ᪮쪮
                         ᮢ,  㪠  ४⨢  , ࠧ-
                          묨.

                          ४⨢     ᯮ짮  ⮣,
                         ⮡  ࢮ砫쭮 祭 -
                         樨  ४⨢,  ᫨  ।  
                         ⠪  .

         .⠪:       MACRO

         ਬ:          PURGE add
                                add ax,4 ; 筠  "᫮"





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 215 =

                                       %PUSHLCTL                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ࠭ ४⨢ ࠢ ⨭  ⥪.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %PUSHLCTL

         砭:      ४⨢ %PUSHLCTL ࠭ ४⨢  ࠢ-
                          ⨭  16- ஢ ⥪.  
                         ࠭  ४⨢ ࠢ ⨭ (%
                         MACS,%LIST  .),  ஬ ,  ⠭-
                          ਭ  ࠧ    (%PCNT,  %DEPTH  
                         .).   ४⨢ 筮 ᯮ  -
                           INCLUDE-䠩   ⮣,  ⮡  ࠭
                         ⢨ । ४⨢ ࠢ ⨭
                          襭 ⥪    INCLUDE-䠩.

         .⠪:       %POPLCTL

         ਬ:         %PUSHLCTL
                         %NOINCL
                         %MACS
                         %POPLCTL  ; ⠭ ४⨢ ࠢ
                                   ; ⨭



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 216 =

                                                                               
         QUIRKS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ० Quirks  ࡮ ᥬ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      QUIRKS

         砭:      QUIRKS      ࠭᫨஢  ணࠬ,
                         ᮤঠ      訡  MASM. ࠩ 
                         ᯮ짮   ४⨢.      
                         樨,  ॡ  ਬ.

                           ᠭ ० Quirks . 㭪 "-
                         : Quirks TASM"  ਫ B.

         .⠪:       MASM,IDEAL

         ਬ:           QUIRKS
                          bval DB 0
                          mov bval,es

                                                                               
         .RADIX
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ⥬ ᫥  楫  ⠭ 
                         ࠦ.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .RADIX <ࠦ>

         砭:      祭  㬥 <ࠦ>   
                          ᫥  ⠭:  2,8,10,16.  ⠭  
                         <ࠦ>   .

         ਬ:          .RADIX 8; ⥬ ᫥ - 쬥筠
                          DB 77  ; ᫮ 63 (筮)




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 217 =

                                                                               
         RADIX
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ⥬ ᫥  楫  ⠭ 
                         ࠦ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      RADIX <ࠦ>

         .⠪:       .RADIX


                                         RECORD                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । , ᮤঠ饩 ⮢ .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                         <> RECORD <> [,<>]...

                         ० Ideal:
                         RECORD <> <> [,<>]...

         砭:      㬥 <> । .     
                         ᯮ짮   ⢥    -
                          ଠ.   뢠 㯯 
                          .   ᫥騩 ଠ:

                         < >:<ࠧ>[=<ࠦ>]

                         㬥 < > -     . ᫨
                          ᯮ 㬥 < >    ࠦ,
                           ਭ 祭 ⢠ ,   -
                         ஥ 室 ᤢ  ࠢ    ⮣,
                         ⮡ ࠧ 訩    襬 
                         (᫮), ᮤঠ饣 .

                         㬥 <ࠧ> -  ⠭  1    16,
                         । ⢮   .  騩 ࠧ
                               ॢ 32- .
                         ᫨  饥  ⢮       
                         쬨,   㤥  1 ; ᫨ 

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 218 =

                          9   16,    㤥  2
                         ;  ⨢ 砥  㤥  4
                         .

                         㬥 <ࠦ>  -   易⥫쭮 ,
                         ஥ । 祭      㬮砭.
                         ।  <ࠦ>       (=).  
                         । ,  ᫨  㪠뢠 -
                           樠樨 ,  ਭ -
                         ,   ⨬ ࠦ.  樠-
                         ஢  ⠭  .

                         ࢮ  ,  ।  RECORD,   ⠭
                         ᠬ묨  묨  ⠬        ᫥騬
                           .  ᫨ 騩 ࠧ  
                           筮 8  16 ,    ᤢ
                         ࠢ ⠪, ⮡ 訩  襣  
                         訩        ᫮, ஥ 
                         .

         .⠪:       STRUC

         ਬ:          myrec RECORD val : 3=4,mode:2,size:4



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 219 =

                                          REPT                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ७  ஢.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      REPT <ࠦ>
                              <>
                         ENDM

         砭:      祭 㬥 <ࠦ>   -
                         ⠭,  <ࠦ>   ᮤঠ  -
                         䨪஢,  ।    -
                         樨.   ।  ⢮   ७
                         <஢>.

                         ४⨢ REPT   ᯮ짮  
                         ᮢ, ⠪   .

         .⠪:       ENDM,IRPC,IRP

         ਬ:         REPT 4
                          shl  ax,1
                         ENDM



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 220 =

                                                                               
         .SALL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ⨭ ம।.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .SALL

         砭:       ४⨢ ᯮ ⮣,   室
                         ᮪ ࠧ ⨭.

         .⠪:       .LALL,.XALL,%MACS,%NOMACS

         ਬ:         .SALL
                          mymacro 4
                          add ax,si ;  ப 㤥  ⨭ ᫥-
                                    ;   ப 

                                        SEGMENT                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ᥣ    ਡ⮢.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:

                         <> SEGMENT [<ࠢ>][<ꥤ>]
                                       [<ᯮ짮>]['<>']

                         ० Ideal:
                           SEGMENT <> [<ࠢ>][<ꥤ>]
                                         [<ᯮ짮>]['<>']

         砭:      㬥  <> ।  ᥣ.  ᫨ 
                         । ᥣ  ⠪  ,   㤥
                         ਭ    த ।饣 ᥣ.
                           ᯮ짮   ᥣ⮢
                          ࠧ 室 ணࠬ.   痢
                         㤥 ꥤ ᥣ  묨  
                          ᥣ.

                         㬥 <ࠢ>  ।  ⨯  ࠭
                         ࠢ ᥣ.   ਭ ᫥-

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 221 =

                         騥 祭:

                         - BYTE  -砫 ᥣ  ᫥饣 ᢮
                                 ;
                         - WORD  -砫 ᥣ  ᫥饣 ᢮
                                 ᫮;
                         - DWORD-砫  ᥣ  ᫥饣 ᢮
                                  ᫮;
                         - PARA  -砫 ᥣ  ᫥饣 ᢮
                                 ࠣ (16- );
                         - PAGE  -砫  ᥣ   ᫥饩 ᢮
                                 ࠭;

                          㬮砭  <ࠢ>  ਭ  ࠢ
                         PARA.

                         㬥 <ꥤ> । 冷 ꥤ-
                          ᥣ⮢  묨    ।-
                         ஢ 痢.   ਭ   ᫥-
                          祭:

                         - AT <ࠦ> - 饭 ᥣ    
                            ᮫⭮ .   ࠣ ।-
                            祭 <ࠦ>. 㬥 <ࠦ-
                           >     ᮤঠ 䨪஢,  
                           ।    ࠭樨.  
                           ᥣ⮢  ⮣ ⨯ । 痢  ᥬ-
                              ஢  ,    .
                           筮  ᥣ    ⠪  祭 㬥
                           <ꥤ>  ᯮ    ⮣,   ⮡
                           ᯥ     䨪஢ -
                             (ਬ   ࠭  ᯫ  
                              (BIOS)).

                         - COMMON  -  饭  ⮣ ᥣ,   ⠪
                            ᥣ⮢  묨 ,  
                            ⮬   .   १饣
                           ᥣ ⨯ COMMON -   襣 
                           ᥣ⮢  묨 .

                         - MEMORY  - ꥤ  ᥣ⮢  -
                           묨    ᥣ  (筮 ⨯
                           PUBLIC).

                         - PRIVATE  -   ⠪ ⨯  ꥤ
                              㣨 ᥣ⮬.

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 222 =


                         - PUBLIC - ꥤ  ᥣ⮢   -
                           묨    ᥣ.   १-
                           饣 ᥣ ⨯  PUBLIC -   㬬 
                            ᥣ⮢  묨 .

                         - STACK - ꥤ  ᥣ⮢  -
                                ᥣ.    痢
                           ⠭  砫 ⥪  ॣ ᥣ-
                            ⥪ (SS),    ⥪  -    ॣ
                           㪠⥫  ⥪  (SP).    १饣
                           ᥣ -  㬬   ᥣ⮢  -
                           묨 .

                         -  VIRTUAL  -  ।  ᮡ    ᥣ,
                              ࠪ           
                           ᮥ    㣮  ᥣ    ६
                           ।஢   痢.     VIRTUAL    ᥣ
                           ਭ     ᮥ     ꥬ饬
                           ᥣ. VIRTUAL ᥣ ⠪ ᫥  ᢮
                           ਡ    ꥬ饣  ᥣ.  ४⨢
                           ASSUME ਭ VIRTUAL ᥣ    
                           த⥫᪮  ᥣ;    ⠫  
                           VIRTUAL  ᥣ   ࠪ     ଠ
                           ᥣ.    痢  ⠥ 㠫
                           ᥣ 饩  ,   ᮡࠥ 
                           ⠪  ⥩  ࠧ  㫥.   襭
                           ᪨ ,  室  
                            砥 䠩, ࠧ.

                          㬮砭  祭  㬥  <ꥤ>
                          PRIVATE.

                         㬥 <ᯮ짮> ।   㬮砭
                         ࠧ  ᫮   ᥣ.   㪠뢠 
                         ᫥ ਬ ४⨢ P386  P386N.   -
                          ਭ ᫥騥 祭:

                         - USE16.    祭 ਭ  㬮砭,
                           ᫨    㪠    祭  㬥.
                                ⠪  ⨯    ᮤঠ  
                           64-   .   뫪    32-
                             ᥣ,  ॣ  ⠭ 
                           ᣥ஢      室      樨,
                           ८।騥 16-  ०.


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 223 =

                         - USE32.   ⠪ ⨯   ᮤঠ 
                           4-    ()      .  
                           뫪  16- ࠧ來 ᥣ, ॣ  
                           ⠭    ᣥ஢ ᮮ⢥騥
                           樨.

                         㬥 <>  ࠢ   ᫥⥫쭮
                         ࠡ⪨  ᥣ⮢    ।஢ 痢.
                         ᨬ   ᫥  ᥣ⮢    室
                         䠩 ᥣ  묨 祭ﬨ 㬥
                         <>  㦠      ६-
                         . 祭 㬥     祭  
                         窨 ('  ").

                           稢 ४⨢ ENDS. -
                         ᪠  ᥣ,   ࡮ ᥬ
                         ਭ   ⤥쭮;    -
                          ⥫     ᭮ ᥣ-
                         ,   ४⨢  ENDS    
                         ᥣ.

         .⠪:       GROUP,.MODEL,CODESEG,DATASEG

         ਬ:         PROG SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC 'CODE'

                         ...

                         PROG ENDS




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 224 =

                                          .SEQ                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ᫥⥫쭮 ᯮ ᥣ-
                         ⮢.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .SEQ

         砭:      ४⨢ .SEQ ⠭ ⠪ ०,  -
                         ஬ ᥣ  ꥪ⭮ 㫥 ᯮ 
                         ⠪ 浪,    ᫥  室 䠩-
                         .  ० ਭ  㬮砭.  
                           ४⨢ DOSSEG.

                         ⢨ ४⨢ .SEQ 筮 ⢨ 樨
                           ப  ࡮ ᥬ /S.  ⢨
                         ४⨢ .SEQ   ⬥ 樥 -
                           ப /A (᫥ ᥣ⮢  䠢⭮
                         浪).

         .⠪:       .ALPHA,DOSSEG

         ਬ:         .SEQ
                         xyz SEGMENT ; ᥣ 㤥 
                         xyz ENDS
                         abc SEGMENT
                         abc ENDS




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 225 =

                                                                               
         .SFCOND
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:       ஢    ࠭᫨-
                          ᫮   䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .SFCOND

         .⠪:       %CONDS,.LFCOND,%NOCONDS,.TFCOND


                                                                               
         SIZESTR
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ⢠ 䨪஢  ப.

         :          MASM51, Ideal

         ⠪:      <> SIZESTR <ப>

         砭:      㬥 <> ᢠ  ᫮  祭
                         ⢠ ᨬ  ப. ப <>  -
                          .

         .⠪:       SUBSTR,CATSTR,INSTR

         ਬ:         REGLIST EQU <si di>
                         REGLEN SIZESTR REGLIST ; REGLEN = 5




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 226 =

                                         .STACK                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ⥪  ᥣ ⥪.

         :           MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:       .STACK <ࠧ>

         砭:      㬥  <ࠧ>  -  ᫮ ,  ⢥
                          ⥪.   㬮砭  ਭ  ࠢ  1
                         .

                         筮   ४⨢  ᯮ  ᠭ
                         ⤥ (⮭) ணࠬ  몥  ᥬ-
                         . ᫨   楤,  㤥 -
                         뢠  몠 ᮪ ஢,   ⥪ 㤥
                         ⠭ 뢠饩 ணࠬ.

         .⠪:       .CODE,.CONST,.DATA,.DATA?,.FARDATA,.FARDATA?,
                         .MODEL,STACK

         ਬ:         .STACK 200h ; १ࢨ஢  ⥪ 512 


                                                                               
         STACK
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 ⥪  ᥣ ⥪.

         :           MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .CODE,.CONST,.DATA,.DATA?,.FARDATA,.FARDATA?,
                         .MODEL,.STACK



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 227 =

                                                                               
         .STARTUP
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      䥪⨢ ⮢   筮
                         .

         :           MASM

         砭:      .STARTUP ᮧ 䥪⨢  ⮢    
                         筮 .   ⪠ @Startup ।-
                           砫 ⮢    ணࠬ  -
                         ४⨢ END ⠭ END @Startup.  ४-
                          ন ᮢ⨬   Microsoft  Quick
                         Assembler.

         .⠪:       @Startup,STARTUPCODE

                                                                               
         STARTUPCODE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      䥪⨢ ⮢   筮
                         .

         :           MASM

         砭:      STARTUPCODE ᮧ 䥪⨢ ⮢  
                         筮 .   ⪠ @Startup ।-
                             砫 ⮢   ணࠬ -
                         ४⨢ END ⠭ END @Startup.  ४-
                           ন  ᮢ⨬  Microsoft Quick
                         Assembler.

         .⠪:       @Startup,STARTUPCODE



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 228 =

                                         STRUC                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                            <> STRUC
                            <>
                            [<>] ENDS

                         ० Ideal:
                            STRUC <>
                                  <>
                            ENDS  [<>]

         砭:        ।   ० MASM 
                         Ideal    ࠧ饭 㬥 <> 
                         祢 ᫮ STRUC  ENDS.  ࡮ ᥬ 
                             ४⨢ STRUC,  ⠪
                           樨  ४⨢ UNION.

                         㬥 <>  .  ⮬
                                 ⮣,
                         ⮡ 뤥   .

                         㬥 <> ।   ,   
                         ⮨ .    ।  
                           ४⨢ ।  (DW,
                         DB  .).    ,      
                         .   ,    㣨  ᨬ᪨
                         ,   㭨묨.   ० Ideal
                         ⠪ ॡ 易⥫쭮.

                          ।      㬮-
                         .   ⮣  ।  -
                            祭 ᫥ ४⨢ -
                         ।  (筮  ᢮ 祭
                          ).  ᫨    ᯮ짮
                         祭, ਭ  㬮砭,   樠-
                         樨  ᯮ ᨬ ?.

                          ஦    ।    㬮砭
                         ப,  ⠪  ᫨ ப  㤥  
                         ,  ⢥  ,    㤥 祭.

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 229 =

                         ᫨ ப 㤥  ⢥    -
                         ,     ० MASM  㤥 ࠢ 
                         ஡,   ० Ideal ᢮  
                          ᯮ짮.

                         ᫨       -
                           ꥤ,    ᤥ  -
                          ४⨢ । ,   ᯮ
                          ࠭ । .

                          ᯮ짮     ꥤ-
                              ⠬ ⢫  -
                           (.).   ᯮ짮  
                             㯠    ⠬ 室
                         ਬ ᪮쪨 ஢ (.).


         .⠪:       ENDS,UNION

         ਬ:         STRUC B
                         B1 DD 0
                         B2 DB ?
                         ENDS

                         STRUC A
                          B DW ?
                          C DD ?
                           binst  B <>
                                 STRUC
                                  D DB 'XYZ'
                                  E DQ  1.0
                                 ENDS
                            ENDS

                         ainst A <>
                            mov al,[ainst.binst.b2] ; 2 ஢
                            mov al,[ainst.d]        ; 1 ஢




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 230 =

                                         SUBSTR                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ।  ப  ப  -
                         饩 ப.

         :          MASM51, Ideal

         ⠪:      <> SUBSTR <ப>,<>[,<ࠧ>]

         砭:      㬥 <> ᢠ 祭, 饥
                          ᨬ <ப>,  稭  <樨> 
                         <ࠧ>.  ᫨    㪠 㬥 <ࠧ>,
                          ப 稭    ᨬ  <-
                         >,    稢  ⠬  ,    室
                         ப.

                         㬥 <ப>  ਭ ᫥騥  -
                         祭:
                         - ப, 祭  ᪮ (<abc>);
                         - ࠭  ।  ⥪ ;
                         -  饭 ப ࠦ (%).

         .⠪:       CATSTR,INSTR,SIZESTR

         ਬ:         N = 0A
                         HEXC SUBSTR <0123456789ABCDEF>,N+1,1 ; HEXC="A"



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 231 =

                                         SUBTTL                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭   䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      SUBTTL <⥪>

         砭:          砫 ࠭, ᫥
                          室 䠩  , ⠭
                         ४⨢ TITLE.

                          ணࠬ    ᮤঠ 室 
                         ⢮ ४⨢ SUBTTL.    ४-
                         ⨢   ,   㤥 饭
                          ᫥饩 ࠭ ⨭.

         .⠪:       %SUBTTL

         ਬ:         SUBTTL Video Driver





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 232 =

                                        %SUBTTL                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭   䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %SUBTTL "<⥪>"

         砭:          砫 ࠭, ᫥
                          室 䠩  , ⠭
                         ४⨢  %TITLE.  㬥 <⥪>  
                         祭  窨 ("").

                          ணࠬ  ᮤঠ  室  
                         ⢮  ४⨢ %SUBTTL.     -
                         ४⨢  ,   㤥 -
                         饭  ᫥饩 ࠭ ⨭.

         .⠪:       SUBTTL

         ਬ:         %SUBTTL "Video Driver"


                                                                               
         %SYMS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭  뢮  䠩 ⨭ ⠡ ᨬ-
                         ᪨ .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %SYMS

         砭:      ४⨢  %SYMS ࠧ蠥   䠩 -
                         ⨭ ⠡ ᨬ᪨    (  ᮤন
                          ᨬ᪨ ,  ।  ணࠬ-
                         ).

                          ० ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       %NOSYMS

         ਬ:         %SYMS   ;  ᨬ᪨   㤥
                                 ;  ⨭

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 233 =

                                                                               
         %TABSIZE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ਭ  ⠡樨  ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %TABSIZE <ਭ>

         砭:      㬥  <ਭ> -  ⢮ 権 
                         ⠡ﬨ  䠩 ⨭.    㬮砭  
                         祭 8.

         .⠪:       %PAGE,%PCNT,%BIN,%TEXT

         ਬ:         %TABSIZE 4

                                         %TEXT                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭ ਭ  ⥪  ணࠬ    䠩
                         ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %TEXT <ਭ>

         砭:      㬥 <ਭ>  -    ⢮  権  
                         ப  䠩  ⨭,  ⢮   室
                         ⥪.  ᫨  ப 室 ⥪ 
                         祭  㬥 <ਭ>,    ப 
                         㤥 祭,  ७ᥭ  ᫥ -
                         .       ⮣,   ४⨢ 뫠
                         ਬ ࠭ - %TRUNC  %NOTRUNC.

         .⠪:       %BIN,%DEPTH,%NOTRUNC,%PCNT,%TRUNC

         ਬ:         %TEXT 80 ; 80 権  ப




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 234 =

                                                                               
         .TFCOND
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ०  ᮤন ᫮ -
                           ⨢.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      .TFCOND

         砭:        ४⨢   騩 ० 
                         ᮤন ᫮     ⨢.
                         ᫨     ࠧ   ணࠬ  
                          ᯮ짮   ப /X,  -
                          ⠭ ⠪ ०,  ஬ ࠧ襭
                          ᮤন ᫮ .  ᫨    
                         㦥  ᯮ짮    ப /X,  
                          ᮤন ᫮  㤥 -
                         .

         .⠪:       %CONDS,.LFCOND,%NOCONDS,.SFCOND


                                                                               
         TITLE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭   䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM

         ⠪:      TITLE <⥪>

         砭:           砫  ࠭,  ᫥
                          室 䠩   , ⠭-
                          ४⨢ SUBTTL.

                         ணࠬ  ᮤঠ ⮫쪮    ४⨢
                         TITLE.

         .⠪:       SUBTTL,%SUBTTL,%TITLE

         ਬ:         TITLE Video Driver




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 235 =

                                                                               
         %TITLE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     ⠭   䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %TITLE "<⥪>"

         砭:           砫  ࠭,  ᫥
                          室 䠩   , ⠭-
                          ४⨢ %SUBTTL. 㬥 <⥪> -
                           祭  窨 ("").

                         ணࠬ  ᮤঠ ⮫쪮  ४⨢
                         %TITLE.

         .⠪:       SUBTTL,%SUBTTL,TITLE

         ਬ:         %TITLE "Video Driver"


                                                                               
         %TRUNC
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭 ᫨誮   ⨭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      %TRUNC

         砭:      ४⨢   %TRUNC  ⬥  ⢨  ४⨢
                         %NOTRUNC.   ४⨢   ꥪ⭮
                           ⥪ ணࠬ  ⨭ ⠪ ࠧ,
                          "᫨誮 ப"  ᥪ  ଠ
                         .

                          ० ਭ  㬮砭.

         .⠪:       %NOTRUNC

         ਬ:           %TRUNC
                           DD 1,2,3,4,5 ;   㢨  ⨭ 
                                        ; 


         TASM2 #4-5/              = 236 =

                                                                               
         UDATASEG
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 樠஢ ᥣ
                         .

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .CODE,.DATA,.CONST,.DATA?,.FARDATA,.FARDATA?,
                         .MODEL,.STACK

                                                                               
         UFARDATA
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । 砫 樠஢ ᥣ
                          ⨯ FAR.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         .⠪:       .CODE,.DATA,.DATA?,.FARDATA,.FARDATA?,.MODEL,
                         .STACK




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 237 =

                                         UNION                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     । ꥤ.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      ० MASM:
                            <> UNION
                                  <>
                            [<>] ENDS

                         ० Ideal:
                            UNION <>
                                 <>
                            ENDS [<>]

         砭:        । ꥤ  ० MASM
                          Ideal    ࠧ饭 㬥 <>
                           祢  ᫮  UNION  ENDS.  ࡮ ᥬ
                          ᯮ짮    ꥤ  
                         ꥤ   ࠬ.

                         UNION, 筮  ⠪   STRUC, ,   
                             㫥  ᬥ饭   砫
                         ꥤ.  ਢ      
                         ࠧ饭,         ,
                         ।  ꥤ,  ࠧ묨  
                          ࠧ묨 ࠧࠬ .   ꥤ
                         -   襣 ,   ࠢ
                         㬬      .

                         㬥 <> । ꥤ, ⠪  
                            ᯮ짮            
                         ࠧ饭      饭  ꥤ 
                         ⨬  ଠ⮬.

                         㬥 <> ।   ,   
                         ⮨ ꥤ.   । 
                           ४⨢ ।  (DW,
                         DB      .).      ,        㣨
                         ᨬ᪨ ,   㭨묨.

                          ।  ꥤ  㬮-
                         .   ⮣  । ꥤ -
                         室     祭  ᫥  ४⨢

         TASM2 #4-5/              = 238 =

                         ।   (筮 ᢮ -
                         祭  ). ᫨    ᯮ-
                           祭,  ਭ  㬮砭,   
                         樠樨  ᯮ ᨬ ?.

                          ஦    ।    㬮砭
                         ப,  ⠪  ᫨ ப  㤥  
                         ,  ⢥  ,    㤥 祭.
                         ᫨  ப 㤥  ⢥   -
                         ,    ० MASM  㤥 ࠢ  
                         ஡,   ० Ideal ᢮  
                          ᯮ짮.

                         ᫨         ꥤ  
                           ꥤ,    ᤥ 
                         ࢮ ४⨢ । ,  ᯮ-
                           ࠭ । ꥤ.   -
                         짮    ꥤ -
                               ⠬  ⢫   
                          (.).   ᯮ짮   -
                             㯠    ⠬ 室
                         ਬ ᪮쪨 ஢ (.).

         .⠪:       ENDS,UNION

         ਬ:         UNION B
                          BMEM1 DW 0
                          BMEM2 DB ?
                         ENDS

                         UNION A
                           B DW ?
                           C DD ?
                            bunion  B <>
                                 STRUC
                                 D DB 'XYZ'
                                 E DD  1.0
                                 ENDS
                        ENDS

                         ainst A <>                   ; 뤥 
                              mov al,[ainst.bunion.bmem1] ; ᪮쪮
                                                          ; ஢
                              mov al,[ainst.d]            ; 1 ஢



         TASM2 #4-5/              = 239 =

                                          USES                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ॣ஢, ᯮ㥬 楤ன.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      USES <>[,<>]...

         砭:        ४⨢  ᯮ     PROC/
                         ENDP. ᯮ ,   㪠,  -
                            ࠭  室   楤,
                          ⠭  室  .

                         㬥  <>       ॣ஬   
                         , ஥ ࠧ襭 ᯮ짮  
                         POP  PUSH.

                            ,  ॣ  ४⨢
                           ࠧ 묨,     ஡,
                           PROC.    ⠪ । ࠭-
                          ॣ  ४⨢ PROC,    ᯮ짮
                         ४⨢ USES 蠥 ⥭ ணࠬ,  ⠪
                             ம।.

                            ᯮ짮    ४⨢  ࢮ
                         樨  楤,   .

                         ,  USES 㯭 ⮫쪮 ⮣,  
                         ᯮ      몮  ७  
                          .MODEL.

         .⠪:       ARG,LOCALS,PROC

         ਬ:         COPY10 PROC
                          USES cx,si,di,foo
                               mov cx,10
                               mov foo,cx
                          REP movsb
                          RET   ; ⠭ ॣ஢ cx,si,di  foo
                         COPY10 ENDP




         TASM2 #4-5/              = 240 =

                                          WARN                                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     襭 ।० ᮮ饭.

         :          MASM, Ideal

         ⠪:      WARN <>

         砭:      ᫨    ᯮ ४⨢ WARN  㬥-
                         ⮢,   ࠧ襭  ।०騥 ᮮ-
                         饭.  ᫨  ४⨢ WARN ᫥ -
                          ᮮ饭 (㬥 <>),  ⮫쪮 
                         ᮮ饭  㤥  ࠧ襭.    ᮮ饭
                          㪢 䨪:

                         ASS - ।,    ᥣ - 16-
                               ;
                         BRK - 室 ᪮;
                         ICG -  宣 ;
                         LCD - ९ 稪 ६饭;
                         OPI -   IF;
                         OPP -  楤;
                         OPS -  ᥣ;
                         OVF - 䬥᪮ ९;
                         PDC - ,   室;
                         PRO -     饭 ० ॡ
                                ॣ CS.

                           䨪 ᯮ 樥 -
                          ப /W.

         .⠪:       NOWARN

         ਬ:           WARN OVF     ; 襭 ।० 
                                        ; 䬥᪮ ९
                         DW 1000*1234   ;  ।० ࠧ襭





         TASM2 #4-5/              = 241 =

                                                                               
         .XALL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:     祭   䠩 ⨭ ⮫쪮  -
                         ७,     .

         :          MASM

         .⠪:       .LALL,.SALL,%MACS,%NOMACS


                                                                               
         .XCREF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      ⨭ ४ 뫮.

         :          MASM

         .⠪:       %CREF,.CREF,%NOCREF

                                                                               
         .XLIST
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         祭:      뢮 䠩 ⨭.

         :          MASM

         .⠪:       %LIST,.LIST,%NOLIST

