                                    롨ࠩ                                  
         =================================================================

                              ᪨ ⨢ "*.*"
                              㪮⢮ ૮ ..



                            -  ⥬
                        ணࠬ஢   2.0

                               

                                 #5/5 (ਫ)




                                 .᪢, 1990 .

         =================================================================

                                                                     
         TASM2 #5-5/                = 1 =

          A.    .............9
           ᨪ.......................................................9
           ࠦ  ० MASM......................................12
           ࠦ  ० IDEAL.....................................15
          B  ....................................18
           ᥬ஢     室.........................18
           ६ 樮 ।................................19
           ଠ ᥫ  饩 窮  Microsoft..............19
            QUIRKS.................................................19
           뫪   ᥣ ॣ   ...............20
           訡 室  ⨯  쭥 ⪥ 
            楤...................................................20
            ଠ樨  ⨯  ४⨢ =  EQU................21
           ஢ઠ ࠢ ᥣ...............................21
           䬥᪨  ᪨ 樨  ࠡ
            ।⢥  묨 ᫠........................22
           ।⢠ MASM ᨨ 5.1.....................................22
           ।⢠ ० /QUIRKS MASM ᨨ 5.1......................23
           ⨬  QUASM........................................24
          C      ...................26
           ७ ᨭ⠪  ப.......................26
           ४⨢ GLOBAL.............................................27
           ४⨢ PUBLICDDL..........................................27
           ७ ४⨢ COMM....................................27
            䨪.....................................27
           ७ 権 ᫮ 室.....................27
            IDEAL..................................................28
            ४⨢ UNION/STRUC..............................28
           ४⨢ EMUL  NOEMUL......................................28
           䨪 ८। ᥣ............................28
           ﭭ ᥣ..........................................29
           ७  CALL..................................29
           ७ 樨 PUSH  POP............................29
           ७, 騥 ⭮ 몠.....................30
           ७  LOOP  ०  80386........31
           ७ ࠢ ⨭.............................31
           ୠ⨢ ४⨢.....................................31
           ।। ६..................................32
           ७ MASM 5.0  5.1....................................32
           ७ ࠢ ४⨢ SHR  SHL.................34
            室 ࠡ⪨.........................34
          D.     .......................35
           MAKE........................................36
            ࠡ⠥ ⨫ MAKE....................................37
            ⨫ MAKE..........................................38
            ࢠ 믮 ⨫ MAKE.........................40

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 2 =

            BULTINS.MAK.............................................40
           让 ਬ.............................................41
           ࠬ  ப...................................43
           ⮥ ᯮ짮 ⨫ MAKE...........................44
            ନ 䠩..................................47
            ନ 䠩................................49
           ਨ..................................................50
            ᯨ᪨.............................................51
            .................................................52
           ᪨ ணࠬ..............................................53
           믮  DOS........................................54
            ࠢ................................................57
           樠 ᮣ襭.......................................60
           ਬ......................................................60
           ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ ᨬ..........................61
            ࠢ..............................................62
           樠 ᮣ襭.......................................65
           ਬ......................................................65
           ਬ......................................................66
           ம।.............................................67
           । ப......................................70
           ᯮ짮 ப....................................71
           ᮡ 砨................................................72
           ।। ப................................73
           ४⨢....................................................77
           ४⨢  窠..........................................78
           ४⨢ 祭 䠩...................................80
           ᫮ ४⨢...........................................81
           ࠦ, ⨬  ᫮ ४⨢..................83
           ४⨢ error..............................................85
           ४⨢ undef..............................................86
           饭  訡 ⨫ MAKE............................86
           饭  ⠫ 訡................................86
           饭  訡.........................................89
          TLIB..............................................93
           २⢠ ᯮ짮 ⥪ ꥪ 㫥.......94
           ⠢   ப TLIB........................95
           ᮪ 権..............................................97
            䠩  ...........................................97
           樨 TLIB................................................98
            ⥪..........................................99
           ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠...............................99
            ७ ᫮: ࠬ /E..................100
            ࠧ ࠭: ࠬ /P.......................101
           ࠬ /C.................................................101
           ਬ.....................................................102

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 3 =

          TLINK.............................................103
           ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠..............................105
           ࠬ 騪......................................106
           ࠬ /l.................................................109
           ࠬ /i.................................................109
           ࠬ /n.................................................109
           ࠬ /c.................................................109
           ࠬ /d.................................................109
           ࠬ /e.................................................110
           ࠬ /t.................................................111
           ࠬ /v.................................................111
           tlink mod1 /v+ mod2 mod3 /v- mod4...........................111
           ࠬ /3.................................................112
         ࠭祭...................................................113
           饭  訡........................................113
         饭  ⠫ 訡.................................114
         饭  訡..........................................120
           XXX is unresolved in module YYY.............................120
           Fixup overflow, frame = xxxxh, target = xxxxh,..............120
           Out of memory...............................................120
           Undefined symbol <䨪> in module <>.........121
         ।०................................................122
         ⨫ TOUCH.................................................123
         ࠬ  ப....................................124
         GREP:     ..........................125
           ࠬ ⨫ GREP......................................125
           冷 ᫥..........................................127
         ப ᪠.................................................128
            ࠦ................................129
         䨪 䠩............................................130
           ਬ  ᭥ﬨ.......................................130
         OBJXREF:       
           ............................................135
            ப ⨫ OBJXREF............................135
           ࠬ  ப ⨫ OBJXREF..................136
          ᪠...............................................138
           ⨫ OBJXREF................................140
               (/RP).................................141
           㫥 (/RM)..........................................143
             뫪 (/RR) ( 㬮砭)........................143
             譨 뫪 (/RX)...............................144
             ࠧ 㫥 (/RS)..............................144
             ⨯ ᮢ (/RC).................................145
              ,    뫮 (/RU)..........145
             (/RV)..........................................146
           ਬ ᯮ짮 ⨫ OBJXREF.......................146

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 4 =

         ।०騥 ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭  訡 ⨫
          OBJXREF......................................................148
         TCREF:      
          ......................................................150
            ᪠.............................................150
           ⨬  ⨫⮩ TLINK..............................150
           ४⥫...............................................151
           室 ଠ.........................................151
          E.    ...........................153
           ଠ樮 ᮮ饭....................................153
         ।०  ᮮ饭  訡.........................154
           Arguments need types override...............................154
           Argument to operation or instruction has illegal size.......155
           Arithmetic overflow.........................................155
           ASSUME must be segment register.............................155
           Assuming segment is 32 bit..................................155
           Bad keyword in SEGMENT statement............................156
           Can't add relative quantities...............................156
           Can't address with currently ASSUMEd registers..............156
           Can't convert to pointer....................................157
           Can't emulate 8087 instruction..............................157
           Can't make variable PUBLIC..................................157
           Can't override ES segment...................................157
           Can't subtract dissimillar relative quantities..............158
           Can't use macro name in expression..........................158
           Can't use outside macro.....................................158
           Code or data emission to undeclared segment.................158
           Constant assumed to mean immediate constant.................159
           Constant too large..........................................159
           CS not correctly assumed....................................159
           CS override in protected mode...............................159
           CS unreachable from current segment.........................160
           Declaration needs name......................................160
           Directive ignored in Turbo Pascal model.....................160
           Directive not allowed inside structure definition...........161
           Duplicate dummy argument:_..................................161
           ELSE or ENDIF without IF....................................161
           Expecting offset quantity...................................162
           Expecting offset or pointer quantity........................162
           Expecting pointer type......................................162
           Expecting scalar type.......................................162
           Expecting segment or group quantity.........................163
           Extra characters on line....................................163
           Forward reference needs override............................163
           Global type doesn't match symbol type.......................163
           ID not member of structure..................................164

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 5 =

           Illegal forward reference...................................164
           Illegal immediate...........................................164
           Illegal indexing mode.......................................164
           Illegal instruction.........................................165
           Illegal instruction for currently selected processor(s).....165
           Illegal local argument......................................165
           Illegal local symbol prefix.................................166
           Illegal macro argument......................................166
           Illegal memory reference....................................166
           Illegal number..............................................166
           Illegal origin address......................................167
           Illegal override in structure...............................167
           Illegal override register...................................167
           Illegal radix...............................................167
           Illegal register multiplier.................................167
           Illegal segnemt address.....................................168
           Illegal use of constant.....................................168
           Illegal use of register.....................................168
           Illegal use of segment register.............................168
           Illegal USES register.......................................168
           Illegal warning ID..........................................169
           Instruction can be compacted with override..................169
           Invalid mode type...........................................169
           Invalid operand(s) to instruction...........................170
           Labels can't start with numeric character...................170
           Line is too long - truncating...............................170
           Location counter overflow...................................170
           Missing argument list.......................................170
           Missing argument of <.......................................171
           Missing argument size variable..............................171
           Missing COMM ID.............................................171
           Missing dummy argument......................................171
           Missing end quote...........................................172
           Missing macro ID............................................172
           Missing module name.........................................172
           Missing or illegal language ID..............................172
           Missing or illegal type specifier...........................173
           Missing term in list........................................173
           Missing text macro..........................................173
           Model must be specified first...............................173
           Module is pass dependent - compatibility pass was done......174
           Name must come first........................................174
           Near jump or call to different CS...........................174
           Need address or register....................................174
           Need angle brackets for structure fill......................174
           Need colon..................................................175

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 6 =

           Need expression.............................................175
           Need file name after INCLUDE................................175
           Need left parenthesis.......................................175
           Need pointer expression.....................................176
           Need quoted string..........................................176
           Need register in expression.................................176
           Need right angle brackets...................................176
           Need right parenthesis......................................176
           Need right square bracket...................................177
           Need stack argument.........................................177
           Need structure member name..................................177
           Not expected group or segment quantity......................177
           One non-null field allowed per union expansion..............178
           Only one startup sequence allowed...........................178
           Open conditional............................................178
           Open procedure..............................................178
           Open segment................................................179
           Open structure definition...................................179
           Operand types do not match..................................179
           Pass-dependent construction encountered.....................180
           Pointer expression need brackets............................180
           Positive count expected.....................................180
           Quantity illegal............................................181
           Record field too large......................................181
           Recursive definition not allowed for EQU....................181
           Register must be AL or AX...................................181
           Register must be DX.........................................181
           Relative jump out of range by ___ bytes.....................181
           Relative quantity illegal...................................182
           Reserved word used as symbol................................182
           Rotate count must be constant or CL.........................182
           Rotate couunt out of range..................................182
           Segment aligment not strict enough..........................183
           Segment attributes illegally redefined......................183
           Segment name is superfluous.................................183
           Smart code generation must be enabled.......................184
           String too long.............................................184
           Symbol already defined:_....................................184
           Symbol already different kind...............................184
           Symbol has no width or mask.................................184
           Symbol is not a segment or already part of group............185
           Text macro expansion exceeds maximum line length............185
           Too few operands to instruction.............................185
           Too many errors or warnings.................................185
           Too many initials values....................................186
           Too many registers in expression............................186

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 7 =

           Too many USES registers.....................................186
           Trailing null value assumed.................................186
           Undefined symbol............................................186
           Unexpected end of file (no END directive)...................187
           Unknown character...........................................187
           Unmatched ENDP:_............................................187
           Unmatched ENDS:_............................................187
           USE32 not allowed without .386..............................187
           User generated error........................................188
           USES has no effect without .............................188
           Value out of range..........................................188
         饭  ⠫ 訡.................................189
           Bad switch :_...............................................189
           Can't find @file :_.........................................189
           Can't locate file...........................................189
           Error writing to listing file...............................189
           Error writing to object file................................189
           File not found..............................................189
           File was changed or deleted while assembly in progress......190
           Insufficient memory to process command line.................190
           Internal error..............................................190
           Invalid command line........................................190
           Invalid number after_.......................................190
           Maximum macro expansion exceeded............................190
           Out of hash space...........................................191
           Out of memory...............................................191
           Out of string space.........................................191
           Too many errors found.......................................191
           Unexpected end of file (no END directive)...................191

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 8 =


         =================================================================

                              ᪨ ⨢ "*.*"
                              㪮⢮ ૮ ..



                            -  ⥬
                        ணࠬ஢   2.0

                               

                                 #5/5 (ਫ)




                                 .᪢, 1990 .

         =================================================================

         TASM2 #5-5/                = 9 =

                                                                               
                   A.    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ਫ  ᠭ 饭 ᨭ⠪ -
          ࡮ ᥬ   ० MASM,  ⠪    ०  Ideal
         ᯮ ஢ ଠ -.

                    砭:   ᫥ ࠧ ᨬ (...) 砥
               ७  ⮢,   _ࠦ - ࠦ
               MASM.
                                        ᨪ                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

            ⨬_ப

              ⮩_ࠧ⥫ ⨬_ப
              㭪 ⨬_ப
              ᫮_ப ⨬_ப
              ப_䨪஢ ⨬_ப
              

            ⮩_ࠧ⥫

              ஡ ⮩_ࠧ⥫
              ஡

            ஡

               ࠢ騥 ᨬ, ᨬ > 128, ' '.

            ப_䨪஢

              ᨬ_䨪 ப_䨪஢_2

            ப_䨪_2

              ᨬ_䨪_2 ப_䨪_2
              

            id_char

              $,_,%,?,ᨬ_䠢

            ᨬ_䨪_2


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 10 =

              ᨬ_䨪  ᫠

            ᫮_ப

              ப_ᥫ
              ப_㪢

            ப_ᥫ

               䠢⭮-஢_ᨬ
               '.'  ᯮ
               ᯮ ; ⮫쪮  ० MASM 
                                ; ४⨢ DD, DQ  DT

            

               
              

            

              0 - 9

            䠢⭮-஢_ᨬ

               䠢⭮-஢_ᨬ

              㪢 䠢⭮-஢_ᨬ

              

            㪢

              ᨬ 䠢

            ᯮ

              E + 
              E - 
              E 
              

            ப

              ப, 祭  窨


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 11 =

            㭪

               ,     ஡,  ᨬ_䨪,
               "'", '"'  ன.

               窨  (.)  ਭ -ࠧ.   ० MASM
           ॡ 㪠뢠  ᫠  饩 窮,   ०-
          Ideal      .  ० MASM  
         ᨬ ᯮ  祭 砫   䨪,
          ⠪  롮  .

               ࠢ ᯮ짮 ᨬ (.) ⠪:

               1.  ० Ideal  ᥣ ਭ,    㭪-
                  樨.

               2.  ० MASM  ਭ,   ᨬ -
                  䨪  ᫥ :

                  ).        ᨬ  ப,
                         㣨  ᯥ樠  ,      譥
                      (EXTRN)  饤㯭 (PUBLIC) .   ᨬ
                      ᮥ  ᫥饬 ᨬ,  ᫨ ᫥騩
                      ᨬ - ᨬ_䨪_2.

                  b). ᫨      砫 ப  ᫨ -
                       ᨬ 㤥 ।,   ᨬ -
                        ᨬ, ᫥饬  .




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 12 =

                                ࠦ  ० MASM                        
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

            _ࠦ_1

              'SHORT' _ࠦ_1
              '.TYPE' _ࠦ_1
              'SMALL' _ࠦ_1 (16- ⮢ ᬥ饭
                                    (⮫쪮  80386))
              'LARGE' _ࠦ_1 (16- ⮢ ᬥ饭
                                    (⮫쪮  80386))
              _ࠦ_2

            _ࠦ_2

              _ࠦ_3 'OR' _ࠦ_3 ...
              _ࠦ_3 'XOR' _ࠦ_3 ...
              _ࠦ_3

            _ࠦ_3

              _ࠦ_4 'AND' _ࠦ_4 ...
              _ࠦ_4

            _ࠦ_4

              'NOT' _ࠦ_4
              _ࠦ_5

            _ࠦ_5

              _ࠦ_6 'EQ' _ࠦ_6
              _ࠦ_6 'NE' _ࠦ_6
              _ࠦ_6 'LT' _ࠦ_6
              _ࠦ_6 'LE' _ࠦ_6
              _ࠦ_6 'GT' _ࠦ_6
              _ࠦ_6 'GE' _ࠦ_6
              _ࠦ_6

            _ࠦ_6

              _ࠦ_7 '+' _ࠦ_7 ...
              _ࠦ_7 '-' _ࠦ_7 ...
              _ࠦ_7

            _ࠦ_7

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 13 =


              _ࠦ_8 '' _ࠦ_8 ...
              _ࠦ_8 '/' _ࠦ_8 ...
              _ࠦ_8 'MOD' _ࠦ_8 ...
              _ࠦ_8 'SHR' _ࠦ_8 ...
              _ࠦ_8 'SHL ' _ࠦ_8 ...
              _ࠦ_8

            _ࠦ_8

              _ࠦ_9 'PTR' _ࠦ_8
              _ࠦ_9
              'OFFSET' _ࠦ_8
              'SEG' _ࠦ_8
              'TYPE' _ࠦ_8
              'THIS' _ࠦ_8

            _ࠦ_9

              _ࠦ_10 ':' _ࠦ_10

            _ࠦ_10

              '+' _ࠦ_10
              '-' _ࠦ_10
              _ࠦ_11

            _ࠦ_11

              'HIGH' _ࠦ_11
              'LOW' _ࠦ_11
              _ࠦ_12

            _ࠦ_12

              _ࠦ_13 _ࠦ_13 ... (᫨  '('
                                               ']')
              _ࠦ_12 _ࠦ_13 '.' _ࠦ_8

            _ࠦ_13

              'LENGTH' 䨪
              'SIZE' 䨪
              'WIDTH' 䨪
              'MASK' 䨪
              '(' _ࠦ_1 ')'

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 14 =

              '[' _ࠦ_1 ']'
              䨪
              ⠭




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 15 =

                                ࠦ  ० IDEAL                       
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

            㪠⥫

              'SMALL' 㪠⥫ (16- ⮢ ᬥ饭
                                  (⮫쪮  80386))
              'LARGE' 㪠⥫ (16- ⮢ ᬥ饭
                                  (⮫쪮  80386))
              ⨯ 'PTR' 㪠⥫
              ⨯ 'LOW' 㪠⥫
              ⨯ 'HIGH' pointer
              ⨯ 㪠⥫
              㪠⥫_2

            ⨯

              'UNKNOWN'
              'BYTE'
              'WORD'
              'DWORD'
              'QWORD'
              'PWORD'
              'TBYTE'
              'SHORT'
              'NEAR'
              'FAR'
              䨪_
              'TYPE' 㪠⥫

            㪠⥫_2

              㪠⥫_3 '.'䨪 (  ⮬
                                             )
              㪠⥫_3

            㪠⥫_3

              ࠦ ':' 㪠⥫_3
              ࠦ

            ࠦ

              '⨯_䨪' ࠦ ( ᨬ쭮 ⨯)
              ࠦ2


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 16 =

            ࠦ2

              ࠦ_3 'OR' ࠦ_3 ...
              ࠦ_3 'XOR' ࠦ_3 ...
              ࠦ_3

            ࠦ_3

              ࠦ_4 'AND' ࠦ_4 ...
              ࠦ_4

            ࠦ_4

              'NOT' ࠦ_4
              ࠦ_5

            ࠦ_5

              ࠦ_6 'EQ' ࠦ_6 ...
              ࠦ_6 'NE' ࠦ_6 ...
              ࠦ_6 'LT' ࠦ_6 ...
              ࠦ_6 'LE' ࠦ_6 ...
              ࠦ_6 'GT' ࠦ_6 ...
              ࠦ_6 'GE' ࠦ_6 ...
              ࠦ_6

            ࠦ_6

              ࠦ_7 '+' ࠦ_7 ...
              ࠦ_7 '-' ࠦ_7 ...
              ࠦ_7

            ࠦ_7

              ࠦ_8 '' ࠦ_8 ...
              ࠦ_8 '/' ࠦ_8 ...
              ࠦ_8 'MOD' ࠦ_8 ...
              ࠦ_8 'SHR' ࠦ_8 ...
              ࠦ_8 'SHL ' ࠦ_8 ...
              ࠦ_8

            ࠦ_8

              '+' ࠦ_8
              '-' ࠦ_8
              ࠦ_9

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 17 =


            ࠦ_9

              'HIGH' ࠦ_9
              'LOW' ࠦ_9
              ࠦ_10

            _ࠦ_10

              'OFFSET' 㪠⥫
              'SEG' 㪠⥫
              'LENGTH' 䨪
              'SIZE' 䨪
              'WIDTH' 䨪
              'MASK' 䨪
              䨪
              ⠭
              '(' 㪠⥫ ')'
              '[' 㪠⥫ ']'  (ᥣ 砥 "ᮤন 祣-")




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 18 =

                                                 B                   

                              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ TASM  ० MASM  ᮢ⨬    MASM
         ᨨ  4.0   ⥫쭮 ন  ७ ஠-
         ᥬ MASM 5.0  5.1.   100%  ᮢ⨬  -
         ,  ⠪    ଠ쭮 ᯥ䨪樨  .
          ࠧ ᨨ MASM ᮢ⨬  ᮡ.

               ࠡ  設⢮ ணࠬ    㤥  뢠
         㤭⥩, ᯮ  ࡮  ᥬ   ⢥ אַ 
         MASM ᨩ 4.0  5.1.   TASM 㤥 ஢  ।-
         ०騥 ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭  訡   , 
         MASM ⮣   㤥,  ⠪    㦨 訡
         . ਬ MASM ਬ ଠ쭮 :

                ABC EQU [BP+2]
                    PUBLIC ABC

          ᣥ ࠢ ꥪ 䠩. TASM ४⭮ ᯮ-
            ⢮ 㣨  権.

              ᫨     ᫮  ᥬ஢ ணࠬ
           TASM,        ᯮ짮  ४⨢
         QUIRKS. ਬ:

                         TASM   /JQUIRKS  MYFILE

               ४⨢    ᥬ஢ ணࠬ.
         ᫨  ந室,   砫 䠩  ४⨢ QUIRKS.
          , ᬮ  ਫ  ।   -
         ஢ 㦤  ਬ ४⨢  QUIRKS.  ⥬  ࠢ
         , ⮡   .

              ᫨  ᯮ   MASM 5.1,   
          砫 䠩  ४⨢ MASM51.

                                                                               
              ᥬ஢     室
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              筮 ࡮  ᥬ    ᥬ஢ 室 
         믮 ⮫쪮  室,    ६  MASM 믮 .
            ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ  襩 ᪮,  

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 19 =

          ਢ  ன ᮢ⨬  ᯮ짮 -
         ० 뫮  権,    室.  TASM -
         ᨨ 2.0   ࠬ   ப  /m,  騩
          㦭 ᫮ 室.   ᨬ쭮 ᮢ⨬ 
         MASM  ᯮ짮  室 (/m2).

                3 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫"   ⮬ ᪠뢠
          ஡.
                                                                               
              ६ 樮 ।
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᮮ⢥⢨    室,  ᯮ  몮
         த  Borland, TASM  ᯮ ६ ।  
         ࠢ ࠬࠬ,  ᯮ㥬묨  㬮砭.  ⮣
            ࠬ  䠩 䨣樨,    ⥬  -
         짮 ࠧ 䠩 䨣樨  ࠧ ਫ.
         (.  3 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫").

              ᫨  ன ணࠬ MASM  ᯮ짮 ६
         ।  INCLUDE  MASM,   TASM 室 ᮧ 䠩 -
         樨.  ࠬ,     ६ 樮-
          । MASM,     䠩 䨣樨.  -
         ,  ।塞  ࠭   ६ INCLUDE,  
          饭  䠩  䨣樨      樨  
         ப /I.

                                                                               
              ଠ ᥫ  饩 窮  Microsoft
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᨨ MASM  㬮砭  ᫠  饩
         窮  ଠ,  ᮢ⨬  ଠ⮬ IEEE. MASM ᨨ 5.1
           㬮砭    ᫠   饩 窮  ⠭
         IEEE,   ᮢ⨬  ࠭ ﬨ   ⠢ 
         ४⨢ .MSFLOAT.

              ࡮ ᥬ  TASM  ন   ଠ ᥫ
          饩 窮,  ४⨢ .MSFLOAT.

                                                                               
               QUIRKS
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ।⢠ MASM 쬠 ஡,   ⮬ 
          祭  ० MASM ணࠬ TASM.   ணࠬ -

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 20 =

            룮    ᮬ⥫  -
         ⥩.   裡  ⨬,   TASM ।ᬮ७ ० QUIRKS,  
         㫨 ⥭樠쭮 ஡  MASM.   -
              ࠧ    祢 ᫮ QUIRKS,
         饭  室 䠩,        樨  
         ப /JQUIRKS.

               ᥬ஢ ਢ  権 TASM  㤥
         ஢ ᮮ饭  訡, ᫨  ࠧ襭 ० QUIRKS.

                                                                               
              뫪   ᥣ ॣ   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ஠ᥬ MASM  ஢ ࠧ ࠭    -
         뫪 ᮤন ᥣ⭮ ॣ  ,  ⠪  -
           ᥣ ॣ.  ਬ, MASM ଠ쭮 ਬ ᫥-
         騥 ப:

                 SEGVAL DB  ?
                 USEFUL DB  ?
                    mov segval,es    ; ८।  ""USERFUL"

                訡 ணࠬ஢. ணࠬ ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮
         ⮬,          祭    USEFUL.
           ⮣,  ⮡    ० QUIRKS,  ८।
         SEGVAL  DW.

                                                                               
           訡 室  ⨯  쭥 ⪥  楤
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              MASM   㤥  ஢   室 쭥 ⨯
         (FAR)    楤, ᫨  ᯮ    ⮬
             室 ᥣ (     㪠):

                 CODE SEGMENT
                      JMP  ABC
                      JMP  FAR PTR ABC ;  㤥 ஢ FAR JMP
                 ABC  LABEL FAR
                 CODE ENDS

              TASM 㤥 ஢  室  (JMP)  쭥
         ⨯,     㪠  ,    । -
         ࠢ     楤.  ᫨   ,  ⮡
         TASM 㯠 ⠪   MASM,   ᯮ ४⨢ QUIRKS.

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 21 =


                                                                               
               ଠ樨  ⨯  ४⨢ =  EQU
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ࠣ ணࠬ:

                X DW 0
                Y = OFFSET X
                    mov ax,Y

              ஠ᥬ MASM   㤥   ஢     MOV
         AX,[X],  TASM - MOV AX,OFFSET X.  ந室 ⮬,  MASM
         ४⭮ ࠭  ଠ, 뢠 ࠦ -
           ४⨢ =.

                 ᠬ  ந室  ⮣,    ४⨢
         EQU  । ᨬ, ࠢ 祭 ࠦ.

                                                                               
              ஢ઠ ࠢ ᥣ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              MASM  c  ४⨢ ALIGN । ࠢ-
          ᥣ  ண, 祬 , ஥ ।  -
         ᠭ ᥣ. ਬ:

              CODE SEGMENT WORD
                   ALIGN 4 ; ࠢ ᥣ ⮫쪮  ࠭ ᫮
              CODE ENDS

               ᭮, ⠪  騪  ⬥ ⢨ ⮩
         ४⨢  ஢ ⮩  ᥣ CODE    㣨
         ᥣ⠬  ⠪    㣨 .   ᫥ ⮣,
             ࠭஢  ⮣,   ᥣ  -
         襬 㫥 㤥 ࠢ  ࠭, ⫨  ࠭ ᫮.



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 22 =

                      䬥᪨  ᪨ 樨  ࠡ        
                            ।⢥  묨 ᫠
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              MASM ᨨ  4.0  ந ७   ।-
         ⢥ ࠭ ⮫쪮  䬥᪨  .  ࡮  -
         ᥬ TASM,  ᫨ ⮫쪮   ࠡ⠥  ० QUIRKS, ந-
          ७      ।⢥  ࠭    
         ᪨ 権.  ਢ  㬥襭 ࠧ -
         樨  ᪮७  믮,    ࠧ ᥣ ,
         ᮤঠ饣  樨,   맢 ஡  ᠬ-
         㥬 ,  ⠪  ,  ஬ ᯮ 
         ࠧ. ਢ  ਬ  , 
         MASM  TASM ᥬ ,   ⠪ ,  
         TASM  ࠢ쭮,  EMASM - :

                ADD ax,-1      ; MASM  TASM ந ७ 
                XOR cx,0FFFFh  ; MASM 㤥 ᯮ짮 ।⢥
                               ; ᫮,  TASM ந ७ 

               MASM  ᨨ 4.0 㤥 ஢ ᫥⥫쭮
          81 F1 FF FF  樨 XOR,   TASM - 83 F1 FF. ᫨ 
         室 ஢ ᫥⥫쭮 ,    MASM,  
         ᯮ ० QUIRKS.

                                  ।⢠ MASM ᨨ 5.1                     
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ,   MASM ᨨ 5.1, 㯭
          ᯮ짮 ࡮ ᥬ TASM.  㣨  ।⢠  
           ࠧ襭  ४⨢ MASM51.  砫 ᥬ஢ TASM
         室  ० MASM  ᯮ짮 ७ MASM 5.1  -
         饭.    筮   TASM  ᯮ짮 ४⨢
         MASM  NOMASM51.

                 ७,  ਢ , ஡ ᠭ 
          2 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫"    3 ⮩ .

              ।⢥ 㯭 ᫥騥 ७ MASM 5.1:

             - ࠬ   㬥  ४⨢ PROC;
             - ७ 樨 .TYPE;
             - ७ ४⨢ COMM;
             - ४⨢  .CODE  ⠭ CS:ASSUME  ⥪饣 ᥣ-
               ;

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 23 =

             - ४⨢ .MODEL ন 모 ᮪ ஢;
             - ᬮ  権  ப (/LA);
             - ⥫쭠 ⫠筠  ଠ  ४⨢ DW, DD 
               DF;
             - ᥬ⢮ ४⨢ ELSEIF;
             - ४⨢ @Cpu  @WordSize;
             -  ࠦ  ப (%);
             - ७ ⫠筠 ଠ  ४⨢ DW, DD  DF.

              騥 ७ 㯭    ᯮ짮  ४⨢
         MASM51:

             - ४⨢ SUBSTR, CATSTR, SIZESTR  INSTR;
             - த ப   ᨬ (/);
             - ୠ⨢ ᨭ⠪ 㬥⮢  ४⨢ LOCAL.

              騥 ७  㯭    ᯮ짮 ४⨢
         MASM51  QUIRKS:

             -  ⪨ ।  ᨬ @@,    뫪  
                  @F  @B;
             - ८। ६  楤;
             -  楤  몠 C     ६ -
                 ᨬ (_).

                           ।⢠ ० /QUIRKS MASM ᨨ 5.1             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᪮  ।⢠ MASM 5.1 ⥫쭮  
         ⤥ ।⢠  ࡮ ᥬ,   ࡮ ᥬ ।-
         ७ ୠ⨢,      
         MASM ᨨ 5.1.

              ᫨ ⪮  ,   墠뢠 ࠧ묨 ०
         ࠡ TASM:

               QUIRKS:

              1.  ஢  쭨  室,    室
           ⪮ ⨯  (᫨ । CS).

              2.    ୮ 樨 । ࠧ -
         樨  ୮ 樨 ᪫⥫쭮 १ ॣ (᫨  -
         ).


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 24 =

              3. ⮦ ଠ OFFSET, ८। ᥣ⮢ 
         ..  ᢠ  ४⨢ =  EQU.

              4.  ᯮ짮  ४⨢ EQU ⥪⮢ ᢠ-
           ࠦ  樥 PTR  :.

              5. 頥 ४⨢ UNION.

              6. ᪠ ८। ४⨢ GLOBAL.

               MASM51:

              1. 蠥 Instr,  Catstr,  Substr,  Sizestr  த
         ப \.

              2.  ᯮ짮 EQU  祢 ᫮  TEXT 
         ALIAS.

              3.   뢠  ।騥 ஡  ஠-
          ⥪⮢ ப.

               MASM51  QUIRKS:

                祭    ,   㪠뢠  
         ० QUIRKS  MASM51,  ⠪ ᫥饥:

              1.   ⪨ @@F  @@B.

              2.  ७   楤 ⮬᪨ -
          ⨯ PUBLIC.

              3.  ⪨,  ।   楤, ᪠-
          ८।  㣨 楤.

              4.     樨 ::   । 䨪,
           㯭  ⥪饩 楤.

              5.  ᨬ த ப ࠡ ⠪,    
         ० MASM51 (᫨  㪠뢠   ப).

                                    ⨬  QUASM                      
         ----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࡮ ᥬ ᨨ 2.0    ஢-
          ४⨢    প  室    MASM  ᨨ  5.2

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 25 =

         (QUAM).

              1. ४⨢ .STARTUP    STARTUPCODE    ﭭ
         騩  樠樨  ⭮ .  ⮬ -
         । ⠪ ⪠  ⨯ @Startup,     END
                  ⭠  ⪠  END
         @Startup. ਬ砭:   ० Ideal 㯭  ⮫쪮  ४⨢
         STARTUPCODE.

              2. ४⨢ .MODEL  MODEL  ⥯ 롨 
           ४⨢ .MODEL  ।  裡  ⥪    DGROUP:
         NEARSTACK  FARSTACK. ਬ:

                 .MODEL SMALL, C, FARSTACK

         ,   ⥪  㤥 祭  DGROUP.    㦥
         ॠ  TASM   䨪஢      ⮣
          .  ⥫쭮   ।ᬠਢ ⮫쪮  ᮢ-
         ⨬  MASM.

               3. @Model ।⠢ ᮡ  ।।  䨪-
         ,   ࠦ  ⥪ :  0 = ᢥ嬠,  1 = -
         , ... 5 = ᢥ塮.



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 26 =

                                                                               
                                C

                        
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ᮪ ᮢ⨬  MASM, ࡮ ᥬ TASM
           ७,    ᯮ짮   -
         묨 ࠬ MASM.   ७   ᯮ짮
           ० MASM,  ⠪   襭 ० Ideal (.  11
         "㪮⢠ 짮⥫").   ਢ ᠭ  
         ७  㪠뢠,    㪮⢥  ⮬  㧭
         ஡.
                                                                               
              ७ ᨭ⠪  ப
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࡮  ᥬ  ⢥ 襭 ᨭ⠪ 
         ப ( ࠢ  MASM).  ਬ,   । 
         ᥬ஢ ᪮쪮 䠩,    ᫥⥫쭮,
          ࠧ  ᯥ樠묨 ᨬ ?  *).    ⠪
         㯯஢  䠩  ⠪  ࠧ,     ࠭樨 
         㯯 㤥 ⠭  㯯 ࠬ஢,   ࠭樨
         㣮 㯯 䠩 - 㣠.     ᠭ  ࠬ஢
          ப .   3 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 27 =

                                                                               
              ४⨢ GLOBAL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ४⨢ GLOBAL   । ६, ஬-
             EXTRN   PUBLIC.    ६,
         ।   ⮩ ४⨢   砫  䠩,  
         砥    室  㫨  ⥬ ।   
         㫥.         ᯮ짮  ४⨢
         COMM.  ࠧ "४⨢ GLOBAL"   6 "㪮⢠ 짮-
         ⥫" 뢠,  ᯮ짮  ४⨢.
                                                                               
              ४⨢ PUBLICDDL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ४⨢   । ⪨  楤,
          ᪨ 窨 室  ,   ⠪ ᤥ  
         㯭묨  㣨 㫥,     ᥬ-
          ந ⥪  ᪮ .  ஡  
         ⮩ ४⨢  ᪠뢠     3 "ࠢ筮 㪮-
         ⢠".
                                                                               
              ७ ४⨢ COMM
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ४⨢ COMM  ⥯ ७   롨 ࠧ
          ᨢ  稪  ᨢ    ६
         ⨯ FAR  ᨬ     㣠.   ஡  ४⨢
         COMM ᪠뢠   3 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".
                                                                               
               䨪
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ४⨢ LOCALS    NOLOCALS ࠢ ࠧ饭  ⥪
          䨪஢,    䨪஢, 筮 -
            @@. ᠭ  ४⨢ ਢ   3
          㪮⢠.
                                                                               
              ७ 権 ᫮ 室
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ४⨢ JUMPS  NOJUMPS  ࠢ  "७"  
         । ࠢ ﬨ ᫮ 室.  -
           । ࠢ ⨬ ﬨ    ࠭祭
          ᥣ.   ᠭ  ४⨢ ਢ  
         3 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 28 =

                                                                               
               IDEAL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               Ideal  (  襭  ०)  ࡮ ᥬ TASM
         ।⠢  ,   樮  ஢
         ࠦ  ࠭  .     ࠢ-
         ,  ᬮ   ࠢ ࠭  権.  
            ᠭ ⮣ ० .   11 "㪮⢠
         짮⥫".
                                                                               
               ४⨢ UNION/STRUC
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࡮ ᥬ   ᯮ짮  -
         ,  ⠪  樨   ४⨢ UNION.   ࠧ,
          "४⨢ STRUC",    9  "㪮⢠ 짮-
         ⥫" 뢠,      ᯮ짮    ४⨢.
          3 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠"  뢠    -
         ४⨢ STRUC, ⠪  UNION.

                                                                               
              ४⨢ EMUL  NOEMUL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                 ४⨢   ࠢ ࠧ饭 -
         権 ᮯ 80387  ꥪ⭮ 㫥.
                                                                               
              䨪 ८। ᥣ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ  TASM  ।⢥  -
          樨 ८। ᥣ.   ⨣    -
         짮 䨪ᮢ:  SEGCS, SEGDS, SEGES, SEGSS  SEGGS. 
         䨪  䨪ᠬ REP  LOCK.

                䨪   㧭  ࠧ "䨪  -
         ८। ᥣ"   9 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 29 =

                                                                               
              ﭭ ᥣ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ TASM      ᯮ짮  祭
         ⠭      ६,   ⭮ 祭 㪠⥫ 
         ᥣ. ਬ:

                  JMP  FAR PTR 0FFFFh:0
              LOWDATA SEGMENT AT 0
                      ASSUME DS:LOWDATA+40h
                      mov    ax,DS:[3F]
              LOWDATA ENDS

               ᠭ ⮩  ᮤন   ࠧ  "-
         ४⨢ SEGMENT"  9 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".
                                                                               
              ७  CALL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               CALL  ࡮ ᥬ ७   -
         뢠 ᨬ  몠 ᯮᮡ ணࠬ  몥  -
          ஢.   樨 CALL  ⥯   
         ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢ 뢠 ணࠬ.  ࡮ ᥬ -
         ᪨   室  ⠭ ⥪   ⪨,
         室  । 㬥⮢  ணࠬ    ᮮ⢥-
         饬 몥  ᮪  ஢.  ਬ  ᯮ짮  
         ।⢠  ࡮ 몠  ᮤঠ   7   8  "㪮⢠
         짮⥫".

                                                                               
              ७ 樨 PUSH  POP
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              樨 PUSH  POP ७  ࡮ ᥬ ⠪ -
         ࠧ,      㪠뢠   㬥.  -
         :

                 push   ax dx  ; ⭮  権 push
                 pop    dx ax  ; ⭮  権 pop

              ஬ ⮣,  樨 PUSH ᪠ ᯮ짮 -
         -⠭ (  樨       8086).
          樨   ꥪ⭮  10-⮢ ᫥-
         ⥫쭮, 㫨饩  PUSH  ।⢥ -
         祭 ஢ 80186/286/386.


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 30 =

                           ७, 騥 ⭮ 몠            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࡮ ᥬ ७   CALL,  COMM,  EXTRN,
         GLOBAL, .MODEL, PROC  PUBLIC.   ।  ᯮ-
          ணࠬ  䨪 몠 ᮪ ஢  -
         ᨬ   몠  ᯮᮡ.   ७   
         騩 ,   ⮬᪨  ࡮  ᥬ-
         ஬ ᮣ᭮ ࠢ   몠.  ਬ,   
          ணࠬ, ਭ ᪮쪮 ࠬ஢, -
           ,   ⥬, । ⮬   뢠 ணࠬ-
         , 맢 ணࠬ  몥 ᮪ ஢.  筮 -
          ணࠬ   室   ᯮᠡ    ᮣ襭,
         ᯮ騥  ⭮ 몥,   ᯥ樠 ,  -
         騩 ⠭ ⥪  室 楤, ࠢ  
         ࠬࠬ  ⥪, ⠭   ⥪  맮 ண-
         ࠬ   몥  ᮪  ஢,   ⠪  ⥪,  
         ணࠬ 頥 ࠢ  뢠 ணࠬ.  -
              ⠪  - ᮣ襭  
         䨪஢  (ਬ,  몥  ।   -
         䨪஢ ॡ 㪠뢠 ન). ਬ ᯮ짮-
           । ᮤঠ   7     8  "㪮⢠
         짮⥫".

               ࡮  ᥬ    ᯮ짮 ७
           믮     㭪樨.    㦭  ⮫쪮
         , ᮣ襭   몠  ᯮ짮   
         ஢.    ।   ࠢ ᮣ襭
          맮  楤୮ ᭮.    PROC  .MODEL -
         ᬮ७ 쭥訥   ७,   騥   ᯮ짮
         ணࠬ஢, ᨬ  몠.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 31 =

                                                                               
              ७  LOOP  ०  80386
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᠭ ணࠬ  ய 80386 TASM -
           ᯮ짮   ४⨢ LOOP  ⢥ 稪  -
          CX,  ECX.

              ᠭ ᯮ짮 ⮩ 樨 ਢ   ࠧ
         " ᨨ LOOP  JCXZ"   10 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".

                                                                               
              ७ ࠢ ⨭
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࡮ ᥬ TASM  訥     -
         ࠢ  ᮤন, ⠪  ଠ⮬ ⨭.   -
          ਭ ࠭ ⨭,  ࠭  ⥪   -
            ० ࠢ ⨭,   室
         䠩   ४⨢ INCLUDE  ⠪     -
         .

                 ᠭ   5 "㪮⢠ 짮-
         ⥫".

                                                                               
              ୠ⨢ ४⨢
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ  TASM ᯮ ୠ⨢  
          ४⨢, ᮡ  ,  稭  
         (.).    ୠ⨢ ४⨢ 稭   (%).  
         ୠ⨢ ४⨢ ࠢ ஬ 稭  -
          P.

                 3   㪮⢠ ਢ  祭 -
         ४⨢,  ন TASM.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 32 =

                                                                               
              ।। ६
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              TASM ।  ६,        -
            室  䠩.    ⠪ ६,   ??DATE,
         ??TIME, ??FILENAME    ??VERSION,     ⥬ ६,
            MASM 5.0.

               ⢠  ᠭ  ६ . ࠧ " -
         । ६"  1 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".
                                  ७ MASM 5.0  5.1                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ TASM  ᥬ ७ﬨ, ᢮⢥-
         묨 MASM 5.0  5.1. ᫨     ⨬ ७ﬨ, -
          ਢ  ᯨ᮪  㪠,     -
         :

              - প ய 80386:
                (. ࠧ "80386"    10  "㪮⢠  짮-
                ".)

              - ४⨢ ࠢ ᥣ⠬:
                (. ࠧ "४⨢ ࠢ ᥣ⠬   ⨯  ᥣ-
                ⮢  ய 80386".)

              - ᢠ ப:
                (. ࠧ "ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EQU"    9  "-
                ⢠ 짮⥫".)

              - 樨 RETF  RETN:
                (. ࠧ " ࠡ ணࠬ"    5  "㪮-
                ⢠ 짮⥫".)

              - 騥 ६:
                (. ᠭ ४⨢ COMM   3 "ࠢ筮  㪮-
                ⢠".)

              - । 砥 ⥪:
                (. ४⨢ INCLUDE   3 "ࠢ筮 㪮⢠".)

              -   । :
                (. ࠧ "  ꥤ"   10 "㪮-
                ⢠ 짮⥫".)


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 33 =

              - ।। ६:
                (. ࠧ "४⨢ ࠢ ᥣ⠬"   5, 
                ⠪  10 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".)



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 34 =

                                                                               
              ७ ࠢ ४⨢ SHR  SHL
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ஠ᥬ MASM     ᯮ짮  ࠦ
         ४⨢ SHL  SHR  ⥫ 稪 ᤢ.  TASM -
           ,  ⮬ ࠭ 㤥 ᤢ  ⨢
         ஭. ਬ, 16SHL -2 ⭮ 16SHL 2.
                                                                               
               室 ࠡ⪨
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᮢ⨬  MASM,  ᯮ  -
         ᨬ  室 樨   㤠    
         - ०  뫮  権 NOP,   ࡮ ᥬ 
         ᥬ஢ 襣   믮   室.
          ।⢮  ࠧ蠥      ࠬ  ப
         /m#,  #  ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ᫮  室  (
         ᠭ     ᮤন    13 "㪮⢠
         짮⥫").



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 35 =

                              D.               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ TASM ।⠢     ⮭-
           ⨫.    ᯮ짮   䠩 TASM,   ⠪
           㣨 䠩.

               ⠪ ⨫, :

            - MAKE  ( ⨫ TOUCH; ⮭  ணࠬ);
            - TLINK (। 痢, 騪);
            - TLIB  (⥪);
            - GREP  (⨫ ᪠ ⥪  䠩);
            - OBJXREF (⨫   ࠡ  ४묨 뫪  -
               );
            - TCREF (⨫  ࠡ  ४묨 뫪).

               ⮬ ਫ ਢ ᠭ  ⨫,  ⠪-
          冷 ࠡ  . ᠭ ⨫ TCREF  OBJREF ᮤন-
           䠩  ਡ⨢ ᪥.      ᮤন-
         , ⠪         뢠 ᫥ ,  
         祭   㬥.



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 36 =

                                        MAKE                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⮭ ⨫  MAKE  (  ணࠬ) ।祭
            ᮧ ᫮ ணࠬ,     讣
         ⢠ 㫥.  ⨫ 筠 ணࠬ 樮
         ⥬ UNIX  ⥬  .

              MAKE ।⠢  ᮡ  ⥫㠫 ணࠬ -
         ,     ।  믮  
         室   ணࠬ.   ⢨⥫쭮 -
          ⨫ MAKE ⥫쭮 .   ⨫ ᮧ १-
          , 㤠 䠩  ࠧ ⠫   ⮬-
         ᪨ ᪠  ணࠬ,    䠩 ,
           ᯮ.    ᯮ짮 MAKE  㦨
          㣨 ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮 ⮩ ⨫  ࠧࠡ⪨  ண-
         ࠬ.

              ᫨  㤥 ४஢    ,  
          ਢ  쥧 訡.  㣮 ஭,   ४-
         ஢    㫨 뫮  ⮩ ⮩ ६.

              ⨫ MAKE    ஡.   -
            ᠭ,   㦭 ࠡ뢠 室  ꥪ-
          䠩 襩 ணࠬ    祭  筮  १.
         MAKE   ᠭ    䠩  믮 
         室 ⢨  ᮧ   ᨨ.    ⮬
          뢠 㦭 ,  ᥬ, 騪  -
         ,  ⮫쪮 ,  室   ணࠬ.

              २⢮ ᯮ짮 ⨫  MAKE  室    ࠬ
         ਪ ணࠬ.   ᯮ짮   ࠢ -
          ᮬ,   ஬ 롨  ࠡ뢠  䠩  
         묨    ᮧ  த.   騥
         ਬ   ᥡ ࠡ ⥪⮢, ⮬ 娢-
         , ஢  䠩  ७  㤠 ६ 䠩-
           襣 ⠫.



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 37 =

                                ࠡ⠥ ⨫ MAKE                       
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᮧ  ᨨ 襩 ணࠬ ⨫ MAKE
         믮 ᫥騥 㭪樨:

              - 뢠 ᯥ樠 䠩 ( 뢠 ନ騬
         䠩), ।⥫쭮  ᮧ.   䠩 㪠뢠 -
          MAKE,   ꥪ   䠩 㦭  ᪮-
            祭  襣 믮塞 䠩,    室
         䠩  䠩  㦭 ஢  ᮧ 
         ꥪ⭮ 䠩.

              - ஢   ६ ᮧ  ꥪ⭮ 䠩 
                ࠢ   ⥪饩 ⮩  ६,   ⠪ ⮩ 
                ६  室 䠩  䠩 ,  -
                  .  ᫨      "॥",  祬
                ꥪ 䠩,   MAKE ,   室 䠩 -
                ஢,    室 䠩 㦭 ४஢.

              -  ४樨 室 䠩 뢠 .

              - ᫥ ஢ન  ᨬ⥩ ꥪ⭮ 䠩 ஢-
                    ६ ᮧ  ꥪ⭮ 䠩.  
                ࠢ  ⮩  ६ ᮧ 믮塞 䠩-
                .

              - ᫨ -  ꥪ  䠩  "॥",  祬  䠩
                .EXE,  뢠 騪   ᮧ 믮-
                塞 䠩.

                    ।०: ⨫  MAKE    
                   ६ ᮧ,   ⠢  
                䠩 DOS.   砥,   ⮣, ⮡ ⨫ MAKE
                믮﫠 ᢮ 㭪樨,   ६  襩 ⥬ -
                 ⠭ ४⭮.  ᫨  ࠡ⠥  IMB PC
                AT  PS/2,  㡥,   (ᮢ) ࠡ⠥.
                 ᫠ 拉  祭   ६ -
                  ,    ਢ   ᡮ    ࠡ
                ⨫ MAKE.

                       IBM PC   ᮢ⨬  
                ⠢  ஥묨 ᠬ  ६. ᫨ 
               ࠡ⠥  ⠪ ⥬, 㡥 । 砫 ࠡ,
                  ६ ⠭ ࠢ쭮 ( ⮣ ᯮ-
                 DOS DATE  TIME).

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 38 =

                                   ⨫ MAKE                          
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᪠ ⨫ MAKE    make    ⢥  
         ᪠ DOS.  ⮬ ⨫ MAKE  䠩   MAKEFILE.
         ᫨      䠩,   믮   䠩
         MAKEFILE.MAK. ᫨   ⠪     䠩  䠩
         BUILTINS.MAK,  蠥 ࠡ  ᮮ饭  訡.

                ,  ᫨   ᯮ짮  䠩    㣨
         ?   㪠   ࠬ -f:

                 make -fmyfile.mak

              騩 ᨭ⠪ 맮 ⨫ MAKE ᫥騩:

                 make ࠬ ࠬ ... 楫_䠩 楫_䠩 ...

          "ࠬ" ।⠢ ᮡ ࠬ ⨫ MAKE (.  -
         ),  "楫 䠩" -   楫 䠩,  ॡ-
          ࠡ  ᮮ⢥⢨  묨 ࠢ.

              ਢ ਬ ࠢ ᨭ⠪ ⨫ MAKE:

              -  ᫮ make ᫥ ஡, ⥬ ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢.

              - ࠬ  ⤥   㣠 ஡.  -
                뢠     浪.     
                ᫮ ࠬ஢  (᪮쪮  墠⠥      
                ப).   ᥬ ࠬࠬ,    ।騬  ப
                (, ਬ, -s  -a)  㪠뢠  +  -.
                 㪠뢠,   ""  "몫" 
                ࠬ.

              - ᫥ ᯨ᪠  ࠬ஢ ᫥ ஡,  ⥬ -
                ⥫ ᯨ᮪ 楫 䠩.

              -  䠩  ⠪ ⤥   㣠 ஡-
                . ⨫ MAKE ࠡ뢠 楫 䠩  ⮬ -
                ,    㪠뢠, ४  砥 -
                室  ᮤন.

              ᫨ 楫 䠩   ப  㪠뢠, ⨫-
          MAKE  ᯮ    楫  䠩,  㪠     
         ࠢ. ᫨     ப 㪠    楫
         䠩,   室   ନ஢.

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 39 =


               ਢ ਬ 맮 ⨫ MAKE:

                 make -n -fstars.mak
                 make -s
                 make -Iinclude -DMDL = compact



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 40 =

                                                                               
          ࢠ 믮 ⨫ MAKE
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ MAKE ࢥ 믮,  ᫨ -  
         訫 ⨥ Ctrl-Break.   ࠧ, 믮 ⥪-
         饩   ᠬ ணࠬ MAKE  ࢠ  Ctrl-C.
                                     BULTINS.MAK                           
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᯮ짮  㦨饩 ணࠬ A   -
         㦨,   ம।  ࠢ (筮 -
          ࠢ),  ᯮ  ࠧ.   ᯮᮡ 
         ࠡ⪨.

               BUILTINS.MAK  ।砥    ࠢ (筮
          ࠢ)  ம।,    㦨  
         饣 짮  䠩     襩 ᫨⥫쭮
         設.

              稥 䠩 BUILTINS.MAK     易⥫.  ᫨
         㦨  ணࠬ   室 䠩 BUILTINS.MAK,   
           .  ᫨ 㦨 ணࠬ A  
           䠩 BUILTINS.MAK,  㯠  ।⢥-
          ஢ 䠩 MAKEFILE (  ନ饣 䠩-
         ,   㪠).

                ᯮ㥬묨 ࠢ  ப  ࠡ-
          ६ ᯮᮡ:

              - -,       ᮧ -
                 ନ騩 䠩.
              - -,        䠩   -
                 ᮧ  ନ饬 䠩 ᯮ짮 ४-
                ⨢  !include  (  ஡  ४⨢  ᪠
                ).

              -  ,       䠩 BUILTIN.MAK.

               ࠧ,    䠩       
          ᯮ㥬 ம।  ࠢ.   ᪥
         ⨫ MAKE  䠩 BULTINS.MAK;  ᫨  䠩 ,
         MAKE ⠥  ०,  祬 MAKEFILE. ᫨ ⨫ MAKE  
          䠩 BUILKTIN.MAK,   ࠡ뢠 䠩 MAKEFILE ( 
         ନ騩 䠩,   ).


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 41 =

               䠩 BULTINS.MAK ⢫    ⥪饬  ⠫
         ᫨ ⨫ MAKE  室   ⥪饬 ⠫,   ࠡ-
           ࠢ DOS ᨨ 3.,    䠩 믮 
         ⮬ ⠫, 㤠 饭 ⨫ MAKE.EXE.

              ⨫ MAKE ᥣ 믮  ନ饣 䠩 ⮫-
           ⥪饬 ⠫.   䠩 ᮤন ࠢ  ஥
         ⭮ 䠩 믮塞  ணࠬ.    ᠭ  䠩
           ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ.

              ⨫ MAKE  ⠪  ⥪饬 ⠫ 砥 䠩,
         㪠  ४⨢ !include ( ஡  ⮬  ᪠-
          ). ᫨  ᯮ ࠬ -I,   믮-
          ⠪  ⠫,    ࠬ.
                                    让 ਬ                           
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨬,   ᪮쪮 ணࠬ, ⢫ 뢮
          ࠭ ᯫ ଠ樨  ᥤ    ⥬.  
         ணࠬ, GETSTARS.ASM, 뢠  ⥪⮢ 䠩 ᯨ᮪ -
           ⥬,  ⢫   ࠡ  ᮧ 䠩
          , ᮤঠ騩 祭 ଠ.

              ணࠬ GETSTARS.ASM  ᯮ    ப,
         ᯮ    STARDEFS.INC,    ணࠬ,  室騥  
         STARLIB. ASM (  STARLIB.INC).

              GETSTARS.ASM ᯮ   : GSPARSE.ASM, GSCOMP.ASM
          GETSTARS.ASM.    䠩,  GSPARSE    GSCOMP,  ᮤঠ
         砥 䠩  (GSPARSE.INC     GSCOMP.INC).   ⨩   䠩,
         GETSTARS. ASM,  ᭮ 䠩 ணࠬ.

                 䠩  ⮫쪮 GSCOMP.ASM  GETSTARS.ASM ᯮ
         ணࠬ  STARLIB.ASM.



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 42 =

                䠩 ॡ ᫥騥 砥 䠩:

              --------------------------------------------------
               䠩                砥 䠩
              --------------------------------------------------
              STARLIB.ASM              
              GSPARSE.ASM              STARDEFS.INC
              GSCOMP.ASM               STARDEFS.INC,STARLIB.INC
              GETSTARS.ASM             STARDEFS.INC,STARLIB.INC,
                                       GSPARSE.INC,GSCOMP.INC
              --------------------------------------------------

               ⮣,  ⮡ ᮧ 䠩 GETSTARS.EXE  (।  
         ), 室  ᫥騥 :

         tasm /t /ml /s starlib
         tasm /t /ml /s gsparse
         tasm /t /ml /s gscomp
         tasm /t /ml /s getstars
         tlink starlib gsparse gscomp getstars,getstars, lib\io lib\math

              ⬥⨬ ᫥騥 ᨬ:

            - 䠩 GSPARSE,GSCOMP   GETSTARS      STARDEFS.INC.
              㣨 ᫮, ᫨  ᫨   STARDEFS.INC, 
              室 ୮ ࠭᫨஢  3 䠩;

            - 筮,    STARLIB.INC ਢ  -
               ୮ ࠭樨 GSCOMP  GETSTARS;

            -   GSPARSE.INC ਢ   室  ୮
              ࠭樨 䠩 GSCOMP  GETSTARS;

            - ⢥,       䠩 ணࠬ -
                ୮ ᥬ஢;

            - , ᫨     䠩  ୮  ᥬ-
              ஢,  室 ୠ .

               ᮧ 䠩 GETSTARS.EXE  ᮧ  䠩,
         ᮤঠ騩 ਢ  .  ⨫ MAKE  ᤥ-
            ࠧ .




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 43 =

                               ࠬ  ப                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ਢ ᯨ᮪  ࠬ஬  ப.  ⨬,  
          祭 ॣ 㪢 ࠬ.  ਬ, ࠬ -d 
          ⨬  ࠬ -D.

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ࠬ               㭪樨
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         -?  -h              뢮 ࠢ ଠ.

         -a                     ਢ  ⮬᪮ ஢થ -
                                ⥩  ꥪ 䠩.

         -B                     믮 ஥   楫 䠩,
                                ᨬ   .

         -D䨪
                                । 䨪  ப,  -
                                饩   ᨬ 1 ().

         -D䨪=ப । 䨪   "-
                                䨪"    ப,  饩  ࠢ 
                                ᨬ =.  ப       ᮤঠ
                                ஡  ᨬ ⠡樨.

         -i                      ஢  ()   ﭨ
                                襭  (  室)    믮
                                 ணࠬ.  믮 த 
                                ᨬ    襭.   -
                                ⭮ 饭 ᨬ "-"  ।  ᥬ
                                   ନ饬 䠩 (. ).

         -I⠫              砥 䠩   㪠  -
                                 (  ⥪饬 ⠫).

         -K                     ࠭ ( ) ६  䠩-
                                , ᮧ ⨫⮩ MAKE.  ६-
                                  䠩      MAKE####.$$$,  
                                #### ਭ  祭      
                                0000  9999.

         -n                     뢮 ,   믮  .  
                                 ᯮ짮  ⫠ ନ-
                                饣 䠩.

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 44 =


         -s                        뢮  ।  믮.
                                筮 ⨫ MAKE 뢮   -
                                ,  室 ६ 믮 .

         -S                     믮 ᢮ ⨫ MAKE  
                                  믮  .    ⢥
                                㬥蠥 ॡ    
                                ஢ 祭 訥 㫨.

         -U䨪        ।   ।騥  ।
                                䨪  㪠 .

         -W                     騥  ப ࠬ  ⠭
                                ᯮ㥬묨  㬮砭 (뢠 
                                䠩 MAKE.EXE. ᯮ㥬    㬮砭
                                ࠬ 뢮   ࠬ஢
                                -?  -h,  ᫥騩 ᨬ.
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                           ⮥ ᯮ짮 ⨫ MAKE                  
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᬮਬ ਬ ᯮ짮 ⨫ MAKE,  -
         騩   ணࠬ஢. ।,   , 
         訫 ࠭       ⤥쭮 䠩.  (।
           ਬ ⠪,    쭮 ⪠ :  -
         ন    䠩 CHAP1.MSS, CHAP2.MSS, CHAP3.MSS.) ⮡
          ⥪騩 ᮪ ,  ய᪠   -
          १ ணࠬ ଠ஢ FORM.EXE,  ⥬ 뢠 -
          DOS COPY  ꥤ 祭 ⥪   䠩:

                          form.exe
              Chap1.MSS ===========> Chapt1.txt  \
                          form.exe                -------------\
              Chap2.MSS ===========> Chapt2.txt    COPY  > Book.TXT
                          form.exe                -------------/
              Chap3.MSS ===========> Chapt3.txt  /

                ணࠬ஢,  ᠭ   ॡ  -
         .     த  ࠡ            
         ஢ ᮤন      䠩,    
          ४   ,  ⮡ ⬥,  
         䠩   .   㣮 ஭,    ⥫  
         ய     䠩  १  ଠ஢騪

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 45 =

         । ⥬,   ᪮   㣨 䠩,   -
             ਠ .

                 ᮢᥬ   ॡ騩    ६  ᯮᮡ
            ஡  ⮨   ⮬,  ⮡ ଠ஢
          䠩 .  ⮣  ᮧ  䠩, ᮤ-
         騩 ᫥騥 :

                 FORM CHAP1.MSS
                 FORM CHAP2.MSS
                 FORM CHAP3.MSS
                 COPY /A CHAP1.TXT+CHAP2.TXT+CHAP3.TXT BOOK.TXT

               ᪥   䠩 ᥣ  㤥  祭
            襩 .  ।,  ,   
          ࠧ᫠  ⠫ ᮤঠ 15 .   ଠ஢-
          ᥩ    ᫨誮 ⥫.

                 ⠪  த 室   ⨫ MAKE.
         ,   ॡ ᤥ -  ᮧ 䠩,   -
         뢠 筮 MAKEFILE,   ᮮ ⨫ MAKE,  
         䠩  ᮤন BOOK.TXT,    㦭    ࠡ.
          䠩 㤥 ᮤঠ ࠢ, 騥,  ନ஢
         BOOK.TXT,    䠩,     ᮤন-
          , .

                ਬ  ନ饬 䠩  ᯮ짮 ᫥-
         饥 ࠢ:

              book.txt: chap1.txt chap2.txt chap3.txt
                   copy /a chap1.txt+chap2.txt+chap3.txt book.txt

                砥?   ࢮ ப 㪠뢠,  BOOK.TXT
           ଠ஢ ⥪⮢    .  ᫨ -
         -  䠩,     BOOK.TXT,  , 祬 ᠬ
         䠩 BOOK.TXT,    ⨫  MAKE    ନ஢   䠩
         BOOK.TXT, 믮  COPY  ᫥饩 ப.

              ,     ࠢ   祬 .   
         䠩    䠩 㬥 .MSS.  ᫨ -  
         䠩 CHAP?.TXT 㤥 ,  祬 ᮮ⢥騩 䠩 .MSS,  
         䠩 .MSS 㤥 ନ஢.  ࠧ,  ନ騩 䠩
         ᫥   ᪮쪮 ࠢ:

              chap1.txt: chap1.mss
                         form chap1.mss

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 46 =

              chap2.txt: chap2.mss
                         form chap2.mss
              chap3.txt: chap3
                         form chap3.mss

                 ࠢ 뢠,    㦭  ଠ஢
             (᫨  室)  室 䠩 㬥-
         .

              ⨫ MAKE "",      䠩,  
           㣮 䠩, । ⥬,    䠩.
          ࠧ,  ᫨   CHAP3.MSS, ⨫ MAKE -
           3,  ⮬ 㦥 ନ  䠩 .TXT BOOK.TXT.

                ᪮쪮   ਬ.  ࠢ -
           ᭮ . ᪨,  ᪫祭  -
          (᫥ ᨬ    䠩)  . ⮬
         쭮      ନ騩 䠩  ࠢ,
            筥  .  ⮡   ,  ⨫
         MAKE   ᯮ짮  ࠢ,  ஥ -
         ,    ⨯ 䠩  㣮 ( ᭮ -
          䠩).   砥   ࠢ   
          ࠢ:

              .mss.txt:
                         form $*.mss

               ࠢ : "᫨ 㦭 ନ஢  -
          ⥪    䠩  䠩 .MSS,     ᤥ
         ⠪". ( ਤ  ࢮ  ࠢ,  ।饥,  
         ନ஢ BOOK.TXT.  ᫥ ⮣ ⨫ MAKE 㤥 ,  
         㦭 ꥤ    室 䠩.    ᫥-
         饬 ࠢ ᯮ ப.   ப  -
          .)

              ᫥ ⮣,    ᮧ ନ騩 䠩,  ॡ-
          ⮫쪮   祭  ਠ   ⢥ 
         ᪠ DOS   : MAKE.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 47 =

                               ନ 䠩                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ନ騩 䠩 ᮤন ।,    ४⨢,
         ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ-⨫⮩ MAKE   襩  ண-
         ࠬ.  ᮧ ⮫쪮 ନ 䠩, ᪮쪮 ॡ-
         ,    ந묨 . ᫨  ᪥ ⨫-
           MAKE  (  易⥫  ࠬ஬  -f)      
         ନ饣 䠩,    㤥 ᪠ 䠩   ᯮ㥬  
         㬮砭  MAKEFILE.

              ନ騩 䠩  ᮧ   ⥪⮢ ।-
         ,  ࠡ饣   ASCII (⠪, , ਬ, ஥
         ࠪ⨢ । ࡮   ࡮ ᪠).   ࠢ,
         ।  ४⨢ 稢 ᨬ   ⪨.
         ᫨ ப  ᫨誮 ,      
         ᫥饩 ப,   த -   
         (\) -  ᫥ 樨 த ப.

              ஡  窨 ᯮ  ⤥ ᯮ -
          䨪஢ (⠪  ᨬ)  ⮡ 뤥  -
            ࠢ.  ਢ ᯨ᮪ 権,  ⨬ 
         ନ饬 䠩:

              - ਨ;
              -  ࠢ;
              -  ࠢ;
              - ம।;
              - ४⨢ (祭 䠩, ᫮ 믮, ।-
                 訡, 㤠).

               ࠧ, 䠩 ⨯ make ( ନ騩 䠩) ⮨
           ᯨ᪮:  ᨬ⥩   .  ᨬ  㪠뢠
         ⨫ MAKE,   䠩    䠩;  㪠-
         뢠 MAKE,  ᮧ  䠩  㣨.

              ᫨   ᭮   ਢ ਬ஢,   
         ନ騩 䠩  ⮬ 砥 㤥  ᫥騩 :

         getstars.exe: getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparcs.obj starlib.obj
         tlink starlib gsparse gscomp getstars,getstars, lib\io lib\math

         getstars.obj: getstars.asm stardefs.inc starlib.inc gscomp.inc \
                           gsparse.inc
         tasm /t /ml /s getstars.asm


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 48 =

         gscomp.obj:  gscomp.asm stardefs.inc starlib.inc gscomp.inc
         tasm /t /ml /s gscomp.asm

         gsparse.obj: gsparse.asm stardefs.inc starlib.inc gsparse.inc
         tasm /t /ml /s gsparse.asm

         starlib.obj: starlib.asm
         tasm /t /ml /s starlib.asm

               룫廊 ᪮쪮 .  ᭥:

              - ࢠ   ப   㪠뢠   ⨫   MAKE,      䠩
                GETSTARS.EXE    ꥪ 䠩.

              -   ப  㪠뢠  MAKE,      ந   
                䠩 GETSTARS. EXE.

              - 騥 ப (  ப  )  㪠뢠
                ⨫  MAKE,   䠩 GETSTARS.OBJ    䠩-
                .   ᥭ          䠩  
                getstars.asm    ࠭᫨஢   -
                  ன ப .



         TASM2 #5-5/               = 49 =

                                                                               
          ନ 䠩
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ନ 䠩 ⨬ ᫥騥 樨:

              - ਨ;

              - । ࠢ;

              - ࠧ㬥 ࠢ;

              - ம।;

              - ४⨢ 祭 䠩,  ᫮ 믮, ᯮ-
                 訡  ⬥ ப.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 50 =

                                      ਨ                              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ਨ 稭  ᨬ (#). ন ப -
          ⮣ ᨬ  ⨫⮩  MAKE.  ਨ  
          ࠧ饭  㣮,     稭  ।
         . ⮪ ப,  ᫥騩   #  -
         㦨饩 ணࠬ MAKE.  ਨ    
         ,   易⥫쭮  稭  - ।
         樨.

               ⭮ ᮩ  (\)  த ਩ 
         ᫥ ப.     ᯮ짮  
         ப  #.   ⢨⥫쭮    ᯮ짮
          ⢥  த ⭮ ᮩ ⮩  ப,  -
           ਩.  ந室 - ⮣, , ᫨ -
         ⭠   ।  #,      
         ᫥    ப. ᫨   ᫥   #,
           ᠬ   . ਢ  ਬ
         ਥ  ନ饬 䠩:


           # ନ騩 䠩  GETSTARS.EXE
           getstars.exe:getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj
           #   ਩   ᫥饩 ப
           tlink starlib gsparse gscomp getstars,getstars,\
                  lib\io lib\math
           # ࠢ ਩
           #   ਩  ᫥騬  ப
           getstars.obj: getstars.asm stardefs.inc starlib.inc gscomp.inc
                           gsparse.inc
           tasm /t /ml /s getstars #   ਩ 




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 51 =

                                     ᯨ᪨                           
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                 ࠢ (.  ) ᯮ  ᯨ᪨  -
         .  㤨     .

                   ᯨ᪥  稭  ,  
            ।⢮  ࠩ     ஡,
             ᫥騩 :

                   [ 䨪 ... ] ⥫_

                 ப    ᯨ᪥  ⮨  ᯨ᪠
         (o易⥫쭮) 䨪ᮢ,    ᫥  -
          .

                                     䨪

              䨪,   ᯮ짮  ,  -
         ࠡ 㦨饩 ணࠬ A  .  䨪ᮬ -
             ᨬ  @   (-),  ।⢥  
         ᫥ ᫮.

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         䨪             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
              @           㦨饩 ணࠬ A 뢮
                            ࠭ ।  믮.  뢮 
                        ⢫,   ᫨   ப -
                         A    易⥫ ࠬ -s.
                         䨪 ⭮ ⮫쪮  ⮩ ,  -
                        ன  㪠뢠.

           - ᫮        ,  㦨 ணࠬ A -
                        ࠡ뢠  襭.  ᫨ ᫮ 㪠뢠-
                        ,   㦨 ணࠬ A 뢠 -
                        ࠡ  ⮬ 砥 ⮫쪮,  ᫨  祭  
                        襭 ॢ蠥  ᫮.  ਢ
                         ਬ 㦨 ணࠬ   ࢥ
                        믮 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,  ᫨  -
                         ॢ  祭 ᫮ 4:

                                    -4 myprog sample.x

                        ᫨ "-᫮ 䨪"  ,   㦨-
                         ணࠬ  ஢    襭  

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 52 =

                         .  ᫨    㫥,
                         㦨 ணࠬ  ⠭    㤠
                        ⥪騩 楫 䠩.

              -          稨    㦨  ண-
                        ࠬ MAKE  㤥 ஢  襭.  -
                        ᨬ   襭 㦨 ணࠬ-
                         A 㤥 த ࠡ.
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    

                ࠪ 筮 ⠪,   ᫨   㪠-
           ⢥ ப  䠩 COMMAND.COM,   ᪫祭 -
         ,    ॠ  -뢮  ணࠬ   -
         .

              ஬ 権  ࠢ   뢮 >,  <, 
         >>, ⨫  MAKE  ᯮ  樨 <<  &&.   樨
         ᮧ 䠩,  騩 ⨢   .  
         << ᮧ ६ 䠩  ८। ⠭  ⠪
         ࠧ,   㯠  ᮧ 䠩.  ᫨     
         ணࠬ,   ਭ    ⠭⭮ ன⢠
         , :

              myprog <<!
               ஢ઠ
              !

         ᮧ ६ 䠩,  ᮤঠ騩 ப " ஢ઠ /n", -
         ८।   myprog. ᪫⥫    ਬ-
           ࠭⥫.     ⢥  ࠭⥫  
         䠩 ᯮ짮  ᨬ,  ஬ #  \. ࢠ ப, -
         ঠ  ⢥ ࢮ ᨬ ࠭⥫, 蠥 䠩.
            ࠭⥫  (  砥  ᪫⥫
         )  ப ᬠਢ,   ।饩 .

               && 筠 樨 <<.    ᮧ  ६
         䠩.   ᯮ짮 ⠭⭮   ,  -
          && 頥  ६ 䠩.   ᫥饬 ਬ
         ᮧ "䠩 ᪠"  ⨫ TLINK:

              MYPROG.EXE : $((MYOBJS)
                    tlink /e  &&!
              COS $(MYOBJS)
              $*

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 53 =

              $*
              $(MYLIBS) EMULLIB.LIB MATHLIB.LIB OB.LIB

              ⨬,  ப ( ᨬ $)  -
           ᮧ 䠩.  $*   ନ㥬 䠩
         ( ७),   $(MYOBJS)  $(MYLIBS)   祭ﬨ
         ப MYOBJ  MYLIB.   ࠧ, TLINK  ᬠ-
          䠩,  룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

               COS a.obj b.obj c.obj d.obj
               MYPROG
               MYPROG
               w.lib x.lib y.lib z.lib EMU.LIB MATHS.LIB CS.LIB

               ६ 䠩 㤠 (᫨ ⮫쪮   -
            ᯮ ࠬ -K).  ᫨ ,  䠩 ࠡ-
         ⠥ ࠢ쭮, ࠬ -K  ᯮ짮  ⫠.
                                                 ᪨ ணࠬ               

              ⨫ MAKE      ࠡ     ᯨ᪮  ணࠬ.
         ।, ਬ,   ⨫ MAKE  ।   -
         ࠡ⪨  ᪮쪮  䠩  ࡮ ᥬ.  ⨫ MAKE 
          ࡮ ᥬ   䠩,    䥪⨢
         뫮   맢  ࡮ ᥬ,  㪠    ப
         ᯨ᮪   ᥬ㥬 䠩.   ⮬  㦭 㤥 -
          ࠧ १㦠 TASM.

              ।⢠ ⨫ MAKE     䠩
          ࠡ⪨   ,    ᯨ᮪,  뢠 -
           ࠧ  ᥣ ᯨ᪠.

              ⮡ MAKE ନ஢ ᯨ᮪,   㦭 ᯮ짮  -
          ப 䨣 ᪮:

                   _ப...{ _ᯨ᪠ } ...⮪_

               ⠪ ᨭ⠪  믮  ⪫뢠-
         ,    ⨫  MAKE    ।,      㦭  맢
         ᫥ .  ᫨ ᫥  筠,    -
            ⥬ ᮥ  ,  ᯮ-
           ᪮.

              ਢ ਬ, 뢠騩,   ।⢮ ࠡ⠥.
         ।, ⨫  MAKE ᫥⥫쭮 뢠 ᫥騥 
         :

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 54 =


                  tasm {file1.asm }
                  tasm {file2.asm }
                  tasm {file3.asm }

               ⮣, ⮡  ࠧ 뢠 ࡮ ᥬ, ⨫-
          MAKE ᯮ  :

                  tasm file1.asm file1.asm file1.asm

              ⨬,   ஡     䠩  䨣
         ᪮  ⢥  ஫.    ࠧ⥫.  ন
         ᪮  ꥤ  ⮬ ,  .

              ਢ ਬ,    ஬  ᯮ   ࠢ.
         ।,  ନ騩 䠩 ᮤন  ࠢ -
         樨 ணࠬ  ᥬ  䠩 .OBJ:

              .asm.obj:
                        TASM - c { $< }

               ⨫ MAKE ᯮ    䠩  ᥬ
          ࠢ,      ப  $<  ॠ쭮 
         䠩      ᯨ 䠩  樨.  (-
             ஡  ᪮,  㦠 ࠧ-
         ⥫ﬨ.) ᮪ ,   ⨫ MAKE  㦨,    
         㦭 ᪠  ணࠬ,  ⫨  TASM,   
         㤥 ௠ ࠭⢮   ப.  ᫨  -
         室, ⨫ MAKE 頥   ப ⮫쪮 ,
         ᪮쪮 ,   ⮪ 頥  ᫥   ப.
          ᯨ᮪ 㤥 ନ஢, ⨫ MAKE 뢠 TASM ( -
         ࠬ஬ -c  ࠡ⪨ ࠧ ᥣ ᯨ᪠.
                                            믮  DOS              

              㦨 ணࠬ A 믮  ᫥騥  "஥-
         "      DOS,  뢠      믮    䠩
         COMMAND.COM:

               break      cd       chdir      cls      copy    ccty
               md         mkdir    path       prompt   rem     date
               rename     set      time       type     ver     del
               verify     vol      dir        echo     erase   rd
               rmdir

              㦨 ணࠬ A ⢫   -

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 55 =

          㣮    ⬠ ᪠ :

              - 砫  ᫥  ⥪騩 ⠫,    ᫥
                 ⠫ 㪠 .

              -   ⠫  ᭠砫 䠩  ७
                .,  ⥬ - 䠩  ७ ., , ,  -
                ७ ..

              - ᫨  䠩 .,  뢠  COMMAND.COM 
                믮  䠩.

              祢,   ᫨ ७   ப 㪠뢠-
         ,   㦨 ணࠬ   ⢫    ⮫쪮
          ⮣ ७.

              ਢ ਬ.   ⠢ COMMAND.COM 믮
           ⠫:

                 cd c:\include

                㤥   ᯮ짮 ⬠ -
          ᪠:

                tpc myprog.pas /$B+,R+,I+

                 㤥   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 -
          .:

              myprog.com geo.zyz

                㤥 믮    㪠
           䠩:

              c:\myprogs\fil.exe -r

              ⨫ MAKE  ᯮ   ᪠  宦-
          䠩  믮 ᫥饩 :

              tlink lib\cos z, y,z,z,lib\cs

              MAKE 믮  ᫥饣 䠩, ᯮ ⮫쪮 -
         ७ .COM:

              myprog.com geo.xyz


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 56 =

              MAKE   ᫥騩  䠩,  ᯮ  㪠   
         䠩:

              c:\myprogs\fil.exe -r




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 57 =

                                       ࠢ                            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࠢ   ᫥ ਬ ।⠢ ᮡ  (-
         ) ࠢ,   ࠢ,  ஬  䠩 ।-
          .  ࠢ  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

         楫_䠩 [楫_䠩 ...]: [室_䠩 室_䠩...]
                      []
                      []
                      ...

               楫_䠩 -  䠩,    ,
         室_䠩  -   䠩,  ண  楫 䠩,
           -   MS-DOS ( 맮   䠩
          ᯮ 䠩 .COM  .EXE).

              ,      ᮡ ᯮ짮  ࠢ,
         砥  ⮬,   ⥫  ᮧ  -
          䠩 "楫_䠩", 筮 ᯮ 䠩 "室_ 䠩".
          㦨 ணࠬ MAKE  㦨    ࠢ,
          ᭠砫 ,    - 䠩 ᠬ 䠩-
          "楫_䠩" -  㣮    ନ饬 䠩.
         ᫨ ,  ⠪ ࠢ  묨.

                䠩 "室_䠩" ᮧ    ᮮ-
         ⢨  㣨 묨 ( 묨) ࠢ, 㦨
         ணࠬ MAKE ஢,   䠩 "楫_䠩". ᫨
         ,    뢠   浪. ᫨ "楫-
         _䠩"  ,   ६    ᫥ 䨪-
         樨 ࠢ  ६   ⮩  䨪樨    䠩
         "室_䠩". ᫨ -  䠩 "_䠩"  
         , 祬 䠩 "楫_䠩",  믮 ᯨ᮪ .

                䠩     ஭  -
           ࠧ   믮 㦨饩 ணࠬ MAKE.

                 ப   ࠢ 稭  ஡-
         . 㦨 ணࠬ A ᬠਢ  ப, ᫥-
         騥  ᫥  ࠢ   ᫥饩 ப,  稭饩 
          1 ( ।饣 ஡)    䠩,  -
         ⢥  ᯨ᪠  ⮣ ࠢ. ப ஡ -
         .   ࠢ    ப,  ᫥    ,
         ᬠਢ  ᪮쪮 ,  祬  ࠢ  묨
         ப.


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 58 =

              - ᫨  ࠢ   楫 䠩   -
         ,   ⢥묨 䠩,      楫
         䠩,  䠩, ᫥  ⮬  ࠢ.

              - ᫨  ࠢ   ,  楫 䠩 -
           䠩, 㪠   ࠢ,  ⠪   -
            䠩, 㤮⢮饣  ࠢ  楫-
          䠩.

              -   ନ騩 䠩  ਬࠬ  ࠢ:

              myutil.obj:myutil.asm
               masm myutil.asm.myutil.obj;

              myapp.exe:  myapp.pas myglobal.tpu myutils.tpu
               tpc myapp /Tc:\tp4\bin

              myglobal.tpu: myglobal.pas
               tpc myglobal /Tc:\tp4\bin

              myutils.tpu: myutlis.pas myglobal.tpu myutil.obj
               tpc myutils /Tc:\tp4\bin

              - ࢮ  ࠢ 㪠뢠,   䠩 MYUTIL.OBJ -
           䠩 MYUTIL.ASM,   䠩 MYUTIL.OBJ ᮧ  믮
           MASM.  (ࠬ /      ਬ-
           ᭥ ᪮쪮 ).

              - ஥ ࠢ ⢥ত,   䠩 MYAPP.EXE   
         MYAPP.PAS,  MYGLOBAL.TPU  MYUTILS.TPU    ᮧ  -
          TPC.

              -  ࠢ 㪠뢠,  䠩 MYGLOBAL.TPU  
         䠩 MYGLOBAL.PAS  ᮧ   .

              - ᫥  ࠢ 㪠뢠,   䠩 MYUTIL.TPU 
          䠩 MYUTILS.PAS,  MYGLOBAL.TPU  MYUTIL.OBJ    ᮧ
           .

              - ᫨     ८࣠  ࠢ  ⠪,    ࠢ  
         MYAPP.EXE ⠭ ,     ᫥ ⠫,  -
         㦨  ணࠬ A ४ ( ॠᥬ)
         ⮫쪮  䠩,     ४஢ ( -
         ᥬ஢)  ⮣, ⮡ ࠢ쭮 ⢫ ४.
          ந室 - ⮣,   㦨 ணࠬ A  
         楫  䠩     ப ⠥ 믮 ᭠砫

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 59 =

         ࢮ  ࠢ, ஥    ନ饬 䠩.

              -  ⢨⥫쭮  筮    ᫥
           ࠢ    ४⨢ /    
         ࠢ  䠩 MYAPP.EXE.    室 㤥  -
           ᨬ 䠩 MYGLOBAL.TPU  MYUTILS.TPU  室-
          䠩  MYAPP.EXE.

               ࠢ ⠪ த ।   ᪮쪮 楫-
           䠩,      ᪮쪮 室 䠩  易-
         ⥫ ᯨ᮪ ᯮ塞 .  楫  室  䠩-
         ,  ᮤঠ騥  । ࠢ,  ᮤঠ 
         㪠 ᪮   ⠫,    室.   ࠢ
          ᯮ짮  ᨬ.

              ⠪ ࠢ   祭  祭.  楫
         䠩  稭  ࢮ 樨 ப. ।  -
           㪠뢠    ஡,   ᨬ ⠡-
         樨.  ⬥砫 ,  த ப   -
         짮 ᨬ ⭮ ᮩ  (\). , 室 䠩-
             ࠢ 易⥫.  ⮡ ࠢ -
         﫮 ⮫쪮   楫 䠩,  ᯨ᮪    稢
         ᨬ  (:).

               । ࠢ ⮨  ⮬,   , 㪠-
           ,   ᮧ   楫 䠩, 筮
         ᯮ 室 䠩.  ⨫ MAKE 砥 ।-
          ࠢ,   ஢,     室 䠩-
             ᢮  । 楫 䠩  ⮬  ନ饬 䠩.
         ᫨  ⠪,   ࠢ ᬠਢ .

                 室 䠩 뫨 ᮧ     -
          (ࠧ㬥) । ࠢ, ⨫ MAKE ஢-
         ,    楫 䠩. ᫨ 楫 䠩  ,
           믮  ਢ 浪. ᫨  ,
            ६  ᮧ ࠢ  ⮩  ६ -
          室 䠩. ᫨  室 䠩  뫨 ᥭ
         ,  㤥 믮 ਢ ᯨ᮪ .

                䠩  㪠뢠        ࠢ
         ⮫쪮  ࠧ   믮 ⨫ MAKE.

                 ப 稭  ஡. ⨫ MAKE
         ⠥  ப,  ᫥騥   ࠢ,    ᯨ᪠
           ⮣ ࠢ  ࢮ ப,  稭饩  ࢮ
         樨    䠩 ( ப ).

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 60 =

                                                                               
                              樠 ᮣ襭

              ⠪,  ࠢ      ᯨ᪮  ਭ
          , 祬 ࠢ  묨 ᯨ᪠.

             - ᫨    ࠢ  ᮤন ᯨ᮪ ,    ࠢ
                 ⮫쪮  䠩,      -
                䠩;

             - ᫨  ࠢ  ᮤন ,  楫 䠩 -
                  䠩,  ਢ  ⮬ ࠢ,  ⠪  
               䠩, 㪠  ࠧ㬥 ࠢ.
                                                       ਬ                 

             ਢ  ᪮쪮 ਬ஢  ࠢ:

                 myprog.obj: myprog.asm
                  tasm /t myprog.asm

                 prog2.obj:prog2.asm include\stdio.inc
                  tasm /t /ml prog2.asm

                 prog.exe: myprog.asm prog2.asm include\stdio.inc
                  tasm /t  myprog.asm
                  tasm /t /ml prog2.asm
                  tlink myprog prog2, prog, lib\io

             - ࢮ  ࠢ ⠭,   䠩 MYPROG.OBJ 
                MYPROG.ASM,   MYPROG.OBJ  ᮧ  맮  ணࠬ
               TASM.

             - 筮, ஥ ࠢ ⠭,  PROG2.OBJ -
                 PROG2.ASM  STDIO.INC ( ४ਨ INCLUDE)  
               ᮧ  TASM.

             - ᫥ ࠢ ⠭,   䠩 PROG.EXE 
                MYPROG.ASM, PROG2.ASM,  STDIO.INC  ᫨    
                 䠩 ᥭ ,   PROG2.EXE  
               ८ࠧ   ᯨ᪠ ਢ    ࠢ  -
               .   ⮬ ᫨  ᥭ  䠩 MYPROG.ASM,
                ਤ ୮ ஢  䠩 PROG2.ASM.

             - ᫨    ⢥ ࢮ ࠢ:


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 61 =

                prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
                 tlink myprog prog2, prog,,lib\io

              ⢨    
         室 䠩.
                                  ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ ᨬ          

              ࡮ ᥬ,  ࠡ ᮢ⭮   ⨫⮩  MAKE  
         Borland, ᯥ稢 ஢ ᨬ  砥 䠩.
         TASM ᮧ 䠩 .OBJ,   㪠뢠 ⨫  MAKE,  
         砥 䠩 뫨 ᯮ짮   ᮧ.   ஢ન
         ⮩ ଠ樨  ᯥ祭    䠩 ᯮ
         ࠬ  ப -s.

               ⨫ MAKE 믮 ⮬ ஢ -
         ,  뢠  砥 䠩,  ६      
         ᮧ  䠩 .OBJ.  ᫨ -  砥 䠩 
         ஢,  ⨫ MAKE  ४  ꥪ  䠩.
         ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ନ騩 䠩:

              .asm.obj:
                  tasm -c $*

              । ⥯,    TASM  ᫥-
         騩 室 䠩   MYFILE.ASM:

              #include <stdio.inc>
              #include "dcl.inc"

              void myfile() { }

              ᫨    맮 ⨫ MAKE    ᫥饩
          ப:

              make -a myfile.obj

           ஢ ६   ᮧ 䠩 MYFILE.ASM,   ⠪
         䠩 STDIO.INC  DCL.INC.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 62 =

                                     ࠢ                            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࠢ -  饭  ࠢ.   ਢ
         ਬ, 騩 ᨬ   ⨯ ࠢ:

               starlib.obj: starlib.asm
               tasm /t /ml /s starlib.asm

               ࠢ   騬, ⠪   ஥  ᭮-
          ਭ樯: 䠩 .OBJ   䠩  .ASM   ⠪   -
           ᮧ  ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ TASM.

              ८।   ࠢ  ,    ࠭
         । ࠢ  .   ࠢ  룫廊
         ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                    .asm.obj:
                      tasm /t /ml /s $<

               砥,     䠩 .OBJ   䠩  ⠪
          ,  ७ .ASM,  䠩 .OBJ ᮧ :

                    tasm /t /ml /s $<

          $< ।⠢  䠩  ७ .ASM.  ( ᯥ樠-
          ப).

              ⠪  ࠢ ᫥騩:

              .७_室_䠩.७_楫_䠩
                            []
                            []
                               ...

         ,   ࠭,  易⥫    饭.

              ࠬ .७_室_䠩 (    -
           ࢮ 樨 ப) ।⠢ ᮡ ७ -
         室 䠩;  ਬ   䠩, 饬 ᫥騩
         ଠ:

              .७_室_䠩

              筮 ࠬ .७_楫_䠩 뫠  
         䠩:

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 63 =


              .७_楫_䠩

           -     䠩.   , 
         ࠢ    ࠢ, 騥 ᫥騩 ଠ:

              .७_楫_䠩:.७_室_䠩
                            []
                            []
                               ...
                ࠬ <>.

               ࠢ ᯮ ⮣,    
         ࠢ   楫 䠩,  ᫨  ࠢ 
         ᮤন .

              ७ 䠩  ᯮ    । ⮣, 
            ᯮ짮.

              ਬ, ।,      ନ騩  䠩  (
          MAKEFILE),  ᮤন ᫥饥 ࠢ:

                .asm.obj:
                 tasm /t /ml /s $<

              ᫨    ணࠬ  ᥬ    RATIO.ASM,
            ஢   䠩 RATIO.OBJ,  㦭 ᯮ짮-
          :

                      make ratio.obj

              ⨫ MAKE ਬ 䠩 RATIO.OBJ,   楫.  
           ࠢ  ᮧ RATIO.OBJ,  MAKE  ਬ  
         ࠢ  ᣥ :

                tasm /t /ml /s ratio.asm

               ࠢ ⠪ ᯮ ⮣,    -
           ᯨ᮪ .  ।,  㯮 -
         ,    ᫥饥  ࠢ  砫 襣 ନ-
         饣 䠩:

                .asm.obj:
                 tasm /t /ml /s $<

                ⥬ ९ ᫥騥 ࠢ  ⠪  -

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 64 =

         :

             getstars.obj: stardefs.inc starlib.inc gscomp.inc gsparse.inc
             gscomp.obj: stardefs.inc starlib.inc
             gsparse.obj: stardefs.inc

                   । ଠ樨  ⮬,  ᮧ-
           ꥪ 䠩,   MAKE ਬ ।  ࠭
          ࠢ.

              ⨫ MAKE ᯮ ࢮ  ࠢ, ஥ -
         뢠 䠩  室 ७.  ᫨   ⮬ -
          , 㣨  ࠢ  ஢.

               ப, ᫥騥  ࠢ, ਭ   
         ᯨ᪠       ப, 稭饩  ࢮ 樨
            䠩.  ப  .  ⠪  
         ப  ਢ   ⮩ .

               ⫨稥    묨 ࠢ,  㦨 ண-
         ࠬ A  ࠡ   ࠢ      
         䠩.   ⮩ 稭 㦨 ணࠬ A ন
         ᯥ樠 ப,      
         䠩,  ஥   ᮮ⢥⢨   ࠢ.  (㦤,
         饥 ம।,   ஡ ਢ    
         ⮬ ਫ).

               ਢ ਬ  ࠢ:

              .pas.exe:
                tpc $<

              .pas.tpu:
                tpc $<

                ਬ  ࠢ 楫묨  䠩 
         䠩 .,   室묨 䠩  䠩  (ᨭ⠪-
           ப ਢ ). ஬ ⮣, ஥ 
         ࠢ ᮧ 䠩 .TPU  䠩 .PAS.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 65 =

                                                                               
         樠 ᮣ襭
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⫨稥   ࠢ,  ⨫ MAKE      
          䠩    ࠢ.   裡  ⨬  ᯥ樠-
          ப, ᯥ稢騥 祭  䠩.

                                                                               
         ਬ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ਢ ਬ  ࠢ:

              .c.obj
               tcc -c $<

              .asm.obj
               tasm $* /mx

               ࢮ ਬ - 楫묨  ꥪ 䠩,   -
         室묨 -  䠩   몥 .   ⮬ ਬ ਢ  -
          ப. ன ਬ 㪠뢠 ⨫ MAKE  室-
          ᥬ஢  䠩  ७ .ASM  
          TASM  ࠬ஬ /mx.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 66 =

                                                                               
         ਬ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                㤥 믮  ஬:

                     cd c:\include

               ⮩   㤥 ந   
         :

                    tlink x,y,z,z.lib\io

               ᫥饩    㤥 ந ⮫쪮  -
         ७ .COM:

                    myprog.com quy.xyz




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 67 =

                                    ம।                           
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              । ,  䠩  ࠬ  
           ନ饬 䠩.  ⠪  㤮 ᯮ짮-
          ம।.  ਬ, ᫨   ணࠬ  -
         ᥬ, ᯮ  ।   ,    ணࠬ
         ᯮ ࠬ -mm,  騩   ।  
         . ।,  ,    ३  让 -
          .      ࠬ -mm   -ml.  
         । ப.

              ம। -  , ஥ ।⠢ ᮡ -
          ப ᨬ.   ம।      ⥪
         ७. ᫥⢨,  MAKE 砥  ம।-
          (ப),     ⥪ ७.

              ।,  砫 ନ饣 䠩  ।  ᫥-
          ப:

              MODEL = m

               ।  ப  MODEL,   ⥯ -
         ⭠ ப  m.        ப      
         뢠   맮 TASM ᫥騬 ࠧ:

              tasm -c -m$(MODEL) myprog.c

               ᪥   MAKE    ப  (    砥
         $MODEL)  ⥪⮬  ७ (  m).    -
         ⢨⥫쭮 㤥 믮 :

              tasm -c mm myprog.c

                  . ᫨   
         ப :

              MODEL = l

             ப ⠪ ࠧ,   㤥 ᯮ-
            .  ᠬ    
           ᪥ MAKE   ࠬ  ப -D:

              make -DMODEL = l

               㪠뢠 ⨫ MAKE,   MODEL  㦭  -

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 68 =

         ,  ப,   ⥪ l.

              ਢ 㣮 ਬ.  ।,  । ப-
         :

               SRC=C:\ASM\
               OUT=OBJS\
               INC=C:\INC\

               ନ騩 䠩 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

            getstars.exe: $(OUT)getstars.obj $(OUT)gsparse \
                          $(OUT)gscomp.obj   $(OUT)starlib.obj
          tlink $(OUT)starlib $(OUT)gsparse $(OUT)gscomp $(OUT)getstars,\
                $(OUT)getstars,$(OUT)getstars, lib\io lib\math

           getstars.obj: $(SRC)getstars.asm $(INC)stardefs.inc \
                         $(INC)starlib.inc  $(INC)gscomp.inc   \
                         $(INC)gsparse.inc
           tasm /t /ml /s i$(INC) $(SRC)getstars.asm $(OUT)getstars.obj

         gscomp.obj: $(SRC)gscomp.asm $(INC)stardefs.inc $(INC)starlib.inc
           tasm /t /ml /s i$(INC) $(SRC)gcomp.asm $(OUT)gcomp.obj

         gsparse.obj: $(SRC)gparse.asm $(INC)stardefs.inc $(INC)starlib.inc
           tasm /t /ml /s i$(INC) $(SRC)gparse.asm $(OUT)gparse.obj

         starlib.obj: $(SRC)starlib.asm
           tasm /t /ml /s i$(INC) $(SRC)starlib.asm $(OUTstarlib.obj

               ᪥  ⨫ MAKE ப $(SRC) 㤥 
          C:\ASM\,  $(INC)  C:\INC\,  $(OUT)  \OBJS.

              ਢ   ਬ. ।,  । ᫥-
         饥 ம।  砫 ନ饣 䠩:

              TURBO=c:tp5\bin

               । ம। TURBO, ஥  -
          ப c:tp5\bin.  ନ騩 䠩  ९-
          ᫥騬 ࠧ:

              TURBO=c:tp5\bin
              myapp.exe: myapp.pas myglobal.tpu myutils.tpu
              tpc myapp /T${TURBO}
              myutils.tpu: myutils.pas myglobal.tpu myutil.obj

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 69 =

              tpc myutils /T${TURBO}
              myglobal.tpu myglobal.pas
              tpc myglobal /T${TURBO}
              myutil.obj: myutil.asm
              masm myutil.asm,myutil.obj;

              ,  㪠뢠 ⠫ TURBO,  ᯮ ஢-
          $(TURBO).   믮 㦨 ணࠬ , $
         (TURBO) 頥 ⥪⮬  ७,  c:\TP5.BIN. -
         ⮬ 㤥     ,      ࠭.

              ⠪,   稫? .  ࢮ ப 

              TURBO=c:\tp5\project

            , ⮡ ᯮ짮 䠩 䨣-
         樨    묨 䠩  㣮 ⠫.   ⢨-
         ⥫쭮,  ᫨  諨  ࢮ ப ᮢᥬ,     
         㪠   易⥫쭮 ࠬ -D,   ⠫
         㦭 ᯮ짮  믮 㦨饩 ணࠬ A:

              make -DTURBO=c:tp5\project

                 ।뢠  㦨饩  ணࠬ  A
         ࠪ⮢ TURBO,  ம।  ⥪⮬ ७:

               c:tp4\project.

                ⢥ . , ਬ,  ᬥ -
         ⠫ ⥯    ⥪ ப.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 70 =

                                                                               
         । ப
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ம।   :

              _=_७

              _ -   ப - ப 㪢  ,  -
           㪢  ,   ᮤঠ ஡  .

              _७ -    ந쭠  ப,  ᮤঠ
         㪢, , ஡,  㭪樨    ᨬ
         ॢ ப.

              ८। ப    ⥪ ନ饣
         䠩,  ᯮ ࠬ -D   ப 맮.

                 ம। ய   㪢 ࠧ-
         .    ம। turbo, Turbo  TURBO -
         ਢ   ࠧ.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 71 =

                                                                               
         ᯮ짮 ப
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ப 砥  ନ騩 䠩  ଠ:

               $(_ப)

               ᥣ  ⢮,   ᫨  ப-
          ⮨   ᨬ.  ᪫祭 ⠢ ᯥ樠-
          ப, ᬠਢ .

              ᫨ MAKE 砥   ⥪  ।  ப,
          頥   ப (NULL).




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 72 =

                                     ᮡ 砨                             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

          ப:

              ப        ம।-
              , ..  (_ப).    ᯮ짮-
                ࠢ .   ⢫ ண, 
              , 祭  ⥪ ७, ⠪ ⠢.

         ப  ࠢ:

               ப ࠢ ண ⢫  .

         ப  ४⨢:

               ४⨢  !if   !elif ண ⢫ -
              . ᫨ ப,  㪠  ४⨢, -
              ,  ᬠਢ  0 (FALSE).

         ப  :

              ண    ந  ६  믮-
              .




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 73 =

                             ।। ப                     
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ MAKE  ᯮ    ᯥ樠  ஥
         ப: $d,  $ *, $<, $: , $.  $&. ࢠ   ।-
         ,  ⮢ ப (஢,  ।   -
         ப)  ᯮ  ᫮ ४⨢ !if  !elif.  -
         ⠫  ப  (ப   䠩) ᯮ 
            ࠢ. ஬ ⮣, ப SET, ⠭騥
         ⥪饥  㦥,  ⮬᪨  㦠  ப.
         ,  ம। __MAKE__ ।,   ⭠-
         筠  (Ox0300),  __MSDOS__ ।,  1.

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         ப                         
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
              $d           ।,  ⮢ ப.
              $*             䠩  ⮬.
              $<           ப   䠩  ⮬.
              $:           ப .
              $.           ப   䠩 (
                           ).
              $&           ப   䠩 (
                           ).
         ------------------------------------------------------------------

                           $d - ⮢ ப

              ⮢ ப   1,  ᫨ ।  
         ப,    0,  ⨢ 砥. ন ⥪ -
         ७ ப ࠧ筮. ᯮ짮  ப-
          ᪠ ⮫쪮  ४⨢ !if  !elif.

              ਬ, ।     ஢ ନ騩
         䠩,  ⠪ ⮡  ᯮ짮 ।  .  
         砫 ନ饣 䠩 ᫥饥:

                  !if !$d(MODEL)    # ᫨ MODEL ।
                  MODEL=m           # ⠭   m (MEDIUM)
                  !endif

              ᫨  ⥬ 맮 ⨫ MAKE :

                 make -DMODEL=l

          MODEL 㤥 ।,  l. ᫨ , ,   -

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 74 =

          ⨫ MAKE  :

                 make

          MODEL 㤥 ।,   "m" (  ᯮ㥬  㬮-
         砭   ).

              ਢ   ਬ.  ।,     -
           ᢮ ନ騩 䠩 ⠪,  ⮡  ᯮ짮 
         ⠫ ࡮ ᪠.   㪠   砫 ᢮ -
         饣 䠩:

              ! if !$d(TURBO)        # ᫨ TURBO  ।,
              TURBO=c:\tp5\bin       # ।   C:\TP5\BIN
              !endif

              ᫨  맢 㦨 ணࠬ A  -
         :

              make -DTURBO=c:\tp5\project

          TURBO ।  c:\tp5\project.  ᫨  맢 -
          ணࠬ A   ᮡ⢥ :

              make

          TURBO ।  c:\tp5\bin (⠫, ᬠਢ
          㬮砭).

                             ப  䠩

               ப  , ࠧ ⮨  ࠧ-
         筮 ࠧ    䠩.

                     $* - ம। ᭮  䠩

              ப $*    䠩,   
         ஥,   ७  (᭮    䠩).  
         ப  ᯮ짮     ࠢ.  -
         ਬ:

                䠩: A:\P\TESTFILE.ASM

              $*  : A:\P\TESTFILE

              ਬ,   ஢    ࠢ    襬

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 75 =

         ନ饬 䠩 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

            getstars.exe: getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj
             tlink starlib gsparse gscomp $*,$*,$*,lib\math lib\io

                ࠢ :

              prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
                   tlink lib\cos myprog prog2, prog, , lib\cs

          ⠪, ⮡  ਭ﫮 :

              prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
                    tlink lib\cos myoprog prog2, $*, ,lib\cs

               믮   ࠢ ப $* -
           楫 䠩 ( ७) prog.    
         ࠢ  ப   祭 .

              ਬ,  ࠢ  TASM  룫拉 ⠪:

              .asm.obj:
                    tasm -c $*

                     $< - ம।   䠩

              ப $<     䠩,   -
           ஥.   ப ⠪ ᯮ  
           ࠢ.    ࠢ       
          楫 䠩 (  ७), ਬ:

                䠩: A:\P\TESTFILE.ASM

               $<  : A:\P\TESTFILE.ASM

               ਬ, ࠢ:

                   starlib.obj :starlib.asm
                    copy $< \oldobjs
                    tasm /t $*

         㤥 ஢ 䠩 startlib.obj  ⠫ \oldobj (।  -
         樥 startlib.asm).

                ࠢ ப $<   䠩   
         ७. ਬ:

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 76 =


               .asm .obj:
                 tasm /t $* .asm

           ᠭ ⠪ ࠧ:

               .asm.obj :
                 tasm /t $<

         ᪮ ७ 楫 䠩   .asm.

                       $: - ம।  

               ப     (  
         䠩), ਬ:

                䠩: A:\P\TESTFILE.ASM

               $:  : A:\P\

                  $. - ம।  䠩  ७

                 䠩: A:\P\TESTFILE.ASM

                $.  : TESTFILE.ASM

                     $& - ம। ⮫쪮  䠩

               ப  ⮫쪮     䠩  
           ७, ਬ:

                䠩: A:\P\TESTFILE.ASM

               $&  : TESTFILE




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 77 =

                                       ४⨢                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ MAKE ࡮ ᥬ,   ⫨稥   㣨  ᨩ
         MAKE, ᪠ ᯮ짮 ४⨢,   ⥬, 
         ᯮ  몥 ,  ᥬ  ࡮ ᪠, 
           㣨 ନ騥 䠩,  ਬ ࠢ  ᫮
         ,   ᮮ饭  訡  ࠧ।  ப-
         .

              ४⨢ 稭  ᨬ (!),    -
          ᨬ ப. 㣨 ४⨢ 稭  窨.

              ਢ  祭 ४⨢ ⨫ MAKE:

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         .AUTODEPEND         砥 ⮬ ஢ ᨬ.
         !ELIF               ᫮ 믮.
         !ELSE               ᫮ 믮.
         !ENDIF              ᫮ 믮.
         !ERROR              ਢ  ⮬,  ⨫ MAKE ⠭-
                              ࠡ  뢮 ᮮ饭  訡.
         !IF                 ᫮ 믮.
         .IGNORE             頥  MAKE,    祭  ப
                             㦭 ஢.
         !INCLUDE            ।  䠩,  砥    ନ騩
                             䠩.
         .NOAUTODEPEND       ⬥ ⮬ ஢ ᨬ.
         .NOIGNORE           몫砥 .IGNORE.
         .NOSILENT           MAKE 㤥 뢮  ।    믮-
                             
         .NOSWAP              㤥 믮  ᢮ ⨫ MAKE 
                             .
         .PATH.EXT           頥 MAKE   ᪠ 䠩  -
                             ७ .EXT.
         .SILENT             頥 MAKE,   㦭  뢮  
                             ।  믮.
         .SWAP               㤥 믮 ᢮ MAKE      
                             .
         !UNDEF              ⬥ । 㪠 ப.
         -------------------------------------------------------------------




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 78 =

                                  ४⨢  窠                          
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ᫥ ४⨢ ᮮ⢥ ࠬ  -
          ப,  ४⨢   ᮪ ਮ (⬥-
          ᮮ⢥騩 ࠬ).  ਬ, ᫨  뢠 -
          MAKE ᫥饩 :

                 make -a

            ନ饬  䠩  ᮤন  ४⨢ .NOAUTODEPEND,  
         ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ ᨬ 㤥 몫祭.

              ४⨢ .AUTODEPEND  .NOAUTODEPEND    몫-
          ⮬ ஢ ᨬ.  ᮮ⢥ -
           ப -a.

              ४⨢ .IGNORE  .NOIGNORE 㪠뢠 MAKE,   㦭 -
         ஢ 祭,   頥   .     筮
         㪠 䨪 -.  ᮮ⢥ ࠬ  ப
         -i.

              ४⨢ .SILENT   .NOSILENT ᮮ ⨫ MAKE,  㦭
           뢮  ࠭  ।  믮.  ᮮ-
          ࠬ  ப -s.

              ४⨢ .SWAP   .NOSWAP ᮮ ⨫ MAKE,   㦭
         믮 ᢮  .   ᮮ⢥ ࠬ 
         ப -S.

                            ४⨢ .PATH.७

               ४⨢,  饭  ନ騩 䠩,  㪠뢠
         ⨫ MAKE,   㦭 ᪠ 䠩    㪠  ७.
         ਬ, ᫨  ନ饬 䠩 ᮤন:

              .PATH.asm = C:\TASMCODE

              .asm.obj:
                   tasm $*

              tmp.exe: tmp.obj
                   tasm tmp.onj

              ⨫ MAKE  㤥 ᪠ 䠩 TMP.ASM (ࠧ㬥 -
         室 䠩  TMP.OBJ)  ⠫ C:\TASMCODE,      ⥪饬

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 79 =

         ⠫.

              .PATH -  ⠪ ப,   祭 -
         . ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 ப  .PATH. 室
         䠩 ᮤঠ   ⠫,  ꥪ 䠩 -  㣮, 
          䠩 .EXE -  ⥪饬 ⠫.

              .PATH.asm = C:\TASMCODE
              .PATH.obj = C:\OBJS

              .asm.obj = C:\OBJS

              .asm.obj:
                 tasm -o$(.PATH.obj)\$& $<

              .obj.exe:
                 tasm -e$&.exe $<

              tmp.exe: tmp.obj




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 80 =

                               ४⨢ 祭 䠩                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ४⨢ 祭  䠩  ।    䠩, 
            祭  ନ騩 䠩  樨  窥
          ⮩ ४⨢.   ᫥騩 :

                 !include "_䠩"

              ४⨢   ந .   ⪥
          䠩, 㦥 祭  ஬ 譥 ஢ -
         , ४⨢ ७  ஢  㤥  ஢,  
         訡筠.

                ᯮ짮  ४⨢? ।,    ᮧ
         䠩 MODEL.MAC, ᮤঠ騩 ᫥ ப:

               !if !$d(MODEL)
               MODEL=medium
               !endif

               ⮣,⮡  ᯮ짮   ப  ନ饬
         䠩  ਬ ४⨢ !include:

               !include "MODEL.MAC".

               MAKE 砥 ४⨢ !include,  ⨫  뢠
         㪠 䠩  뢠   믮騩 ନ騩 䠩.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 81 =

                                   ᫮ ४⨢                          
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᫮ ४⨢ (!if, !else, !elif, !endif) ।⠢
         ணࠬ     ᮧ  ନ  䠩.
         ࠢ  ப  ᤥ ᫮묨,   祬 
          ம।   ப (ࠬ  -D)  
         ࠧ   ᯮ짮  ନ饣 䠩.

              ଠ ४⨢ 祭  ଠ  ४⨢  ९
         ᥬ,   ࡮ ᪠:

                  !if ࠦ
                          [ப]
                  !endif

                  !if ࠦ
                          [ப]
                  !else
                          [ப]
                  !endif

                  !if ࠦ
                          [ப]
                  !elif
                          [ப]
                  !endif

              ਬ砭: [ப]   ᫥騥:

               - ம।;
               -  ࠢ;
               - ࠧ㬥 ࠢ;
               - ४⨢ 祭 䠩;
               - 㯯 if;
               - ४⨢ 뢮 ᮮ饭  訡;
               - ४⨢ ࠧ।.

              ᫮ ४⨢  ⠢ 㯯, ᫨   ࠩ-
            ४⨢  !if,  뢠  㯯,    ४⨢
         !endif, 뢠 .

             -   ४⨢ !else ⠪  ⢮  㯯.

             -  ४⨢ !elif  室  !if  !else.


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 82 =

             -  ࠢ, ப   㣨 ४⨢  室
                  ⢮ ᫮ ४⨢.

             -   ࠧ묨  ᫮묨  ४⨢  ᮤঠ
                ᫮ 㣨 ४⨢,  ࠢ  ப. -
               ⨬,    ࠢ   ப   ࠧ-
                ᫮묨 ४⨢.

             - ᫮  ४⨢    묨 ( ந
               㡨).

               ४⨢ !if  䠩    ४-
         ⨢ !endif ( ⮬  室 䠩).   ࠧ,  ᫥騩
         砥 䠩 ⨬,  ᨬ  ⮣,    ࠢ
           砥,  ⠪         ᮮ⢥饩  ४⨢
         !endif:

              !if $(FILE_COUNT) > 5
                  ࠢ
              !else
                 㣨 ࠢ
              < ࠢ>

               ࠢ,    ४⨢   ࠬ    䠩
           묨.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 83 =

                      ࠦ, ⨬  ᫮ ४⨢              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࠦ, ࠧ襭   ᫮ ४⨢,  ᨭ⠪-
         ,   ᯮ㥬    몥  ᥬ.  ࠦ
         ᬠਢ,  ⮥ 32-ࠧ來 楫  ࠦ.

              ᫠       ,  쬥  
         ⭠ ⠭. ਬ:

               4536   # 筠 ⠭
               0677   # 쬥筠 ⠭
               0x23aF # ⭠筠 ⠭

               ࠦ  ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 㭠 樨:

               -    栭 (㭠 );
          ⨫줠    ࠧ來  (  );
               !    ᪮ "" (0, ᫨ ࠭ 㫥,  1  -
                    ⨢ 砥).

               ࠦ  ᮤঠ ᫥騥  樨:

               +    ᫮
               -    ⠭
               *    㬭
               /    
               "    ࠢ,  窨
               &    ࠧ來 ""
               |    ࠧ來 ""
               ^    ࠧ來 ᪫饥 ""
               &&   ᪮ ""
               ||   ᪮ ""
               >    
               <    
               >=     ࠢ
               <=     ࠢ
               ==   ࠢ
               !=    ࠢ
               %    ⮪  
               <<   ᤢ 
               >>   ᤢ ࠢ

              ࠦ    ᥡ ୠ  ?:.

                ? ਭ  ᫮. ᫨ 祭 -

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 84 =

          ࠭  ࠢ ,   १⮬ 樨  -
         ன ࠭ (  ,   室  ?   :).  ᫨
          ࠭ ࠢ ,   祭 १ ⮩ 樨
          祭 쥣 ࠭ (᫥ ?, :  ண ࠭-
         ).

               㯯஢ ࠭  ᯮ짮 ᪮. 
          ⢨ 冷 믮 ஢ ⠪ ,   몥
         ᥬ,  :

              * / %         ⨯⨢ 樨
              + -           ⨢ 樨
              << >>         樨 ࠧ來 ᤢ
              < >           樨 ⭮襭
              = !=          樨 ⭮襭
              &             ࠧ來 AND
              ^             ࠧ來 ᪫饥 "" (OR)
              |             ࠧ來 "" (OR)
              &&            ᪮ "" (AND)
              ||            ᪮ ""

              樨 ࠢ ਮ 믮 ᫥ ࠢ, ஬
          ୠ 権 ?:,  믮 ࠢ -
         .

              ᪮ ⮫쪮 ஢ 設⢠ 権  ਢ-
           ⠭,   ४㥬   ࠦ  ᯮ짮
         ᪮.

               ࠦ     뢠 ப.  ᯮ
         ᯥ樠쭠 ப $d().  ᫥ ७  ப
         ࠦ   ⨬ ᨭ⠪.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 85 =

                                    ४⨢ error                            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ४⨢ 뢠 뢠 ⨫ MAKE    
         (뢮  ࠭) 㪠   ᪮ ᮮ饭.

              ଠ:

               !error _⥪

               ४⨢ ।祭  祭  ᫮  ४-
         ⨢  짮⥫᪨  ᫮  ४饭 믮 ணࠬ
         MAKE. ਬ,    ࠢ । ப ᫥-
         騬 ࠧ:

               !if !$d(MODEL)
               # ᫨ MODEL  ।
               !error MODEL  ।
               !endif

              ᫨  ᯮ짮 ⮩ ப  । -
          MDL,   ࠭  ᮮ饭  訡:

               Fatal makefile 4: Error directive: MODEL  ।




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 86 =

                                                                               
         ४⨢ undef
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ४⨢  ।⠢ ᮡ ४⨢ "ࠧ।-
         " ப.   㪠    ப  ⠭
         ।. ᫨   ப     ।-
         ,   ४⨢  .

              ଠ: !undef _ப

              ४⨢ ⬥ ம।. , ᫨ -
         ப ࠭  뫠 ।.

                           饭  訡 ⨫ MAKE                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᪨ ᮮ饭  ணࠬ  MAKE     
         ⨯: ᮮ饭  ᪨ (⠫) 訡  ᮮ饭 
         訡.  㦥 ⠫쭮 訡  ४頥
         ࠡ⪠ ନ饣 䠩.   㦥 訡 -
          ନ饣 䠩 த   砭.

                砥  ᮮ饭 ᫥饥 ନ,   -
         ࠧ㬥:

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
              㬥     㬥  ப  㣨 㬥
              ࠦ     ࠦ
               䠩      䠩  ७  
               ப   ப
              ᮮ饭     ப ᮮ饭
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              饭   訡  ਢ  䠢⭮ 浪 (஬
          ᮮ饭,   稭   ६ -  -
         饭  砫 ᯨ᪠).

                                     饭  ⠫ 訡             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              _䠩 does not exist - don't know how make it

         (䠩  㪠      -  ⭮,    
         ନ஢)

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 87 =


               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ⨫ MAKE 砥
          饣 䠩   ࠢ,    ண -
          䠩  ନ஢.

              Circular dependency exists in makefile

         ( ନ饬 䠩  ୠ ᨬ)

               ନ 䠩 㪠뢠,   䠩    
          ⮣,   ஥. ᬮਬ,  ਬ,  ࠢ:

              filea: fileb
              fileb: filec
              filec: filea

               ࠧ㬥,   䠩 filea   fileb, -
              䠩 filec.   ⨬,  ᪮ 䠩
         אַ  ᢥ    ᠬ  ᥡ.

              Error directive: ᮮ饭

         (४⨢ 뢮 ᮮ饭  訡)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ⨫ MAKE 砥
         ४⨢ #error  ନ饬 䠩.  ᮮ饭  ⮩ -
         ४⨢ 뢮  ࠭.

              Incorrect command-line argument: 㬥

         (४ 㬥  ப)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ⨫ MAKE 饭
          ࠢ묨 ࠬࠬ  ப.

              No terminator specified for in-line file operator

         ( ࠭⥫  ஥ 䠩 樨)

              ନ騩 䠩  ᮤন  樨  <<  &&,  稭騥
         ஥ 䠩,   䠩  蠥.

              Not enough memory

         ( 墠⠥ )


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 88 =

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠡ ⨫
         MAKE  墠⠥ . ⠩   䠩  設
          訬 ࠧ஬ . ᫨ 祣  砥,   -
          ନ騩 䠩.

              Unable to execute command

         ( 믮 )

               㤠  믮  .    ந室 -
         ⮣,  䠩  ,     ୮ 㪠,   (
          ⭮)   祭.

              Unable to execute program

         (ணࠬ 믮 )

               ᮮ饭  ᫥ ⪨ 믮 
          ⮬ 砥,   䠩  .

              Unable to open makefile

         (  ନ騩 䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ⥪騩 ⠫  -
         ন 䠩   MAKEFILE.

              Unable to redirect input or output

         ( ८।   뢮)

              ⨫ MAKE  ᬮ  ६ 䠩, 室
           ࠢ   뢮.  ᫨  ࠡ⠥  
         , 㡥,      ࠢ 㯠  ᮮ⢥饬
         ⠫.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 89 =

                                  饭  訡                         
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              Bad filename format in include statement

         ( ଠ  䠩   include)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    砥 䠩
          ࠭祭 窠.

              Bad undef statement syntax

         ( ᨭ⠪  !undef)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,      !undef
         㪠  ࠭.

              Character constant too long

         (ᨬ쭠 ⠭ ᫨誮 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࠧ ⠭ 
         2- .

              Command arguments too long

         (᫨誮   㬥⮢  ப)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,    ࠬ஢ -
          ப ॢ蠥 127  (࠭祭 MS-DOS).

              Command syntax error

         (ᨭ⠪᪠ 訡  )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣, :

               - ࢠ ப ࠢ 稭  ஡;
               - ࠧ㬥 ࠢ  ⮨  .ext.ext;
               -  ࠢ  ᮤন  ।  (:);
               - ம।  ᮤন .

         Command too long

         ( ᫨誮 )


         TASM2 #5-5/               = 90 =

                ॢ蠥  128  ᨬ.    ᯮ짮
         䠩 ᪠.

              Division by zero

         (  0)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠦ 
         !if 믮   .

              Expression syntax in !if statement

         (ᨭ⠪ ࠦ   !if)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠢ쭮 ନ-
           ࠭  !if (ய饭 ࠭,  ⠭,  譨
         ࠭  .).

              File name too long

         (᫨誮   䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢  !include
          䠩 ᮤন  64- ᨬ.

              If statement too long

         (᫨誮   If)

               If ॢ蠥 4096 ᨬ.

              Illegal character in constant expression X

         (⨬ ᨬ쭠 ⠭  ࠦ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ⨫ MAKE 砥
          ࠦ ࠧ襭 ᨬ.

              Illegal octal digit

         (⨬ 쬥筠 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   쬥筠 -
         ⠭ ᮤন  8  9.

              Macro expansion too long

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 91 =


         (७ ᫨誮 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ம।
         ॢ蠥 4096 ᨬ.

              Misplaced elif statement

         (  elif)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢
         !if  ४⨢ elif.

              Misplaced else statement

         (  else)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४-
         ⨢ !if  ४⨢ else.

              Misplaced endif statement

         (  endif)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢
         !if  ४⨢ endif.

              No file name ending

         ( 襭  䠩)

               ᮮ饭      ⮣,       ४⨢
         !include ய饭 뢠 窠    䠩.

              Redefinition of target XXXXXXXX

         (८। 楫 䠩 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    䠩 砥
             祬  ࠢ.

              Rule line too long

         (ப ࠢ ᫨誮 )

              ப    ࠢ ॢ蠥 4096 ᨬ.

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 92 =


              Unable to open include file XXXXXXXXX.XXX

         (  砥 䠩 .)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     䠩,  㪠-
           ४⨢ !include.

              Unexpected end of file in conditional started on line #

         ( ᫮ ࠦ  ப # 㦥  䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  室 䠩 -
          ࠭, 祬 ⨫ MAKE  ४⨢ !endif.

              Unknown preprocessor statement

         (  ९)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    ᫥ ᨬ !
         ᫥  ⫨  error,  undef,  if,  elif,  include,
         else  endif.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 93 =

                                         TLIB                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ணࠬ TLIB  -   ⨫  ࠢ ⥪ 
         ⤥묨 ꥪ묨 䠩 (⥪).  ⥪  -
         ⠢ 㤮 㬥  ࠡ  ஬ ꥪ  -
         㫥,    ணࠬ 㫥.

              ⥪, 祭    ࡮ ᥬ,  ஥  -
          ⨫ TLIB.    ᯮ짮    ⨫  
         ஥ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⥪   䨪樨,  ⠪-
           ࠡ  ⥪,  ஥묨 㣨 ணࠬ-
         ,  ਮ⥭묨  ᪨ ⥪.

              ⥪ LIB :

            - ᮧ ⥪  ⤥ ꥪ 㫥;
            -  ꥪ 㫨  㣨 ⥪  -
               ⥪;
            - 㭨⮦ ࠧ ⥪;
            -  ࠧ ⥪;
            - 뢥   ⠢ ⥪;
            - ᬮ  ⥪.

                ᮤন ⥪ TLIB ᮧ   -
         㥬 ⥪  ७ .BAK.

              TLIB   ⠪ ᮧ ७ ᫮  ⥪
          㢥祭 ᪮ ।஢ ணࠬ (. ࠬ /E).

               ⨫  TLIB   ⢥  ᮧ -
         塞 ணࠬ  ᥬ,    ᯮ짮  ⥫쭮
         砥   ணࠬ    蠥  ந⥫쭮.
         ⥪ (   ⮬  㡥)      ࠧࠡ⪥
          ஥⮢.  ᫨  ࠡ⠥  ꥪ묨 ﬨ,  ᮧ-
         묨 㣨 ணࠬ⠬,   ⨫     
         室 㦨  ⥪.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 94 =

                                                                               
         २⢠ ᯮ짮 ⥪ ꥪ 㫥
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ  ᥬ    室
         ᮧ   ४⨢ ᥬ. 筮  ४-
          ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ࠧ쭮 㥬 室 䠩-
         .    ⭮ ணࠬ   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮
         ⢮ 㭪権  ᥣ  .   ࠩ ⮬-
         ⥫    䠩,   ᯮ.  -
          ஭,  ᫨  ᥣ 㤥   䠩,   ண-
         ࠬ ⠭ १砩 让  䥪⨢.

              ⥪ ꥪ  㫥  蠥  ஡   ࠢ
         祭  㭪権  ᥬ.     ணࠬ  -
         짮 ⥪ 騪  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᬠਢ
         ,  ⮬᪨ 롨ࠥ   ⮫쪮  㫨,  -
         室 ணࠬ.   ⮬  ⥪    
          ᪥,  ᮡ ᫨ ꥪ 䠩 .  ᯮ짮
         ⥪ 㢥稢 ᪮ ࠭樨,  ⠪   㯥 
            ᥣ  䠩,   ᪮쪮.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 95 =

                         ⠢   ப TLIB                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⥪  뢠,  ࠢ  TLIB  ⢥ 
         ᪠ DOS.   祭  ᯨ᪠  ⥩  TLIB,
           TLIB    Enter.

               ଠ 맮 TLIB ᫥:

            tlib _ [/C] [/E] [/Pࠧ][樨][,䠩_⨭]

               ⮬ ਫ 뢠   맮 TLIB. -
          ਢ  㭪 "ਬ".

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                            ᠭ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
           tlib                맮 ⥪

           _           ᮧ   饩 ⥪.
                                ⢮ ᥣ.  -
                               ᨬ  ⨬. ᫨ ७
                              㪠,   㬮砭    ਭ
                             .LIB.  ᫨ ⥪    믮-
                                 ,    TLIB
                             ᮧ ⥪.

           /C                 ⨯ 㪢.   ࠬ 筮 ᯮ-
                             . . "ࠬ /C".

           /E                  ७  ᫮. ."
                             ७ ᫮: ࠬ /E".

           /Pࠧ          ⠭  ࠭  ⥪ 㪠-
                              ࠧ (. ).

           樨          ᮪ 権  TLIB. 樨  ᫥-
                                浪.

           䠩_⨭      䠩  ⨭  ᮤন   
                             ⥪.  ।   䠩  -
                              . ᫨   㪠   䠩,
                               ⨭ 뢮  㤥. ⨭ - 
                             䠢 ᯨ᮪ 㫥   騬 -
                             ६묨,    .  -
                               ਭ  㬮砭  ⮣ 䠩

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 96 =

                             - .LST.   ८।  ன⢠
                               뢮  ⨭    ⠭
                             । DOS. ⨭  ࠢ    -
                             ࠭, 㪠  ⢥   䠩  ⨭
                             CON,   ਭ,   PRN.
         -----------------------------------------------------------------




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 97 =

                                    ᮪ 権                            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᮪ 権 뢠 ⢨,   室 -
           ணࠬ TLIB.   ⮨  ᫥⥫쭮 -
         権,  ᫥   㣮.    ⮨  
         -   ᨬ쭮  樨,    ᫥ 
         .

              ஡   室    ,  
         ᨬ    樨.  ப -   127 ᨬ.
         冷 権   祭. 樨 믮  ᫥-
         饬 浪:

           1. 砫  믮  樨 뢮   -
              .

           2. ⥬ 믮  樨 㭨⮦ ࠧ  -
              ⥪.

           3. , 믮  樨   ⥪.

                ࠢᨫ쭠  㭨⮦.

                                                                               
          䠩  
         ----------------------------------------------------------------

               TLIB   ⥪ ꥪ 䠩,   䠩
         뢠   㫥.  TLIB  ନ     
         䠩, ⤥    ᪠,   ७ (
         筮   㪠뢠).

              ⨬,   TLIB  ᯮ । । 
         㬮砭. ਬ,  ⮡    ७ .OBJ 
         ⥪饣 ⠫  ⥪,   㦭 㪠 ⮫쪮  -
             ७.




         TASM2 #5-5/               = 98 =

                                     樨 TLIB                             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ணࠬ TLIB ᯮ  ᨬ  祭 -
         権 (-, +  *).   ᯮ짮  ⤥쭮, ⠪  .
             権  ᯮ  ᨬ  祭
          樨 冷 ᫥ ᨬ   祭. -
         ᮪ 権 TLIB ਢ :

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
           樨                ᠭ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                +             TLIB   䠩    ⥪.
                                      ᫨ ७ 䠩  㪠, 
                                        㬮砭 ਭ .OBJ. ᫨
                                       ⢥ 室  䠩  㪠
                                      ⥪,    ࠧ  室
                                      ⥪     
                                      ⥪. ᫨  㦥  -
                                        ⥪,    TLIB  뤠
                                      ।०饥  ᮮ饭  ४-
                                      頥 ࠡ.

               -               TLIB  㭨⮦  ࠧ ⥪.
                                      ᫨ ࠧ    ,  TLIB
                                      ᮮ頥  ⮬.

               *         뤥     TLIB ᮧ 䠩,  ࠧ 
                                      ⥪. ᫨  ࠧ  ⥪
                                        ,   TLIB ᮮ頥 
                                      ⮬. ᫨ 䠩 㦥  ,  
                                       ९뢠 .

               -+             TLIB  ᮤন ࠧ -
               +-                     ⥪   ᮤন ꥪ⭮ -
                                      .

               -*        뤥 &   TLIB ᮧ 䠩,  ࠧ 
               *-              ⥪,  㭨⮦   ࠧ
                                       ⥪.
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ।⢠ TLIB ࠧ २ ࠧ -
         ⥪.  ⮣, ⮡  ᤥ,  ᭠砫 믮 -
          "뤥 & ",  २ ⤥ 䠩,   ⥬
         믮  ""  २ 䠩.

         TASM2 #5-5/               = 99 =

                                                                               
          ⥪
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮣,  ⮡  ᮧ ⥪,    
          ࠧ.
                             ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᪠ -  ⮩ ⥪⮢ 䠩,  ᮤঠ騩 
         ⠢   맮 TLIB.  ᯮ짮 䠩  -
            ᯮ짮  ࠭   맮-
          TLIB, 祬  頥   ப DOS.

               ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠     ப  TLIB
          㪠 @.

            -   ᪠    ᮤঠ   ப ⥪.
               ⮣,  ⮡ 㪠  த ப,  ᯮ
              ᨬ ᠭ (&).

            -  ⮬ 䠩   饭    ப,  
              ⮫쪮 o  .

            -    ப  ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮 -
               䠩.

              (.  ਬ.)




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 100 =

                        ७ ᫮: ࠬ /E              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               㢥祭  ᪮   䠩  ᯮ짮
          ⥪ (,  ਬ, ⠭ ⥪ Cx.LIB),
           TLIB   ᮧ ७ ᫮  
           ⥪.   ᫮  祭 ⭮ ଥ ᮤন
         ଠ,   砥  ⠭ ᫮ -
         .   ⨫ TLIB ॥  ࠡ뢠 
         䠩,  ᮡ  ᫨  ᯮ   ᪠  
          ⪮ ᪥.  ⥪ TASM ᮤঠ ७
         ᫮.

               ⮣, ⮡ ᮧ ᫮  㥬  ⥪
                ப 㪠 ࠬ /E.  ᫨ 
         ᮧ ᫮  ⥪,  ᮤন ன   
           ,   㪠   ப  /E  
         㤠  ⥪  饣 ࠧ.    ⮬  TLIB
         뤠  ᮮ饭   ⢨ ࠧ,   ᮧ ७
         ᫮. ਬ:

                 tlib /E mylib -boqus




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 101 =

                          ࠧ ࠭: ࠬ /P                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                䠩 DOS ᮤন ᫮ ( -
         砥    䠩 .LIB ᫥ ꥪ 㫥).   
          ⥪    ᫮  ᮤন  16-ࠧ來  
         ⭮   䠩 .LIB.   㪠뢠  -
          ࠭ ( 㬮砭 16 ).

               ࠭ । ᨬ  騩  ࠧ  
         ꥪ 㫥    ⥪.        ॢ 65536
         ࠭.  㬮砭  ࠧ ࠢ 16   ( 
         ࠧ),   ନ஢ ⥪  1 . 
         ᮧ ⥪ 襣 ࠧ ࠧ ࠭  㢥-
             ࠬ /P.   ࠧ ࠭  ।-
         ⠢ ᮡ ⥯ ᫠ 2  ਭ 祭   
         16  32768.

               㫨   ⥪  稭  ࠭ ࠭-
         . ਬ,   ⥪  ࠧ஬ ࠭ 32  ।  
          㫥   ⥪ 㤥  16 .  ᫨ 
         ⠥ ᮧ ᫨誮  ⥪  ࠭ 
         ࠧ, ⥪  뤠  ᮮ饭   訡  ।,
           ᯮ  ࠬ /P  ᫥饥  㯭  祭
         ࠧ.

                                      ࠬ /C                              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ࠧ  ⥪ TLIB  ஢  ᫮
           䨪஢    ࠧ.  䨪-
           ⥪   ࠧ.  ᫨   ,
           㡫 䨪 ⥪,   ⠪  TLIB 
           뤠 ।०饥 ᮮ饭.

              筮,  TLIB ࠢ ᨬ,     ࠧ
           ய묨    묨 㪢. ⮬ ᨬ lookup 
         LOOKUP  ਭ TLIB  .  ⮣, ⮡  -
           ० ਬ  /C.

                ࠭,   ࠬ / ⥪
         뢠 䨪,   ࠧ ⮫쪮 ॣ஬
         㪢. 稭  ⮣ 砥  ⮬,    騪
          ࠧ  䨪஢  ⥪ ॣ 㪢. -
          騪 TLINK ࠧ砥   ய 㪢,  -

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 102 =

         쭮 ࠡ뢠 ⥪, ᮤঠ 䨪, ࠧ-
         騥 ⮫쪮 ॣ஬ 㪢.  ਬ, ࡮ ᥬ 㤥
         ஢ STARS, Stars  stars,   ࠧ 䨪-
         . ᫨   騪 TLINK,   ஡
         㪠뢠 ࠬ /C.

                                        ਬ                                
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ਢ ਬ ࠡ  ணࠬ TLIB:

           1.  ⥪   MYLIB.LIB    㫥  X.OBJ,Y.OBJ  
              Z.OBJ:

                       tlib mylib +x +y +z

           2.  ⥪ MYLIB.LIB  祭 ⨭:

                       tlib mylib +x +y +z ,mylib.lst

           3. 祭 ⨭ 饩 ⥪ CS.LIB:

                       tlib s,cs.lst

           4.   X.OBJ   ,  ࠧ A.OBJ
               㤠 ࠧ Z.OBJ  ⥪ MYLIB.LIB:

                       tlib mylib -+x +a -z

           5.   ⥪  ࠧ A.OBJ, B.OBJ ... G.OBJ
                䠩 ᪠:

              - ᭠砫 ᮧ 䠩 ᪠ ALPHA.RSP:

                 +a.obj +b.obj +c.obj &
                 +d.obj +e.obj +f.obj &
                 +g.obj

              - ⥬ ᯮ㥬  맮 TLIB:

                 tlib alpha @alpha.rsp, alpha.lst

               ⮬ 㤥 ᮧ 䠩 ⨭   ALPHA.LST.



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 103 =

                                         TLINK                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ TLINK  ⤥쭮 ணࠬ    -
         짮  ⮭ 騪 (। 痢).  㬮-
         砭 TLIN 뢠 ᫥ ᯥ譮  樨  ணࠬ  
         ꥤ ꥪ 㫥  樨 믮塞 䠩.

               ⮬ ਫ 뢠 ᯮ짮  ⨫  TLINK,
          ⮭ 騪.

               ᪥ ⨫ TLINK  ࠬ஢,  뢮  -
         ࠭  ࠬ. ਬ:

         TurboLink Version 2.0 Copyright(c)1987,1988 Borland International
            The syntax is: TLINK objfiles, exefile, mapfile, libfiles
            @xxxx indicates use response file xxxx
            Options: /m - map file with publics                    (1)
                     /x - no map file at all                       (2)
                     /i - initialize all segments                  (3)
                     /l - include sourse line numbers              (4)
                     /s - detailed map of segments                 (5)
                     /n - no default libraries                     (6)
                     /d - warn if duplicate symbols in libraries   (7)
                     /c - lowercase significant in symbols         (8)
                     /3 - enable 32-processing                     (9)
                     /v - include full symbolic debug information  (10)
                     /e - ignore Extended Dictionary               (11)
                     /t - create COM-file                          (12)

              1 - 䠩 MAP  饤㯭묨 䨪ࠬ; 2 -  䠩-
          MAP;  3 - 樠஢  ᥣ;  4 -   
         室 ப; 5 - ஡ 奬 ᥣ⮢; 6 -  ᯮ-
           㬮砭 ⥪;  7 - ।०    㦥
         㡫஢ 䨪  ⥪;  8 - ࠧ稥  -
         䨪   ய 㪢;  9 - ࠧ襭 32-ࠧ來
         ࠡ⪨; 10 -   ଠ  ⫠;  11 - -
         ஢ ७ ᫮; 12 - ᮧ 䠩 COM.

              ଠ  ப ᫥騩:

                 TLINK ꥪ_䠩, 믮_䠩, MAP_䠩, ⥪

              ਬ,   ᫥ ப:

                 tlink /c mainline wd ln tx,fin,mfin,lib\comm lib\support

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 104 =


              TLINK 㤥 ஢  ப ᫥騬 ࠧ:

            - 室 뢠 "ࠧ" 㪢 (/c);

            - । ꥪ 䠩: MAINLINE.OBJ,  WD.OBJ,LN.OBJ
               TX.OBJ;

            - 믮塞 䠩 㤥  FIN.EXE;

            - 䠩  㧪 (奬 ணࠬ) 㤥  MFIN.MAP;

            -  ६   ।஢      ᯮ짮  ⥪
              COMM.LIB  SUPPORT.LIB.  室  ⠫ LIB.

              騪 TLINK ।  㬮砭 ᫥騥 -
         ७  䠩:

            - .OBJ  ꥪ 䠩;
            - .EXE  ᯮ塞 䠩;
            - .MAP  䠩 奬 ணࠬ;
            - .LIB  ⥪.

              ᫨   ।  䠩 .EXE,   㤥 ࠧ-
            ࢮ ꥪ⭮ 䠩,     -
          ७ .EXE.

                ᯮ ࠬ /t,  믮塞 䠩  㬮-
         砭 㤥  ७ .COM,   .EXE.

              TLINK ᥣ   㬮砭  䠩    㧪,
         ᫨ ⮫쪮      㪠뢠,   ⮣    (
          ࠬ  ப /x).

              - ᫨  㪠뢠 ࠬ /m,  䠩  㧪 -
                   ᥡ ᯨ᮪ 饤㯭 䨪஢.

              - ᫨   ࠬ /s,   䠩  㧪 㤥
                  ᥡ ⠫ 奬 ᥣ⮢.

               ।  䠩  㧪 騪  ᮡ-
          ᫥騥 ࠢ:

              - ᫨     㪠 䠩 .MAP,  騪 ᮧ 
                䠩,  ७ .MAP   믮塞  䠩-
                .  (  믮塞 䠩     

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 105 =

                ப   䠩 ᪠.  ᫨  믮塞 䠩
                 ,  TLINK 㤥 ࠧ뢠    ࢮ-
                 ꥪ⭮ 䠩.)

              - ᫨  㪠  䠩  㧪   -
                 (    䠩  ᪠),   TLINK   ⮬
                 ७ .MAP.

               ᮩ    ࠬ஢ 騪 
         ᯮ짮 ᨬ -.
                             ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⥪ TLINK       ࠬ  
          ப,  ⠪   䠩 ᪠,   ⠪ ᯮ짮
         ⠭  ⮤.

               ᪠ -  ⥪⮢ 䠩, ᮤঠ騩 ࠬ /
           䠩,     ᯮ짮.   ⫨稥  
           ப  䠩  ᮤঠ ᪮쪮 ப ⥪-
         .  ⢥ த ப ᯮ ᨬ (+).

                 ⠪  㪠뢠       ⮢
         (ꥪ 䠩,  믮塞 䠩, 䠩  㧪, -
         ⥪)   ⤥쭮  ப.   ⮬  ࠧ ⮢
          ࠢ 㦭 ᯮ짮 .

               ⮣,  ⮡ த஢  䠩 -
         ,  ९襬 । ப     䠩 ᪠
           FINRESP:

               /c mainline wd+
                 ln tx,fin+
                 mfin+
                 lib\comm lib\support

              ᫥ ⮣   :

                 tlink $finresp

              ⨬,   ᨬ  @ 㪠뢠  ,    ᫥ 
           䠩  ᪠.    ᯮ짮  ᪮쪮
         䠩 ᪠. ਬ,  ।    ப  
         ࠧ   䠩 ᪠:


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 106 =

                  䠩           ন
                 -------------------------------
                 LISTOBJS            mainline+
                                     wd+
                                     ln tx
                 LISTLIBS            lib\comm+
                                     lib\support
                 -------------------------------

               맮 ⨫ TLINK   ᫥騩 :

              tlink /c @listobjs,fin,mfin,@listlibs

                                 ࠬ 騪                        
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࠬ 騪  㪠뢠    -
          ப.  ࠬ ⮨  ᨬ /  - ( ᨬ -
         ४⥫ DOS),   묨 ᫥ ᮮ⢥騩 ᨬ -
         ࠬ  (ᨬ ४⥫ DOS ( 㬮砭  /)  -
            INT21).

              ᫨   ᯮ      ࠬ,       
         易⥫쭮 ࠧ ஡. ஬ ⮣,   㪠뢠 
         ࠧ   ப.    ࠬ஢   -
         ஡ 뢠  ᫥ ࠧ.

                               ࠬ /x, /m  /s

               㬮砭 騪 ᥣ ᮧ   㧪  -
         塞 䠩 (奬 ணࠬ).    㧪 ᮤ-
          ⮫쪮 ᯨ᮪ ᥣ⮢ ணࠬ, ⮢  ணࠬ,
         ।०  ᮮ饭  訡  ६ ࠡ -
         .

               ⮣,  ⮡ ⬥  䠩 .MAP, ᯮ
         ࠬ /x.

              ࠬ /m  ᮧ       㧪
         (  ᯨ᮪  ६,  ஢  浪
         㢥祭 ᮢ).  室  ⫠.

              ࠬ /s ᮧ ⠪  䠩 ,  ࠬ /m, 
          ஡  奬  ᥣ⮢.     ᥣ 
          㫥  砥 ,    ,    ,

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 107 =

          ᥣ, 㯯,   ACBP ଠ. ਬ, ஡-
          奬 ᥣ⮢   ᫥騩 :



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 108 =

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                   ᥣ  㯯   ࠢ
                 ( )                                 ஢
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         0000:0000 0E5B   C=CODE S=SYMB_TEXT  G=NONE   M=SYMB.ASM  ACBP=28
         00E5:000B 2735   C=CODE S=QUAL_TEXT  G=NONE   M=QUAL.ASM  ACBP=28
         0359:0000 002B   C=CODE S=SCOPY_TEXT G=NONE   M=SCOPY     ACBP=28
         035B:000B 003A   C=CODE S=LRSH_TEXT  G=NONE   M=LRSH      ACBP=20
         035F:0005 0083   C=CODE S=PADA_TEXT  G=NONE   M=PADA      ACBP=20
         0367:0008 05E   C=CODE S=PADD_TEXT  G=NONE   M=PADD      ACBP=20
         036D:0003 0025   C=CODE S=PSBR_TEXT  G=NONE   M=PSBR      ACBP=20
         036F:0008 05CE   C=CODE S=BRK_TEXT   G=NONE   M=BRK       ACBP=28
         03CC:0006 066F   C=CODE S=FLOAT_TEXT G=NONE   M=FLOAT     ACBP=20
         0433:0006 000B   C=DATA S=_DATA      G=DGROUP M=SYMB.ASM  ACBP=48
         0433:0012 00D3   C=DATA S=_DATA      G=DGROUP M=QUAL,ASM  ACBP=48
         0433:00E6 000E   C=DATA S=_DATA      G=DGROUP M=BRK       ACBP=48
         0442:0004 0004   C=BSS  S=_BSS       G=DGROUP M=SYMB.ASM  ACBP=48
         0442:0008 0002   C=BSS  S=_BSS       G=DGROUP M=QUAL.ASM  ACBP=48
         0442:000A 000E   C=BSS  S=_BSS       G=DGROUP M=BRK       ACBP=48
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ᥣ   㫥  奬 砥 
         ᥡ ,   ᥣ  ,  , , 㯯, -
           ଠ ACBP.

              饭 ACBP ஢뢠,    A  (ࠢ)  
         C (஢).    ଠ   .  TLINK
         ᯮ ⮫쪮    - A  C.  䠩 .MAP  ଠ
         ਢ  ⭠筮 . 祭   ACBP - -
          :

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
                      祭         ᠭ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------
          A             00    ᮫ ᥣ
         (ࠢ)     20    , ஢  ࠭ 
                            40    , ஢  ࠭ ᫮
                            60    , ஢  ࠭ ࠣ
                            80    , ஢  ࠭ ࠭
                            A0     ᮫ ⮪ 
          B             00     
         (஢)   08    騩 㥬 ᥣ
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᫨     ᥣ 砥  ᪮쪨 ,
            㤥 㪠뢠  ⤥쭮 ப (ਬ,

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 109 =

         SYMB.C).
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /l

              ࠬ /l ( ப) ᮧ ࠧ  䠩  .MAP  
         ஢ ப 室 .  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮 
         ࠬ, 室 ஢ 室 䠩  ࠬ஢ -y.
         ᫨    ࠬ 騪 -x ( ᮧ ), 
         ࠬ / l 㤥 ஢.
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /i

              ࠬ /i (樠஢  ᥣ) -
          ᥣ  믮塞 䠩,   ᫨   ᮤঠ 
         . ⨬,  筮   ॡ.
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /n

              ࠬ /n (஢ ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 -
         ⥪) ਢ  ⮬,   騪  ⥪, -
         ⠭  㬮砭   ஢.    -
          室  ⮬ 砥,   ⥪ ᯮ  -
          ⠫.
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /c

              ࠬ /c (ࠧ稬  ॣ 㪢)  ⠪  -
         ,    ஬  ய   㪢   譨 
          ६ ࠧ.  ਬ,  ᫨    ᯮ짮
         ⮣ ࠬ TLINK ਭ  fred, Fred  FRED  -
         ,  ᫥  ᯮ짮    ࠧ묨.
                                                    ࠬ /d                

              筮 TLINK    ।०    ⮬,    䨪
         砥  祬   ⥪. ᫨ 䨪 -
            祭  ணࠬ,   TLINK 㤥 ᯮ짮 
         ⮣ 䨪  ࢮ  䠩,  㪠    
         ப.

              ।,        ⥪:  SUPPORT.LIB 
         DEBUGSUP.LIB.   ⠪ ⥪ DEBUGSUP.LIB ᮤন -
         ணࠬ,  室騥   SUPPORT.LIB.  , ᫨   
         맮 TLINK ࢮ 㪠 ⥪ DEBUGSUP.LIB,   ண-
         ࠬ    SUPPORT.LIB    ⠪    믮塞 䠩
         祭  .

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 110 =


              ࠬ /d  (㡫஢ 䨪஢) ਢ  ⮬,
          騪 ந ᯨ᮪  䨪஢  -
         ⥪,  ᫨   ᯮ  ணࠬ.

              ࠬ /d ⠪ ਢ  ⮬,   TLINK 㤥 뤠
         ।०    ⮬  砥,  ᫨    䨪
            .OBJ - 䠩, ⠪   ⥪.  ⮬ 砥
         䨪 㤥   䠩 .OBJ.

              ।,      ⥪,      
         SUPPORT.LIB,   ⥫쭠  ⥪   DEBUGSUP.LIB.
         । ⠪,   ᫥ ⥪ ᮤন 㡫-
            ணࠬ ⥪ SUPPORT.LIB ( ࠡ 
         ᪮쪮 -㣮,   ⫠ ᨨ  ணࠬ).
         ᫨   ப 騪  ᭠砫 㪠뢠 -
         ⥪ DEBUGSUP.LIB,     ⫠ ணࠬ,  
         ᨨ, ᮤঠ騥  SUPPORT.LIB.

              ᫨   ᯮ  ।⢮,    㢥७ -
          ⮣,    ணࠬ 㡫,  ᯮ짮-
          ࠬ /d.  ⮬ 騪 ⠢ ᯨ᮪  -
         䨪஢, 㡫  ⥪,   ᫨   
         ᯮ짮  ணࠬ.

               㪠    ࠬ TLIB 㤥 ⠪ ।०-
           䨪,    䠩 .OBJ,  ⠪  
         䠩 .LIB.   ⮬ 砥, ⠪  䨪, ᮤঠ騩 
         䠩, 㪠   ப ,  㤥 ⥬ 䨪-
         ஢,      ,   ᯮ짮 㤥
          䨪,  ᮤন  䠩 .OBJ.

              ⥪, ⠢塞  ࡮  ᥬ஬,    ᮤঠ
          㡫 䨪஢.  ⮬, ⠪  ⥪
         EMU.LIB  FP87.LIB (CS.LIB  CL.LIB) 祢 ᮤঠ  㡫-
         騥 䨪,    ᫥ ᯮ짮    -
          ப.  ⥪ EMU.LIB,  MATH.LIB  CS.LIB, -
         ,  䨪஢-㡫⮢.
                                                    ࠬ /e                

              ⥪, ᯮ㥬  ࡮ ᥬ  ࡮ ,  -
         ঠ ७ ᫮ (Extended Dictionary),   -
          ⨫  TLINK ᮪ ६ .  ७ ᫮-
            饭   ⥪     ࠬ
         /E. ᯮ짮  ࠬ  /e  頥 ᯮ짮 

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 111 =

         ᫮.

                ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 ७  ᫮-
          믮  ॥,        -
         짮, ᫨    ணࠬ,    ன 
         ᯮ짮 ७  ᫮  ॡ  ᪮쪮 
         .
              ᫨   ᯮ  ࠬ /e,  TLINK 㤥 ஢
         ⫠ ଠ,  祭  ⥪,  ᮤন
         ७ ᫮.

               ࠧ,  ᯮ짮 ७ ᫮  -
           ⥫⢠:

            -  ।஢  ணࠬ   ᯮ짮 ७
              ᫮  墠⠥ ;

            - TLINK 㤥 ஢  ⫠ ଠ, ᮤ-
                ⥪  ७ ᫮६.
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /t

              ᫨    䠩 ᢥ嬠   (TINY)  -
           ࠬ (騩 ᢥ嬠    䠩
         .COM),   믮塞  䠩  .EXE  㤥  ஢
         䠩 .COM.

              ਬ砭:   䠩 .COM   ॢ 64,  
           ᮤঠ ⭮⥫ ४஢ ᥣ⮢, ।-
          ᥣ  ⥪,        砫  ,  ࠢ
         0:100H.   믮塞 䠩 ᯮ ७,  -
         筮  .COM (ਬ, .BIN),  砫    0:
         0  0:0100H.
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /v

              ࠬ /v 㪠뢠 騪 TLINK  ,   -
          祭    믮塞  䠩 ⫠筮 ଠ樨.  ᫨
          ࠬ 㪠뢠  -      ப,
         ⫠筠 ଠ  㤥  祭   㫨,   
         ᮤঠ.  ࠧ襭  饭 祭 ⫠筮  -
         ଠ樨    ᯮ짮 ࠬ /v+  /v-. ਬ,
          ᯮ짮 :
                                                                               
                 tlink mod1 /v+ mod2 mod3 /v- mod4


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 112 =

         ⫠筠 ଠ 砥  㫨  mod2    mod3,    
         砥  mod1  mod4.
                                                                               
                                     ࠬ /3

              ࠬ /3  (32-ࠧ來    80386)  -
         짮 ⮣,     ꥪ  (祭-
            TASM  ᮢ⨬   ᥬ,  -
         饣    80386) ᮤন 32-ࠧ來   -
         ய 80386.  ࠬ  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 
          室,  ⠪   ᨫ쭮   ᪮  -
           㢥稢 ꥬ , 室  .




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 113 =

                                                                               
         ࠭祭
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᠬ  TLINK  ⮫쪮  쥧 ࠭祭:
            믮塞 䠩 Windows  OS/2.

              ᫨ ⢮訥 ࠭ ࠭祭,   ⥯
           :

              -  ন 騥 ६;

              - ᥣ     ᮬ    -
                 㯭,  㯭;

              - TLINK ᮢ⨬  騪 LINK  Microsoft.

              TLINK, 筮,    ᯮ짮  㣨 ࠬ
          Borland.

                                                                               
         饭  訡
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ᪨ ᮮ饭 ணࠬ TLINK      
         ᮢ: ᮮ饭   ᪨ (⠫) 訡,  ᮮ饭
          訡  ।०:

            -  㦥 ⠫ 訡 TLINK  ४頥
              ࠡ,  䠩 .EXE  .MAP 㭨⮦;

            -  㦥 訡 䠩 .EXE  .MAP  ,   
                ᪠ .EXE 䠩.

            - ।०   ᮮ饭  ᫮,  -
                  ᪮४஢.   樨  -
              ०饣 ᮮ饭 䠩 .EXE  .MAP ᮧ.

              饭   訡  ਢ  䠢⭮ 浪 (஬
          ᮮ饭,   稭   ६ -  -
         饭  砫 ᯨ᪠).




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 114 =

                             饭  ⠫ 訡                     
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         _䠩: bad object file

         ( ꥪ 䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  TLINK 砥 ꥪ-
          䠩 ࠢ쭮 ଠ.

         _䠩: unable to open file

         (  䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  䠩  .

         㯯: group exceeds 64K

         (㯯 ॢ蠥 64)

               ᮮ饭 뢮,   ஢ ᥣ-
         ⮢  㯯 㯯 ॢ蠥 64.

         (㯯 ॢ蠥 64)

               ᮮ饭 뢮,   ஢ ᥣ-
         ⮢  㯯 㯯 ॢ蠥 64.

         : bad .obj file, virtual LEDATA with no VirDef

         (:  ꥪ 䠩, . LEDATA  VirDef)

               ᮮ饭 㪠뢠  訡  ⫠筮 ଠ樨
         ꥪ⭮ 䠩.     ꥪ 䠩,
          ꥪ 䠩 祭.

         : bad .obj file, virtual reference with no VirDef

         (宩 ꥪ 䠩, 㠫쭠 뫪  VirDef)

               ᮮ饭 㪠뢠  訡  ⫠筮 ଠ樨
         ꥪ⭮ 䠩.     ꥪ 䠩,
          ꥪ 䠩 祭.

         ᥣ: segment exceed 84K


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 115 =

         (ᥣ ॢ蠥 64)

               ᮮ饭  뢮,  ᫨   ᥣ 
           । ᫨誮     (  ஢
         ᥣ⮢  ࠧ 室 䠩   ).

         Bad character in parameters

         ( ᨬ  ࠬ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     -
         ,    䠩 ᪠ 砥   ᫥ ᨬ-
         :

               "   *   <  =  >  ?  [  ]  !

           ࠢ騩 ᨬ (ਧ⠫쭠  ⠡, 
         ⪨  Ctrl-Z).

         Cannot generate COM file: data below initial CS:IP defined

         ( ᣥ஢ 䠩 .COM,  ।    -
         砫쭮 祭 CS:IP)

               訡 ந室  १ ⪨ 樨 -
             砫쭮  䠩 COM (筮 100).  -
         ,   砫   ⠭   樨 ORG
         100H  祭 100.   ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ   몥  ᮪
         ஢   訡    .  ᫨  ந室,
         㡥,   ४ ꥪ 㫨  樠-
         樨 (C0).

         Cannot generate COM file: invalid initial entry point address

         ( ᣥ஢ 䠩 .COM: ⨬ 砫 
         窨 室)

               ᯮ짮 ࠬ /t,  砫  ணࠬ 
         ࠢ 100h,   ॡ  䠩 .COM.

         Cannot generate CON file: program exceed 64K

         ( ᣥ஢  䠩 .COM:  ࠧ ணࠬ ॢ蠥
         64)

               ᯮ짮 ࠬ /t,   騩 ࠧ ணࠬ -

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 116 =

         蠥 ।  䠩 .COM.

         Cannot generate COM file: segment relocatable item present

         ( ᣥ஢ 䠩 .COM:    -
         頥 ᥣ⮬)

               ᯮ짮 ࠬ /t,  ணࠬ   ᮤঠ
         ⭮⥫ ४஢  ᥣ⮢ (  ᪠  䠩-
          .COM).

         Invalid entry point offset

         (⨬ ᬥ饭 窨 室)

               ᮮ饭  ⮫쪮    㫥 
         32-ࠧ來묨 ﬨ.  砥,  砫쭮 ᬥ饭 -
          室 ணࠬ ॢ蠥 ࠭祭 DOS  64.

         Invalid group definition in mmodule 

         (⨬ । 㯯  㫥)

               訡   ⪥ ᢮  ᥣ 
         祬  㯯.   ⠪   ࠢ쭮 -
         ஢  GRPDEF  ꥪ⭮ 䠩. ᫥ 砩 
           ࠡ  짮⥫᪨ ꥪ묨 䠩,  -
         祭묨   ⠭  ஬,    뢠
         訡  ࠭, ᯮ㥬  祭 ꥪ⭮ 䠩-
         .

         Invalid initial stack offset

         (⨬ 砫쭮 ᬥ饭 ⥪)

               ᮮ饭 뢮 ⮫쪮    㫥  
         32-ࠧ來묨 ﬨ.  砥,  砫쭮 祭 㪠-
         ⥫ ⥪ ॢ蠥 ࠭祭 DOS  64.

         Invalid segment definition in module 

         (⨬ । ᥣ  㫥)

               ᮮ饭 筮 뢮,  ᫨   ᮧ
         ࠢ ꥪ 䠩.  ᫨  ந室  䠩, ᮧ-
          ஬ ࡮ , ४  䠩. ᫨

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 117 =

         訡 ⠥, 令  ମ Borland.

         Invalid switch in parameter block

         (⨬ ४⥫   ࠬ஢)

              訡    -  ᪮ 訡  TLINK  
         ⥣஢ । ࠧࠡ⪨.

         Msdos error, ax=XXXXh

         (訡 DOS, ax=XXXXh)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   맮 MS-DOS -
         室 ⭠ 訡.   ⮬ ⠥  ᮤন  -
          AX.   ᮮ饭  㪠뢠  ७ 訡
         DOS.     訡 TLINK  믮 맮 DOS
          ⥭, , 樮஢  .

         Not enough memory

         ( 墠⠥ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    墠⠥  
         .  室 ᢮   १ ணࠬ
           맮 TLINK,   㬥 ࠧ ᥢ᪠ (᫨
          ᯮ).

         Not enough memory to link

         (筮   )

               믮 TLINK ॡ   145 ᢮ -
         . ⠩ ᢮ ,  㧨 १ ணࠬ-
         .

         Relocation offset overflow in module 

         ( 訡   ⮫쪮   32-ࠧ來 -
          㫥    뢠,     ⭮⥫쭮   ६饭
         (४஢ ᥣ) ॢ蠥 ࠭祭 DOS  64.

         Relocation table full

         (㥬 䠩  ᮤন      ४஢,  祬
          ᮤঠ ⠭⭠ ⠡ ६饭 DOS ( -

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 118 =

         ४஢ ᮧ   ᭮ 맮  㭪 쭥 -
         ).

         Segment exceeds 64K

         (ᥣ ॢ蠥 64)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࠧ ᥣ ॢ-
         蠥 64    ᪮쪨 ᥣ⮢   묨
         .

         Symbol limit exceeded

         (ॢ襭 ࠭⢮ 䨪஢)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,   ॢ襭 ⢮
          䨪஢,   ᥣ⮢   㯯  (  
            8182).

         Table limit exceeded

         (ॢ襭 ࠭祭 ⠡)

               ᮮ饭 ந室  -  ९  ७
         ⠡ 䨪஢  騪.  筮  砥,  
         㥬  ணࠬ ॢᨫ 魮 騪   -
         㯭  譨 䨪஢.

         32-bit record encountered in module : use "/3" option

         ( 㫥  㦥  32-ࠧ來 ,  ᯮ ࠬ
         /3)

               ᮮ饭 ,   㦥 ꥪ 䠩,
         ᮤঠ騩 32-ࠧ來    80386,    ࠬ
         /3  ᯮ.  १ 騪  㪠  -
         ஬.

         Unexpected group definition

         (। । 㯯)

               ꥪ⭮ 䠩 । 㯯  ᫥  -
          浪.   ᮮ饭  ⮣,  TASM ᣥ-
         ஢ ४ 䠩. ࠭᫨ 室 䠩.


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 119 =

         Unexpected segment definition

         (। । ᥣ)

               ꥪ⭮  䠩  । ᥣ⮢  ᫥ 
         ண 浪.   ᮮ饭  ⮣,  TASM ᣥ-
         ஢ ४ 䠩. ࠭᫨ 室 䠩.

         Unknown option

         ( ࠬ)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ப ᫥
         ᨬ (/)  ᫥ ࠬ.

         Write failed, disk full ?

         ( 믮 ,  ९)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   TLINK    -
             .  筮  ந室    -
          .



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 120 =

                                                                               
         饭  訡
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ࠡ    騪 TLINK   ᫥騥
         ᪨ 訡.   㦥 㯮,   -
          訡 䠩 .EXE  .MAP  㤠.   ࠡ  ⥣-
         ஢ । ணࠬ஢    訡  ᬠਢ,
          ᪨ (⠫).
                                                                               
         XXX is unresolved in module YYY

         (㤮⢮७ 뫪 XXX  㫥 YYY)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,    㫥  뫪
          । 䨪  (     䨪,  
         ᮤঠ騩   䠩 .OBJ,    ⥪, 祭 
         ६ ).
                                                                               
         Fixup overflow, frame = xxxxh, target = xxxxh,
         offset=xxxxh  module XXXXXXXX

         (९  ४஢,  ࠭ =xxxxh, 楫=xxxxh, ᬥ-
         =xxxxh  )

               ᮮ饭 㪠뢠  ,    㦥  -
          㫥 ࠢ ,  ࠢ쭠 뫪.  -
          Fixup 室 ,   ஥ ந 뫪,   ⠪
          ᥣ,    室. 祭  frame - 
         ᥣ,    室   ꥪ⭮ 䠩.  祭
          target  ᥣ,   ஬ 室    -
         饥 ६.    offset  㪠  ᬥ饭    ᥣ
         target  .

               ᮮ饭     ࠢ쭮 ।
          ,  ⠪ ᫨  near-맮  ६-
         .   ⮣, ⮡ ࠧ  稭, 맢  ᮮ-
         饭,  室   (map) 㧮筮    
          ࠬ /m.  祭 target  offset   ,
          ஥ ந 뫪.  ᫨  ᤥ  㤠,  
           , 襥  ⮬ . ⥬ ᭨  ⥪-
          室   祬  .
                                                                               
         Out of memory

         (ॢ襭 ࠭ )


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 121 =

               訡 ,  TLINK ॢᨫ । ᯮ-
          .  筮  砥,   㥬 ꥪ
         䠩 ᯮ ᫨誮    㫥,  ।  ᫨誮
          ᥣ⮢, 㯯, 譨 뫮.
                                                                               
         Undefined symbol <䨪> in module <>

               㪠  䨪   뫪   㫥,
            ।   ꥪ 䠩   ⥪,  -
         祭  . ஢  㡥,   䨪-
          㪠 ४⭮. 筮  訡   -
         ஢ ࡮  ,  ᫨    㪠 ࠢ쭮 ᠭ pascal
          cdecl  ࠧ 室 䠩,   ய  ꥪ⭮
         䠩,  ॡ 襩 ணࠬ.



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 122 =

                                     ।०                            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

         Warning: symbol defined in module  is duplicated  in module
         

         (䨪   㡫  㣮 㫥)

              䨪 ।     㪠 㫥.  
          ந,      ப  ꥪ  䠩
         㪠뢠 .

         Warning: no stack

         ( ⥪)

               ।०饥  ᮮ饭  ⮣,    
           㥬 䠩  । ᥣ ⥪.  -
             ணࠬ  ᢥ嬠   (TINY) 
          ணࠬ,  ८ࠧ㥬  ଠ .COM.  ⠫ 
          -  訡.

         Warning: no stub for fixup in  at ᥣ:xxxxh

         ( ஬筮 ᥣ  ४஢  㪠 㫥
          ᥣ)

               ᮮ饭 ,   楫 ᥣ  ४-
         ஢ 室  ૥ ᥣ,   ᥣ  -
          ஬筮 ᥣ.  筮     १⮬  
         ૥ 饤㯭 䨪,     뫪
          ⮬  㫥.

         Warning: segment ᥣ is in two groups: 㯯1 and 㯯2

         (㪠 ᥣ ᮤন   㯯)

              騪 㦨 䫨       㯯
         ᥣ⮢.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 123 =

                                     ⨫ TOUCH                             
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              뢠 砨,   㦭 ४஢  -
          䠩  ந ,  ᫨  ⢫﫨 -
            室 䠩.    ।,   -
         ⢨   㦨 ணࠬ TOUCH, 祭 
         ࡮  ᥬ.  㦨  ணࠬ TOUCH   
         ६   ᪮쪨 䠩  ⥪騥   ६, 
         ⠪ ࠧ  䠩  , 祬 䠩   騥.

              ⮡ ந  楫  䠩,  ਬ  ணࠬ 
           䠩,     楫 䠩.  ⮡ ਬ-
            ணࠬ  䠩 ( 䠩),  ᫥ ᪠ DOS
         :

              touch _䠩 [ _䠩... ]

              㦨 ணࠬ TOUCH ᫥ ⮣    ᮧ-
          䠩.

              ᫥ ⮣  맢 㦨 ணࠬ , -
          ந ࠡ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ 䠩.  (  ࠡ  
         㦨饩  ணࠬ  TOUCH    짮 묨
         ᨬ  䠩  *  ?.)



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 124 =

                               ࠬ  ப                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

          -a                      ⮬ ஢  -
                                 ᨬ⥩.

          -D䨪
                                 । 㪠  䨪   
                                 ப, ᮤঠ ⢥ ᨬ 1.

          -D䨪=ப । 㪠   䨪  
                                 ப  祭,  騬 ᫥ 
                                 ࠢ⢠ (=).  ப   ᮤঠ
                                 ஡  ᨬ ⠡樨.

          -I⠫              ⨫ MAKE 㤥 ᪠ 砥 䠩-
                                   ⮬ ⠫.

          -U䨪        ⬥ ம।   "-
                                 䨪".

          -s                     筮 ⨫ MAKE ⠥   ,
                                  믮.   ࠬ ⬥-
                                   .

          -n                     ⠢ ⨫ MAKE   
                                   믮  .    ᯮ
                                  ⫠ ନ饣 䠩.

          -f_䠩            ᯮ "_䠩"   ⢥  
                                 ନ饣 䠩.

          -?  -h               ᪠.



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 125 =

                                                                               
                     GREP:     
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                    ਬ砭:   ⨫  뢠 ⠪  䠩
                ਡ⨢ ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ,    ᮤ-
                ଠ  ᫥  ,  ᠭ 
                㪮⢥,  ⮬  ⠪   㪠

              GREP -  魠 ⨫ ᪠,   ᪠ ⥪
          ᪮쪨 䠩 ࠧ.

              騩  ᨭ⠪ ப  맮 GREP ᫥騩:

              grep [ࠬ] ப_᪠ _䠩 [_䠩 ...
                _䠩]

              ਬ, ᫨   㧭,   䠩 ᯮ짮
         㭪 setupmodem,    ᯮ짮 ⨫ GREP ᫥騬
         ࠧ:

                 grep setupmodem *.asm
                                 ࠬ ⨫ GREP                        
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                    ਬ砭:   ⨫  뢠 ⠪  䠩
                ਡ⨢ ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ,    ᮤ-
                ଠ  ᫥  ,  ᠭ 
                㪮⢥,  ⮬  ⠪   㪠

               ⨫ GREP ࠬ -    ᪮쪮  -
           ᨬ,   । ᨬ (-).   ᨬ -
          ४⥫,      "祭",  "-
         祭".  "祭" ந ᨬ  (+),   "몫-
         " -  (-).   ᨬ ᫥ ᫥ ࠬ  
         ப (ਬ -r+  -r -). ᫨ ⢨  ४⥫ 
         㪠,    㬮砭 । (+).    
         ࠬ ᫥騬 ࠧ ( -i-d-l  -ild  -il-d).
          ਢ ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢   祭:

            -c           쪮 稪: 㤥   ⮫쪮 ⢮
                          ப.      䠩,   ஬
                          ப,  㤥 ⠭  䠩  -
                         ⢮ ப.  ப  .

            -d           ⠫:      䠩, ।-

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 126 =

                            ப, ⨫ GREP   䠩-
                           ⠪  ,   । ४-
                         ਨ,  ⠪    ⠫  ⮬ ⠫.
                         ᫨    㪠  䠩  㪠 
                         ᪠,   ⨫ GREP    ⥪饬 -
                         .

            -i           ஢ ࠧ稩  ய묨   -
                         묨 㪢.

            -l           ᬮ 䠩,     ப:  GREP
                         뢮 ⮫쪮   䠩.

            -n            䠩,  ண GREP ⠥  ᮯ஢-
                          ஬.

            -o           ଠ 뢮  UNIX.   ଠ 뢮
                          祭  ᯮ짮  樮 -
                         ⥬ UNIX.

            -r            ࠦ.  ,  ।  ப
                         ᪠, ਭ  ࠦ.

            -u            : GREP ꥤ     -
                          ப 樨  ࠬࠬ,  묨 
                         㬮砭  뢠  ࠬ  䠩 GREP.
                         COM   祭  ࠬ஢,  ᯮ㥬
                          㬮砭.

            -v            ⮫쪮   ப,   ᮤঠ
                         ப ᪠.

            -w            ᫮: ⥪ 㤥 , ᫨ 祭 -
                         ࠦ  㤥 ᮢ  ।  ᫥
                         㪢   ﬨ ᫮.  ᨬ  
                         ᫮  㬮砭 ᮤন A-Z,  0-9  (_).  -
                         ୠ⨢ ଠ ⮩  ४⨢    
                            ᨬ.  ᨭ⠪:

                                -w[]

                           -  ࠢ쭮 ।  .
                         ᫨   ।   㪢 䠢,
                          ⮬᪨ ।  ய,  ⠪
                           㪢, ᨬ  ⮣,  
                          ᨬ  ࠧ 㪢  .  ᫨ 

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 127 =

                         ᯮ ࠬ -w  ᮢ⭮    ࠬ஬
                         -u,     , ਭ 
                         㬮砭.

            -z           GREP ⠥    䠩    
                         䠩.  ப ।    ப.
                          ਢ 稪  ப  
                         䠩.

                                                                               
         冷 ᫥
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ,   ࠬ ⨫ GREP - ४-
         ⥫.        ६   ࠬ   
         祭,   몫祭.    ࠬ  -
          ப ⬥  ।饥 祭. ਬ:

               grep -r- -i -d- -i -r- main  (my *.asm

              ᫥   ⮩ ப ⨫ GREP 㤥 饭  ᫥-
         騬 ࠬࠬ (-d -祭,  -i - 祭 ,  -r -몫-
         ).

                 ࠬ  -u   ந ࠬ,  -
         㥬  㬮砭,  ⨫ GREP.COM.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 128 =

                                                                               
         ப ᪠
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              祭 ப ᪠ । ࠧ,   ஬ -
          GREP ந .  ப ᪠    
         ࠦ  ⠪    ப .   筮 ࠦ ⤥
         ᨬ  ᯥ樠쭮 祭 -  ࠢ  ᪮.  
         ᨬ쭮 ப    ஢ -  ᨬ ਭ
          .

                  ப ᪠  窨  ⮣, ⮡
         । ⨥ ஡  ⠡権,  ࠧ⥫.

              ࠦ -   ⤥  ᨬ      ᨬ,
         祭  ᪮. ⥭  ࠦ  筮
         ࠦ.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 129 =

                                ࠦ                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ᯮ ࠬ -r,  ப ᪠ ਭ-
            筮 ࠦ  ᫥騥 ᨬ  ᯥ樠쭮
         ।祭:

               ^   砫  ࠦ    ᨬ  ᮮ⢥  砫
                  ப.

               $    ࠦ   ᮮ⢥  ப.

               .   ᨬ ᮮ⢥  ᨬ.

               *  ࠦ,  ᫥   ࠧ⥫, ᮮ⢥-
                    ᪮쪨   ⮣ ࠦ. ਬ
                   fo*  ᮮ⢥ f,  fo,  foo  .  ..,   
                  ᮮ⢥ fa.

               +  ࠦ,   ᫥  ࠧ⥫, ᮮ⢥-
                    ᪮쪨  ⮣ ࠦ.  ਬ
                  fo+ ᮮ⢥ fo, foo  ..  ..,   f.

               [] ப, 祭  ᪮, ᮮ⢥   ᨬ-
                    ⮩ ப. ᫨  ᨬ  ப  -
                   ᨬ (^),   ப ᮮ⢥  ᨬ-
                  ,   ᪫祭  ᨬ,  ᮤঠ  ப.
                  ਬ,  [xyz] ᮮ⢥ x,y,z,  [^xyz] ᮮ⢥-
                    a  b,    x,y  z.    । 
                  ᨬ     ᨬ,  ࠧ  
                  (-).

               \   ᨬ ᮮ頥 GREP,   ᪠ ᨬ, -
                   ᫥  ⨬ ᨬ.

                    砭.   ࠭ । ᨬ ($,.,
               *  +)   ᯥ樠쭮 祭,  ᫨ ᯮ
                ᪮. ⥫쭮, ᨬ ^ ਭ ⮫-
                 ᯥ樠 ᨬ,  ᫨ ।⢥ ᫥ 
               砫 ।  ᨬ (   [).




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 130 =

                                                                               
         䨪 䠩
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                 ப ⨫ GREP -  ।
         䠩.  ᮮ頥 ⨫ GREP,   䠩 (㯯 䠩)
         ᪠ ப. । 䠩    । -
          䠩, ⠪  饭  䠩 (  ᨬ ? 
         *).    ⠪  㪠     । 䠩.
         ᫨   㪠, GREP  ⮫쪮  ⥪饬 ⠫.

                                 ਬ  ᭥ﬨ                         
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ᫥騥 ਬ ।,   㬮砭  -
         ࠬ ⨫ GREP 몫祭:

               ਬ 1:
               ---------

             ப  :   grep start: *.asm

            㤥 ᪠      :   start:
                                  restart

             㤥 ᪠   :   restarted:
                                  ClockStart:

             㤥 ᪠  :    䠩    ७  .ASM  ⥪饬
                                  ⠫.

            砭         :    㬮砭, ய   㪢
                                  ࠧ.

               ਬ 2:
               ---------

             ப  :   grep -r [^a-z]main\ "{" *.asm

            㤥 ᪠      :   main {i:integer}
                                  main {i,j:integer}
                                  if (main () halt ;

             㤥 ᪠   :   mymain {}
                                  MAIN (i:integer);


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 131 =

             㤥 ᪠  :    䠩  ७  .ASM    ⥪饬
                                  ⠫.

            砭         :   ப ᪠  ᮮ頥  GREP,   
                                  ᪠ ᫮ main  । 
                                   㪢 ([^a-z]),    ᫥-
                                   ஡ (\*)   ᪮.

                 ஡     ⠡樨 筮 ਭ 
          ப  ࠧ⥫,      -
           ⮣, ⮡   ࠦ.

               ਬ 3:
               ---------

             ப  :    grep -ri [a-c]:\\data\.fil *.asm *.inc

            㤥 ᪠      :    A:data.fil
                                   c:Data.Fil
                                   B:\DATA.FIL

             㤥 ᪠   :    d:data.fil
                                   a:data:fil

             㤥 ᪠  :     䠩 *.ASM  *.INC  ⥪饬  -
                                   .

            砭         :       ᨬ (\)  (.) 筮 
                                   ᯥ樠쭮 祭,  ᫨   
                                   ᪠  ᨬ,  室 ।
                                   묨    ᨬ ⥫쭮
                                   㪠 ᨬ (\).

               ਬ 4:
               ---------

             ப  :    grep -ri [^a-z]word[^a-z] *.doc

            㤥 ᪠      :    every new word must be on a new line
                                   MY WORD !
                                   word--smallest unit of speech.
                                   In the beginning there was WORD, and
                                   the WORD

             㤥 ᪠   :    Each file has at least 2000 words.
                                   He misspells toward as toword.

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 132 =


             㤥 ᪠  :     䠩 *.DOC  ⥪饬 ⠫.

            砭         :     ଠ 筮 ।,   -
                                     ᫮.

               ਬ 5:
               ---------

             ப  :    grep -iw word *.doc

            㤥 ᪠      :    every new word must be on a new line
                                   However, MY WORD !
                                   word: smallest unit of speech which
                                   conveys meaning
                                   In the beginning there was WORD, and
                                   the WORD

             㤥 ᪠   :    Each file has at least 2000 words.
                                   He seems to continually mispell "toward"
                                   as "toword."

             㤥 ᪠  :     䠩 *.DOC  ⥪饬 ⠫.

            砭         :     ଠ  । ᭮  
                                   "᫮".

               ਬ 6:
               ---------

             ப  :    grep "search  string with spaces" *.doc
                                   *.asm a:\work\myfile.*

            㤥 ᪠      :    This is  a search string with spaces in
                                   it

             㤥 ᪠   :    THIS IS A SEARCH STRING WITH SPACES  IN
                                   IT

                                   This is   a  search  string  with  many
                                   spaces in it.

             㤥 ᪠  :     䠩 *.DOC  *.ASM  ⥪饬  -
                                       䠩  MYFILE.*    ⠫
                                   WORK  ᪮ A.


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 133 =

            砭         :     ਬ  ⮣,    ᪠  ப,
                                    ஡.

               ਬ 7:
               ---------

             ப  :    grep -rd "[,.:?'\"]"$ \ *.DOC

            㤥 ᪠      :    He said hi to me
                                   Where are you going
                                   Happening in anticipation of unique
                                   situation
                                   Examples include the following :
                                   "Many men smoke, but fu man chu."

             㤥 ᪠   :    He said "Hi" to me
                                   Where are you going? I'm headed to the
                                   beach this

             㤥 ᪠  :     䠩 *.DOC   ⥪饬  ⠫,  
                                      ⠫  ⥪饬 ᪥.

            砭         :     ⮬ ਬ ந   ᨬ-
                                         ப.  ⨬,  
                                    窠 (") ।  ᨬ-
                                     (\) ⮬ (") ਭ 
                                    ᨬ,       ப
                                   ᪠.

               ਬ 8:
               ---------

             ப  :    grep -ild " the " \*.doc
                                   
                                   grep -i -l -d " the " \*.doc
                                   
                                   grep -il -d " the " \*.doc

            㤥 ᪠      :    Anyway, this is the time we have
                                   do you think? The main reason we are

             㤥 ᪠   :    He said "Hi" to me just when I
                                   Where are you going ? I'll bet you're
                                   headed to

             㤥 ᪠  :     䠩  *.DOC   ⥪饬  ⠫, 

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 134 =

                                      ⠫  ⥪饬 ᪥.

            砭         :     ⮬ ਬ  ࠧ 㪢
                                     ⮫쪮 ⠥   䠩
                                   ᮤঠ,  ࠩ     ࠧ,
                                   ப ᪠.



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 135 =

                           OBJXREF:              
                               
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ OBJXREF -  ⨫,  ஢ ᯨ᮪ -
           䠩    ⥪  뤠    ᮤন.

                    ਬ砭:   ⨫  뢠 ⠪  䠩
                ਡ⨢ ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ,    ᮤ-
                ଠ  ᫥  ,  ᠭ 
                㪮⢥,  ⮬  ⠪   㪠

               ⨯    -    ᯨ᮪    뫪  .
         㣮 ⨯  - ᯨ᮪  ࠧ஢  ᥣ⮢,  ।  
         ꥪ .

                ⥣ਨ  :  ६ 
          㭪権.  ࠧ "  OBJXREF" ਢ ண-
         ࠬ  TEST1.ASM    TEST2.ASM,  騥 । 
           譨 뫮  .

              ꥪ 㫨 -   ꥪ  (.OBJ)  䠩,  ᮧ
         ஬ ࡮  TCC  TASM.  䠩 (.LIB) -
         ঠ ᪮쪮 ꥪ 㫥. ꥪ 㫨,  -
          TASM,   ,   室   ७-
          .ASM, ᫨ ⮫쪮   㪠 㣮    ப.

                             ப ⨫ OBJXREF                   
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ப  OBJXREF ⮨  ᫮ OBJXREF,  -
          ᫥ ᪮쪮 権  ப  ᯨ᮪  ꥪ-
            䠩, ࠧ ஡   -
         樨. ⠪  ப ᫥騩:

                   OBJXREF <ࠬ> _䠩 <_䠩>

              ࠬ  ப ।  ⨯  ,  
         㤥 ᣥ஢ ⨫⮩ OBJXREF,   ⠪ ⥯  ⠫-
         樨.

               ࠬ 稭   (/),    ᫥
           ᨬ쭮  ࠬ.

              ꥪ 䠩  ⥪   ।   -

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 136 =

          ப, ⠪   䠩 ᪠.   ப 
         䠩 ࠧ ஡  ᨬ ⠡樨.  ꥪ-
          㫨, ।  䠩 .OBJ,   . -
          ணࠬ TLINK,  OBJXREF 砥 ⮫쪮 㫨  -
         ⥪, ᮤঠ騥 ,   o 뫠 㫨  .OBJ,  
         ࠭ 祭 㫨  ⥪.

               䠩     ᪮  .  
         ।   䠩   ᯮ짮  ᯥ樠-
          () ᨬ DOS ?  *.  䠩  ⭮-
           䠩 .OBJ  䠩 .LIB (᫨   ७  䠩-
         ,   㬮砭 ᯮ ७ .OBJ).

              ࠬ    䠩  ᫥   ப
           浪.

              , ᣥ஢ ⨫⮩ OBJXREF,  뢮  ⠭-
         ⭮ ன⢮ 뢮 DOS ( 㬮砭 -  ࠭).   -
          ᨬ ७祭 DOS (>)  뢥   
          (>LPT1:), ⠪   䠩 (> 䠩).

              ᫨ ⨫  ᪠    㪠 ࠬ஢  
         䠩,  OBJXREF 뢥  ᯨ᮪ 㯭 ࠬ.

                       ࠬ  ப ⨫ OBJXREF              
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࠬ   ப  ⨫  OBJXREF   
         ⥣ਨ: ࠢ騥 ࠬ  ࠬ ⮢.

                               ࠢ騥 ࠬ

              ࠢ騥 ࠬ     ⨫  OBJXREF,
         ਭ   㬮砭 (᭠砫  㬮砭 ਭ,  
          ࠬ ࠧ襭):

              /I     ஢ ࠧ稩  ய묨    묨
                     㪢    .  ᯮ  ࠬ 
                     ⮬ 砥,    뢠 騪 TLINK  
                     ࠬ /c.

              /F     祭 ⥪ .  ꥪ 㫨 
                     । ⥪    ⮬ 砥,
                       ꥪ  ,   ࠡ뢠   ⨫⮩
                     OBJXREF,  ᮤন 뫮   騥 䨪,

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 137 =

                     ।   ⥪.  ࠬ -
                        ଠ  ᮤন -
                     ⥪ (.  ਬ 4  ࠧ "ਬ ᯮ짮
                     ⨫ OBJXREF").

              /V     뢮  ଠ樨. 뤠  ᯨ᪠  
                     , 㫥, ᥣ⮢  ᮢ.

              /Z     祭 ᥣ⮢  㫥 .  ꥪ -
                        । ᥣ,    
                     ⢮ .

                                 ࠬ ⮢

              ࠬ ⮢  ࠢ  ⨯ 㥬 ,  
         ⠪ ⥯  ⠫樨:

              /RC      ⨯ ᮢ: ࠧ 㫥 㯮冷祭 
                     ⨯  ᥣ.

              /RM      㫥: 뢮  , 室  -
                     .

              /RP       : 뢮     -
                      । .

              /RR       뫪: 뢮 ।    -
                     , 㯮冷祭  .

              /RS      ࠧ : 뢮 ࠧ 㫥, 㯮-
                     祭   .

              /RU    饭    ,      
                     뫪.

              /RV     : OBJXREF    ⨯.

              /RX      譨 뫪: 뢮 譨 뫮, 㯮-
                     祭   ,    뫪.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 138 =

                                     ᪠                            
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                 ப  ࠭祭   MS-DOS 128 ᨬ.
         ᫨ ࠧ  ப ॢ蠥 । 稭,  
          ࠧ  䠩  䠩  ᪠  (response-䠩-
         ).   ᪠  (  䠩 ⢥⮢) -  ⮩ ⥪⮢
         䠩,     ᮧ   ⥪⮢ ।.
         ⨫ OBJXREF  ᯮ짮 ࠧ ⨯ 䠩 ᪠-
         .

               ᪠ 뢠   ப   -
           ࠬ஢.  䠩  ᫥ ।⢥ 
         ࠬ஢ ( ஡. ਬ: /Lresp,   /L resp).

                 ப   ᯮ짮  -
          䠩 ᪠,   ⥫쭮   ப  -
         짮  䠩 .OBJ  .LIB.

                           ந 䠩 ᪠

               ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠   ⨫⮩  OBJXREF  
         㪠      ப.    ।⢮
         ᨬ (@).   䠩   ⤥   㣨 䠩
         ஡,  ᨬ ⠡樨:

                     @ 䠩  @ 䠩 ...

                    砭:     䠩,   ண 㪠 
               䠩 ᪠  ७,  㬮砭 ࠧ㬥-
                ७ .OBJ.

                                   ᪠

               ⠪ ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠,  ࠭ -
         ⮢  騪 (TLINK).  ᪠ ⠪ ଠ
         뢠   ࠬ /L:

                 /L_䠩

               ⮣, ⮡ 㧭,  ᯮ짮 䠩 ᪠, 
            ਬ 2   ࠧ  "ਬ  ᯮ짮
         ⨫ OBJXREF".

                                     /O


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 139 =

              ᫨  , ⮡ ⨫ OBJXREF 믮 ⢨ 
         ꥪ묨 䠩,  室  ⠫, ⫨筮  -
         饣,   । ॡ㥬  ⠫    
         /O. ਬ:

                 /Omyobjdir

                                     /N

              ᫨   ࠭ ⢮   㫥,  ᥣ-
         ⮢, ᮢ,  譨    ⨫ OBJXREF,  
         㪠     ப ᫥   /N. ਬ,
         ப:

                  OBJXREF <ᯨ᮪_䠩> /RM /Test

         ᮮ ⨫,  室 ஢  ⮫쪮  -
            Test.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 140 =

                               ⨫ OBJXREF                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ।,      室 䠩,   -
            OBJXREF ᣥ஢   ꥪ 䠩,
         祭  १ 樨 室 䠩.  䠩 -
         뢠 TEST1.ASM  TEST2.ASM  룫 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

            ;TEST1.ASM
                   .MODE SMALL
                   STACK 200h

                   EXTRN GOODBYE:BYTE
                   EXTRN SAYHELLO:NEAR

                   PUBLIC HELLO
                   PUBLIC NOTUSED

            .DATA
            HELLO         DB       'HELLO',10,13,'$'
            NOTUSED       DW       ?
            HIDDEN        DW       ?

            .CODE
            SAYBYE        PROC     NEAR
                          mov      dx,OFFSET GOODBYE
                          mov      ah,9
                          INT      21h

                          RET
            SAYBYE        ENDP

            START         PROC     NEAR
                          mov      ax,@data
                          mov      ds,ax
                          CALL     SAYHELLO
                          CALL     SAYBYE

            EXIT:

                          mov       ax,04COOh
                          INT       21h
            START         ENDP
            END           START

            ; TEST2.ASM

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 141 =


                         .MODEL     SMALL
                         EXTRN      HELLO:BYTE
                         PUBLIC     GOODBYE
                         PUBLIC     SAYHELLO

            .DATA
            GOODBYE      DB         'Goodbye',10,13,'$'

            .CODE
            SAYHELLO                PROC      NEAR
                         mov        dx,OFFSET   HELLO
                         mov        ah,9
                         INT        21h
                         RET
            SAYHELLO                ENDP
            END

              ꥪ 㫨, 祭  樨 室 䠩,
          ᮮ⢥⢥  TEST1.OBJ  TEST2.OBJ.  ⮣, ⮡
          ॡ㥬     ꥪ 䠩, 室
         㪠     ப ᫥ /RX,   X  ।
         ⨯ 㥬 .

                    砭. ਢ     ਬ   
               ⮫쪮 ࠣ 室 .



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 142 =

                                                                               
             (/RP)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ᮤঠ  騥  ,  ।  
         ꥪ     㫥,     ।-
         . ᫨   ᫥  ப:

                     OBJXREF /RP test1 test2

          ⨫ OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

                   ------------------------------------------
                   䨪            । 
                   ------------------------------------------
                       GOODBYE              TEST2
                       HELLO                TEST1
                       NOTUSED              TEST1
                       SAYHELLO             TEST2
                   ------------------------------------------





         TASM2 #5-5/              = 143 =

                                    㫥 (/RM)                         
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ᮤন     ꥪ  㫥,
           묨 ᫥   ,   ⮬ 㫥.
         ᫨   ᫥  ப:

                     OBJXREF /RM test1 test2

          ⨫ OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

                 Module: TEST1 defines the following symbols:

                          HELLO
                          NOTUSED

                 Module: TEST2 defines the following symbols:

                          GOODBYE
                          SAYHELLO

         (⨫ ᮮ頥,    㫥 । ᫥騥 䨪-
         .)

                                                                               
           뫪 (/RR) ( 㬮砭)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ᮤঠ      ⮩  -
           ᪮ 室    ⨬ 騬 .  ᫥-
         饩 ப ਢ  㫥,    뫠    饥
         . ᫨   ᫥  ப:

                     OBJXREF /RR test1 test2

          ⨫ OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

              GOODBYE (TEST2)
                      TEST1
              HELLO   (TEST1)
                      TEST2
              NOTUSED (TEST1)
              SAYHELLO (TEST2)
                       TEST1



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 144 =

                                                                               
           譨 뫪 (/RX)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ᮤঠ  㫥,  묨  ᫥
         譨  뫪, ।  ⮬ 㫥. ᫨   ᫥-
           ப:

                     OBJXREF /RX test1 test2 CS.LIB,

          OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

             Module: TEST1 references the following symbols :

               GOODBYE
               SAYHELLO

             Module: TEST2 references the following :

               HELLO

         (⨫ ᮮ頥,    뫠  ᫥騥 䨪-
         .)

                               ࠧ 㫥 (/RS)                    
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ᮤঠ  ᥣ⮢,  묨 ᫥-
          ᯨ᮪ 㫥,   ।  ᥣ.   -
              筮  ⭠筮 ।⠢.
             䨪  ᥣ ࠭   -
           祭,    ᫥  ᥣ  ᫮
         uninitialized (樠஢). ᫨ ᥣ  ᮫-
           (  ஥  ।  ⨢ ),
          ᫥  ࠧ ᥣ  ᫮ Abs.

              ᫨   ᫥  ப:

                     OBJXREF /RS test1 test2

               OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

              ;Module sizes by segment
                STACK
                            512 (00200h) TEST1,unitialized
                            512 (00200h) total

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 145 =


                _DATA
                            12  (0000Ch) TEST1
                            10  (0000Ah) TEST2
                            22  (00016h) total

                _TEXT
                            24  (00018h) TEST1
                            8   (00008h) TEST2
                            32  (00020h) total

                                ⨯ ᮢ (/RC)                      
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ਢ ।  ᥣ⮢    ᠬ
         ᥣ⮢.  CODE ᮤন ᯮ塞 樨,  DATA
         -  樠஢  ,   BSS - 樠஢
         . ,  騥 ,  ਢ  -
          "No class type" ( ⨯ ).

              ᫨   ᫥  ப:

                     OBJXREF /RC test1 test2

          ⨫ OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

              ;Module sizes by class
                CODE
                            24  (00018h) TEST1
                            8   (00008h) TEST2
                            32  (00020h) total

                DATA
                            12  (0000Ch) TEST1
                            10  (0000Ah) TEST2
                            22  (00016h) total

                STACK
                            512 (00200h) TEST1,unitialized
                            512 (00200h) total

                      ,    뫮 (/RU)          
         -----------------------------------------------------------------


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 146 =

               ⮬  ਢ    㫥,  ᮤঠ騥  騥
         ,     뫪  㣨 㫥. 
          :

            -   䨪  뫪    (  ⮬
              砥   䨪   ,   -
              騩);

            -  䨪 ᮢᥬ  뫮 ( ⮬ 砥  -
              䨪  㤠).

              ᫨   ᫥  ப:

                     OBJXREF /RU test1 test2

          ⨫ OBJXREF 뤠  ᫥饣 :

             Module :

                TEST1 defines the following unreferenced symbols :

                NOTUSED

         ( 㫥  TEST1 । ᫥騥 䨪,   
          뫪.)

                                                                               
           (/RV)
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               㪠  ⮣ ࠬ   ப  
          㤥 ஢   ᫥   -
         .

                         ਬ ᯮ짮 ⨫ OBJXREF                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ।,  ࠡ뢠 䠩 室  ⥪饬
         ⠫   ⥪饬  ᪮,    䠩  ⠫
         \LIB.

            ਬ 1:     C>OBJXREF test1 test2 \lib\io.lib

                         ⥫쭮  䠩 TEST1.OBJ  TEST2.OBJ  -
                         ।    䠩  \LIB\IO.LIB.  

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 147 =

                         ⨯   ।,    㬮砭 -
                            뫪.

            ਬ 2:     C>OBJXREF /RV /Ltest1.arf

                          ᪠ ணࠬ TLINK TEST1.ARF ᮤন
                          ப,  ப  ਬ 1.
                          TEST1.ARF ᮤন ᫥騥 :

                             test1 test2
                             test1.exe
                             test1.map
                             \lib\io  .

                            ࠬ /RV,        
                         㪠  .OBJ  .LIB 䠩 ⨫ OBJXREF -
                          ஢   ⨯.

            ਬ 3:     C>OBJXREF /F /RV /LIB\IO.LIB

                          ⮬  ਬ      ᣥ஢ 
                          㫥  ⥪ IO.LIB.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 148 =

                    ।०騥 ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭  訡           
                          ⨫ OBJXREF
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ OBJXREF    ⨯ ᪨ ᮮ-
         : ᮮ饭  訡  ।०騥 ᮮ饭.

                                饭  訡

         Out of memory

         (室  ࠭ )

              ⨫ 믮  樨  ⨢ , ⮬
             믮   ⮬ 砥,  ஬ -
          TLINK 㤥 ࠡ  ⥬  ᯨ᪮ 䠩.  믮
         ணࠬ  OBJXREF  室  ᢮    १
         ணࠬ.

                             ।०騥 ᮮ饭

         WARNING: Unable to open input file rrrr

         (  室 䠩 rrrr)

              室 䠩 rrrr       . ⨫-
          OBJXREF 室  ࠡ⪥ ᫥饣 䠩.

         WARNING: Unknown option - oooo

         ( ࠬ oooo)

               ࠬ  oooo  ᯮ ⨫⮩ OBJXREF.  ⨫
           ࠬ.

         WARNING: Unresolved symbol nnnn in module mmmm

         (䨪  㤮⢮७묨 뫪  㫥 mmmm)

               饥  nnnn  㫥 mmmm  ।     䠩-
          .OBJ   .LIB.  ⨫ OBJXREF 砥  䨪,
          ।,     뫪.

         WARNING: Invalid file specification ffff

         (⨬ ᯥ䨪 䠩 ffff)

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 149 =


                   䠩  ffff  ࠢ쭠.   ⨫
         OBJXREF 室  ࠡ⪥ ᫥饣 䠩.

         WARNING: No files matching ffff

         ( ᮮ⢥ 䠩 ffff)

               ffff, ਢ   ப   䠩 -
         ,  ,    . ⨫ OBJXREF 室
          ࠡ⪥ ᫥饣 䠩.

         WARNING: Symbol nnnn defined in mmmm1 duplicated in mmmm2

         (䨪 nnnn ।  mmmm1  㡫  mmmm2)

              饥   nnnn ।   mmmm1  mmmm2.  ⨫
         OBJXREF  ஥ ।.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 150 =

            TCREF:           
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                    ਬ砭:   ⨫  뢠 ⠪  䠩
                ਡ⨢ ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ,    ᮤ-
                ଠ  ᫥  ,  ᠭ 
                㪮⢥,  ⮬  ⠪   㪠
               䠩.

              ⨫ OBJXREF ।祭   樨    ⮢:
         ᯨ᪠ ४ 뫮,  ஬ 㪠뢠,  
         䨪 ।   ᯮ,   ᯨ᪠ ⤥
         㫥  䨪஢,  ᯮ  .

              ⨫ TCREF ࠡ뢠  㯯  䠩  .XRF,  ᮧ
         ணࠬ TASM.   䠩 ᮤঠ ଠ  ⤥ -
         㫥.    䠩 ᮧ  䠩 .REF,  ᮤঠ騩 
          ᪮쪮 ⮢. ଠ  ᫥騩:

          TCREF <䠩_.XRF, ࠧ '+'>','<䠩_.REF><४⥫>

              ਬ:

                TCREF foo1+foo2+foo3,foo
                                                                               
          ᪠
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ TCREF ਭ  ⥪⮢  䠩    
         ப.    ⮣,  ⮡ ᯮ짮 䠩   ப,
          㪠    䠩  ᨬ (@) ।  . ਬ:

                      TCREF @DoFoo

          䠩 DoFoo ᮤন ᫥ ଠ:

                      foo1+foo2+foo3,foo
                                                                               
         ⨬  ⨫⮩ TLINK
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ TCREF ਭ  ப ணࠬ TLINK.
          ⨫    ⭮騥    ४⥫ 
            ப,   ⠪  ⥪  䠩 .MAP,
         ।祭  믮 . ᫨ 䠩 .XRF  -
           , ⨫ TCREF 㤥  ஢ .

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 151 =


                     ஦!    ᯮ짮  䠩 ᪠
               ணࠬ TLINK ᮡ    ७  -
               室  䠩.  ਬ,  ᫨   䠩 ᪠ ⨫
               TLINK  㪠 ७ 室 䠩:

                     foo1+foo2+foo3,foo.exe

                 ᯮ짮 ⮣ 䠩   ணࠬ  TCREF  
               ணࠬ 㤥 ᯮ祭.

                                                                               
         ४⥫
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ⨫ TCREF ਭ    ४⥫  騪
         TLINK,  設⢮     ন. TCREF ᯮ
         ⠪ ४⥫:

            - /c      䨪 (GLOBAL) -
                   ॣ ᨬ;

            - /r        䨪 (LOCAL)
                    । 㫥;

            - /p# ⠭  ࠭   # ப;
            - /w# ⠭ ਭ ࠭   # 権.

                                  室 ଠ                          
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ଠ  ४ 뫪 뤠  室 䠩-
            ࠬ 室 ப.

                           䨪

               ⮬   䨪 뢮  䠢-
          浪 ᫥. 뫪  䨪  室 䠩 -
           ࠢ.    # 㪠뢠  ,   । ⮣
         䨪 뫮  ப  ⠪ ஬. ਬ:

            Global Symbols       Cref # = definition
            BAR                  TEST.ASM : 1  3  6  9  12  15  18 +
                                                        21  23  29
                                                 # TEST2.ASM : 2  4  6  #8

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 152 =


               # । TEST2.ASM 뢠,    䨪
         BAR ।   TEST2.ASM. ᮪   -
           ப.  ᫨ ப ᯨ᪠ ७   -
         ,    ।饩 ப ⠢  ᨬ  (+).  ,
         ᨬ # । ன 8 뢠,    BAR ।  -
         㫥 TEST2.ASM  ப 8.

                            䨪

              ᫨     ப ࠬ /r,   ணࠬ
         㤥 ஢    㫥    -
         䨪.  㤥 ᮤঠ   䨪, ।
          㫥, 㯮冷祭  䠢.  ⮣ ⨯  ᮡ-
            ᮣ襭,        -
         . ਬ:

            Module TEST.ASM Symbols   Cref # = definition
            UGH                       TEST.ASM:  1  3  6  9  12  15  18  +
                                                             21  23  29
                                                      #UGH.INC: #2




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 153 =

                                                                               
                   E.    .
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

               ⮬  ਫ ᠭ  ᮮ饭,  
         ࡮ ᥬ TASM.  饭 筮   ࠭,  
           뢮   䠩  ᪥,  ᯮ ⠭ -
         堭 ८। ன DOS. ਬ:

              TASM MYFILE > ERRORS

              TASM  ᫥騥 ⨯ ᮮ饭:

            - ଠ樮 ᮮ饭;
            - ।०騥 ᮮ饭;
            - ᮮ饭  訡;
            - ᮮ饭  ⠫ 訡.

                                                                               
         ଠ樮 ᮮ饭
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ࡮ ᥬ TASM    ଠ樮  ᮮ-
         ,   砫 ᥬ஢ 䠩,  㣮  襭
         ᥬ஢.  ᮮ饭  ᫥騩 :

         TurboAssembler Version2.00 Copyright(C)1990 Borland International
         Assembling file: TEST.ASM

               襭  ᥬ஢  뤠  ᮮ饭    
         ⮣:

           Error messages: None        (᫮ 訡)
           Warning messages: None      (᫮ ।०)
           Remaining memory: 279k      (ꥬ ᢮ )

               ᮮ饭      ࠬ  -
           ப /T.   ᫨  ६ ࠭樨  訡,
           ࠬ 㤥 ஢.




         TASM2 #5-5/              = 154 =

                         ।०  ᮮ饭  訡                 
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

              ।०騥 ᮮ饭  ⮣,    -
         ⨫  ⥫ 訡   室 ⥪. 
          ⠪ 訡  ⢥   ࠡ 襩  ண-
         ࠬ,  ⮬ 室  ࠧ ஢ 稭,  -
         ன ।०饥 ᮮ饭 뫮 뤠. ।०   -
         ⠭  樨 ꥪ⭮ 䠩.   ᫥-
         騩 ଠ:

          ** Warning ** _䠩 (ப) ᮮ饭

              ᫨ ।०饥  ᮮ饭  砥     
          ७,   ⥫쭮 뢮 ଠ  
         ப   ப  :

          ** Warning ** _䠩 (ப) _ப.(ப) ᮮ饭

               ⫨稥   ।०,ᮮ饭  訡 ⠭-
           ꥪ⭮ 䠩,  ᥬ஢  த
          ⨦  䠩.  ଠ  ᮮ饭    訡
         ᫥騩:

          ** Error ** _䠩 (ப) ᮮ饭

              ᫨ ᮮ饭  訡 砥  ப  -
           ७,    ⥫쭮  뢮 ଠ  
            ப  :

          ** Error ** _䠩 (ப) _ப. (ப) ᮮ饭

               ਢ  ।०騥  ᮮ饭    ᮮ饭  
         訡:

                                                                               
         Arguments need types override
         ( 㬥 ॡ ८। ⨯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠦ 室
         ࠭ । ࠧ  ⨯,   ⨯ (ࠧ)  ࠭
            ।  ⥪. ਬ:

                mov  bx,1

                 ࠢ   訡    㪠⥫

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 155 =

         ⨯ (ࠧ) ࠭. ਬ:

                mov  WORD PTR [bx],1

                                                                               
         Argument to operation or instruction has illegal size
         (㬥 樨  樨  ⨬ ࠧ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ।
           ⨯ ࠭. ਬ:

              Q LABEL QWORD
              QNOT = NOT Q  ;   栭  ⨯  qword

                                                                               
         Arithmetic overflow
         (䬥᪮ ९)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ந室 ९-
          ᫥ 祭 ࠦ. ਬ:

              X = 20000 * 20000   ; ९ 32- 

               ᫥ 믮  32-ࠧ來 ଠ.

                                                                               
         ASSUME must be segment register
         ( ASSUME  㪠뢠 ᥣ ॣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ ASSUME 
         㪠 ॣ, ⫨  ᥣ⭮. ਬ:

                 ASSUME ax:CODE

                                                                               
         Assuming segment is 32 bit
         (। ᯮ짮 32-ࠧ來 ᥣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   뫨 ᥣ 
          ४⨢ SEGMENT ᫥ ⮣,   ࠧ訫 ᥬ஢-
          権  ய 80386,   । ࠧ
         㪠⥫ ᥣ   ४⨢ USE16  USE32.

             ⮬  砥  TASM  ।,    ࠧ  㪠⥫  -
         32-ࠧ來.


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 156 =

                                                                               
         Bad keyword in SEGMENT statement

         (୮ 祢 ᫮   SEGMENT)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,     㬥⮢  -
         ४⨢ SEGMENT ࠢ. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT PAFA PUBLIC ;   PARA

                                                                               
         Can't add relative quantities
         ( ᪫뢠 ⭮⥫ 稭)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,    ࠦ 
         ⪠ ᫮   ६.    -
         . ਬ:

              ABC DB ?
              DEF = ABC + ABC ; 訡,   

                     㣮  ਡ
           ⠭. ਬ:

              XYZ DB 5 DUP (0)
              XYZEND EQU 5
              XYZLEN = SYZEND - XYZ
              XYZ2 = XYZ + 2

                                                                               
         Can't address with currently ASSUMEd registers
         ( ᮢ  ॣࠬ,     ᯮ-
           ASSUME)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࠦ ᮤন -
         ६,  ⨦ ன  । ᥣ ॣ.
         ਬ:

              DSEG SEGMENT
                ASSUME DS:DSEG
                 mov SI,MPTR
              DSEG ENDS
              XSEG SEGMENT
                   MPTR  DW  ?
              XSEG ENDS


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 157 =

                                                                               
         Can't convert to pointer
         ( ८ࠧ  㪠⥫)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠦ  
          ८ࠧ  㪠⥫   (memory pointer)  -
          樨 PTR:

              mov  cl,[BYTE PTR al]

                                                                               
         Can't emulate 8087 instruction
         ( 㫨஢   8087)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,   TASM  㫨-
          樨  ࠡ  묨   饩  窮  (
          ப /E  ४⨢ EMUL),     -
         樨 . ਬ:

              EMUL
              FNSAVE [WPTR]

              騥   ন ஬: FNSAVE, FNSTCW
         FNSTENV  FNSTSW.

                                                                               
         Can't make variable PUBLIC
         (६  ᤥ 饤㯭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ६ 㦥 -
               ᤥ 饤㯭 (PUBLIC). -
         :

              EXTRN ABC:NEAR
              PUBLIC ABC    ; 訡, 㦥 EXTRN

                                                                               
         Can't override ES segment
         ( ८। ᥣ ES)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,   ⥪騩 ࠭ -
           ᥣ⭮ ॣ ES 㣮 ॣ. ਬ:

              STOS DS:BYTE PTR [DI]

               ⮩ 樨  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ॣ ES.

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 158 =


                                                                               
         Can't subtract dissimillar relative quantities
         (  ࠧ ⭮⥫ 稭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠦ 
           㣠  ,  室騥  ࠧ ᥣ. -
         :

              SEG1 SEGMENT
              A:
              SEG1 ENDS
              SEG2 SEGMENT
              B:
                mov ax,B-A      ; 訡
              SEG2 ENDS

                                                                               
         Can't use macro name in expression
         ( ࠦ  ᯮ짮  ப)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ப  -
            ࠦ. ਬ:

              Mymac  MACRO
                     ENDM
                     mov ax,MYMAC

                                                                               
         Can't use outside macro
         ( ᯮ짮  ப)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ᯮ ४-
         ⨢, 騥    ம।. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT
                ENDM

                                                                               
         Code or data emission to undeclared segment
         (    ᠭ ᥣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࢠ  䠩-
          祭   ᥣ. ਬ:

              ; ࢠ ப 䠩

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 159 =

                  INC bx           ; 訡
                  END

                                                                               
         Constant assumed to mean immediate constant
         (ࠧ㬥 ᯮ짮 ।⢥ ⠭)

               ।०  , ᫨  ᯮ ⠪
         ࠦ,   [0],    MASM ,    0.
         ਬ:

              mov ax[0]    ; 砥 mov ax,0   mov ax,DS:[0]

                                                                               
         Constant too large
         (⠭ ᫨誮 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ᯮ짮 ᫨-
          讥 祭 ⠭.  ,  ⠭, 訥
         祬 0FFFFh   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ᫥ ਬ ४-
         ⨢ .386  386P.

                                                                               
         CS not correctly assumed
         (४⭮ ࠧ㬥 CS)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    樨 CALL
         (near)  JMP  ⨯ (near)    । ࠢ
          , ⠪   室  㣮 ᥣ. ਬ:

              SEG1 SEGMENT
              LAB1 LABEL NEAR
              SEG1 ENDS
              SEG2 SEGMENT
                   JMP LAB1
              SEG2 ENDS

               訡   ⮫쪮  ० MASM,   ०
         Ideal  ࠢ ࠭஬.

                                                                               
         CS override in protected mode
         (८। ॣ CS  饭 ०)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    ⥪ 
         ॡ  ᮤন ॣ  CS    ய஢

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 160 =

         80286    饭 ० (४⨢ P286  P386).  -
         :

              P286
               .CODE
              CVAL DW  ?
                mov CVAL,1

              ࠬ  ப /P   ।०.

                                                                               
         CS unreachable from current segment
         (ॣ CS ⨦  ⥪饣 ᥣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    । ⪨
         ४⨢ LABEL,  PROC, (:) ॣ CS  㪠뢠   ⥪-
         騩 ᥣ ,    㯯,  ᮤঠ  ᥣ. -
         :

              PROG1 SEGMENT
               ASSUME CS: PROG2
                START :

                                                                               
         Declaration needs name
         ( ᠭ ॡ )

             ᮮ饭   ⮣,    ४⨢  㪠
          䨪. ਬ:

              PROC
                 RET
              ENDP

               ᯮ  ४⨢ SEGMENT, PROC  STRUC.  ०-
          MASM  ᯮ  ४⨢,    ०  Ideal  -  
         .

                                                                               
         Directive ignored in Turbo Pascal model
         (  ࡮ ᪠ ४⨢ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ⠥ ᯮ짮-
          ४⨢    室  㫥,  -
         騬  ணࠬ  ࡮ ᪠. (.  3  㪮-
         ⢠   7 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫").

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 161 =


                   Directive not allowed inside structure definition           
         ( ।   ४⨢  ࠧ襭)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,       ।
           ᯮ짮 ४⨢,  ⠬  
         . ਬ:

              X STRUC
              MEM1 DB ?
                ORG $+4   ; 訡, ⮣  
              MEM2 DW  ?
              ENDS

                      ᢠ
          祭. ਬ:

              FOO STRUC
                 FOO2 STRUC     ; 訡
                 ENDS
              ENDS

              ᫨   ᯮ짮     
         㣮 ,  ᭠砫 㦭 । ,  ⥬ ᯮ-
             㣮 .

                                                                               
         Duplicate dummy argument:_
         (㡫 ⠢塞 㬥)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,    । -
            ४⨢ MACRO,  ன 䨪⨢ 㬥
              . ਬ:

              XYZ  MACRO A,A
                   DB A
              XYZ  ENDM

                                                                               
         ELSE or ENDIF without IF
         (४⨢ ELSE  ENDIF  IF)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   TASM 砥 -
          ४⨢ ELSE  EDIF  IF. ਬ:


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 162 =

              BUF DB 10 DUP ?
                ENDIF

                                                                               
         Expecting offset quantity
         ( ᬥ饭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠦ -
         砥 ࠭,  뫠騩  ᬥ饭  ᥣ,  -
           ࠭    ⥪. ਬ:

              CODE SEGMENT
                mov ax,LOW CODE
              CODE ENDS

                                                                               
         Expecting offset or pointer quantity
         ( ᬥ饭  㪠⥫)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠦ -
         砥 ࠭, 뫠騩  ᬥ饭  । ᥣ-
         ,  ࠢ  ࠭    ⥪. ਬ:

              CODE SEGMENT
                mov ax,SEG CODE

              CODE ENDS

                                                                               
         Expecting pointer type
         ( 뫮 ⨯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   樨 -
          ࠭, 뫠騩   . ਬ:

              LES di,4 ; 訡, 4 - ⠭

                                                                               
         Expecting scalar type
         (㦥 ᪠ ⨯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   樨 -
          ࠭-⠭. ਬ:

              BB DB 4
                 ROL ax,BB  ;  ROL ॡ ⠭

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 163 =


                                                                               
         Expecting segment or group quantity
         (ॡ ᥣ  㯯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࠭ 室
          ᥣ   㯯,   㪠 ୮. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT
                 ASSUME DS:FOO
                   FOO DW 0
              DATA ENDS

                                                                               
         Extra characters on line
         (譨 ᨬ  ப)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  TASM 砥 -
         쭮 ࠦ,     "譨" ᨬ. -
         :

              ABC = 4 SHL 3 3 ; ய饭   3  3

                                                                               
         Forward reference needs override
         (०騥 뫪 ॡ ८।)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    ६,
         ।     ࠭樨,    㯠 
         ६ ॡ  䨪 ᥣ. ਬ:

              ASSUME CS:DATA
                CALL A
              A PROC FAR
                  mov ax,MEMVAR
              DATA SEGMENT
              MEMVAR DW ?

                                                                               
         Global type doesn't match symbol type
         ( ⨯  ᮢ  ⨯ 䨪)

               ।० 뤠,  䨪 뢠-
             GLOBAL  뢠 ⠪  ⮬  -
         ,  ⨯,  㪠  GLOBAL,  ⢨⥫ ⨯ 䨪-
           ᮣ.

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 164 =


                                                                               
         ID not member of structure
         (䨪   ⮬ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   襭 ०
         (Ideal)    ᯮ짮  ᨬ᪮  ,    ਭ饥
         , ᫥  (.). ਬ:

              IDEAL
              STRUC DEMO
                DB ?
              ENDS
              COUNT  DW 0
               mov ax,[DEMO bx].COUNT] ; COUNT -  室  

                                                                               
         Illegal forward reference
         (⨬ ० 뫪)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ 㪠
         䨪, 祭  ண      ।.
         ਬ:

              IF MYSYM   ; 訡, ᨬ  ।
                ...
                ...
              ENDIF
              MYSYM EQU 1

                                                                               
         Illegal immediate
         (⨬ ।⢥ ࠭)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,    樨 ᯮ-
          ⠭ ⠬,    ࠧ襭. ਬ:

              mov 4,al

                                                                               
         Illegal indexing mode
         (⨬ ० ஢)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᮤন
         ࠭,  騩 ࠧ襭 樥 ॣ஢.  -
         :

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 165 =


              mov al,[si+ax]

                ஢,  ஬ 80386, ⨬묨 ﬨ
         ॣ஢ : BX,BP,SI,DI,BX+SI,BX+DI,BP+SI,BP+DI.

                                                                               
         Illegal instruction
         (⨬ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ப  室
         ⥪ ᮤন 䨪,     ४⨢,
           樨. ਬ:

              move ax,4  ;   "mov"

                                                                               
         Illegal instruction for currently selected processor(s)
         (⨬   ࠭    -
         )

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,   ப 室
         ⥪ ᮤন ⠪ ,     ᥬ-
         ஢  ⥪饣 . ਬ:

              .8086
              PUSH 1234H ;  ।⢥  PUSH  8086

               砫 ᥬ஢ TASM   樨  ⮫쪮
          ய 8086.  ⮣, ⮡ ᥬ஢ -
         樨  ய஢ 80186/80286/80386,     ᯮ짮-
            ४⨢ (P186,P286,P386).

                                                                               
         Illegal local argument
         (⨬  㬥)

                ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ४⨢ LOCAL,
          室  ம।, 室 ४⭮
          䨪. ਬ:

              X   MACRO
                LOCAL 123  ; 訡,   䨪
                  ENDM



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 166 =

                                                                               
         Illegal local symbol prefix

         (⨬ 䨪 쭮 䨪)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,   ४⨢ LOCALS
         ᮤন ४  䨪,   ண  稭
          䨪. ਬ:

              LOCALS XYZ  ; 訡,  2 䨪.

              䨪   䨪஢      2-
         䨪஢,   㤮⢮  ᮣ襭  몠
         ᥬ.

                                                                               
         Illegal macro argument
         (⨬ 㬥 ப)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ப, -
          ४⨢ MACRO,  ᮤন  ⢥ 䨪⨢  -
          ४⭮  䨪. ਬ:

              X MACRO  123   ; ࠢ쭮 
                ENDM

                                                                               
         Illegal memory reference
         (⨬ 뫪  )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     樨  -
          ࠭, 뫠騩   ,   ६ 
           ࠧ襭. ਬ:

              mov [bx],BYTE PTR A ; 訡,  뫠   
                                    

                                                                               
         Illegal number
         (⨬ ᫮)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ᫮ ᮤন 
          ᪮쪮 ⨬ ᨬ. ਬ:

              Z = 0ABCGH

               ⮬ ਬ G - ⨬ ᨬ.

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 167 =


                                                                               
         Illegal origin address
         (⨬ 砫 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ⠭ -
         ࠢ쭮 祭 稪  ($).

                                                                               
         Illegal override in structure
         (⨬ ८।  )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ⠥ -
         ஢  ,    ।   
         樨 DUP.    樠஢    -
         ,  뫨   ᯮ짮 DUP.

                                                                               
         Illegal override register
         (⨬ ८। ॣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ᥣ
           樨 ᯮ ॣ,  ⫨  ᥣ⭮ (ES,
         DS, SS, CS). ਬ:

              mov dx:XYZ,1

                                                                               
         Illegal radix
         (⨬ ᭮)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ .RADIX
          㪠 ४⭮ ᫮. ਬ:

              .RADIX  7  ; 訡

              ᫮   ४⨢ .RADIX  ਭ ᫥騥 祭
         :2, 8, 16.

                                                                               
         Illegal register multiplier
         (⨬ 樥 ॣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ⠫  㬭-
          ॣ  ⠭,    ࠧ襭 樥.
         ਬ:

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 168 =


              mov ax*3,1

                                                                               
         Illegal segnemt address
         (⨬  ᥣ)

               訡 ,  ᫨  ⢥ ﭭ 
         ᥣ  , 訩 65535, ਬ:

                 FOO SEGMENT AT 12345h

                                                                               
         Illegal use of constant
         (⨬ ᯮ짮 ⠭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ⠭ -
           ⠪ ࠦ,  ⠭  ᯮ. ਬ:

              mov bx+4,5

                                                                               
         Illegal use of register
         (⨬ ᯮ짮 ॣ)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    ᯮ 
         ࠦ  ॣ. ਬ:

              X = 4 SHL ax ;  ax  ᯮ짮

                                                                               
         Illegal use of segment register
         (⨬ ᯮ짮 ᥣ⭮ ॣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᥣ⭮ -
           ᯮ   ࠦ  ,   
          ᯮ짮  . ਬ:

              ADD  SS,4

                                                                               
         Illegal USES register
         (⨬ ॣ  USES)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᯮ짮 -
         ⨬  ॣ஢,  ࠭塞  室  ⠭-

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 169 =

           室  楤. ⨬  ॣ஢ ᫥-
         騥:

                AX    CX    DS    ES
                BX    DI    DX    SI

              ᫨  ࠧ訫 ᯮ짮  権  ய
         80386   ४⨢ (.386  .386P),     ᯮ-
          32-ࠧ來   ॣ஢.

                                                                               
         Illegal warning ID
         (⨬ 䨪 ।०)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,      ᯮ짮
         ࠢ 㪢 䨪 ।०饣 ᮮ-
         .     ᯨ᪮ 䨪஢ ।०-
          ᮮ饭 .  3 "㪮⢠ 짮⥫".

                                                                               
         Instruction can be compacted with override
         (   㬥襭  ८।)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   TASM ᮮ頥, 
          㬥襭 ࠧ 樨. ਬ:

                JMP   ABC
                  ...
                ABC :     ;  㬥 ࠧ 樨, ਬ
                          ; 䨪 SHORT  (JMP SHORT ABC)
                  ...

                                                                               
         Invalid mode type
         (⨬ ⨯ ०)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠢ쭮 㪠 
         ४⨢ .MODEL 祢 ᫮, ।饥    .

              ਬ:

                 .MODEL GIGANTIC

              ⨬ 祭  ⮣  祢  ᫮:  tiny,  small,
         medium, large, huge.


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 170 =

                                                                               
         Invalid operand(s) to instruction
         (⨬ ࠭  樨)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᮤন
         ⨬  ࠭. ਬ:

              FADD ST(2),ST(3)

                 FADD  뫠 ⮫쪮   ⥪-
          ॣ  , 㣮   設 ⥪.

                                                                               
         Labels can't start with numeric character
         (⪠   稭  ᫮ ᨬ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,       ᨬ,
             ᫮,  , ਬ 123XYZ.

                                                                               
         Line is too long - truncating
         (ப ᫨誮  - ᥪ)

               ⥪饩 ப 室 䠩 ॢ蠥 255 ᨬ.
         , 室騥  । 255 ᨬ, .

                                                                               
         Location counter overflow
         (९ 稪 )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ⥪騩 ᥣ -
           ௠,    ᫥騩    砫 ᥣ.
         ਬ:

              ORG 0FFF0H
              ARRAY DW 20 DUP (0) ; ९.

                                                                               
         Missing argument list
         (ய饭 ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    ४⨢ IRP 
         IRPC  ᮤঠ 㬥    䨪⨢ ࠬ. -
         ਬ:

              IRP X

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 171 =

                 DB X
              ENDM

              ४⨢ IRP    IRPC   ᮤঠ  䨪⨢ -
         , ⠪  ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢.

                                                                               
         Missing argument of <
         (ய饭 㬥 <)

               뫨 ⠬,   ॡ, 㪠 㣫 ᪮ 
         楫 ࠦ. ਬ:

              ifb    ; 㦥 㬥  㣫 ᪮

                                                                               
         Missing argument size variable
         (ய饭 㬥 ࠧ ६)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ ARG 
         LOCAL  㪠  ᫥ ᨬ (=). ਬ:

              ARG A:WORD,B:DWORD= ; 訡,   ᫥ =
              LOCAL X:TBYTE =     ; ⠪  訡

               ४⨢ ARG  LOCALS   ᥣ  ᫥ ᫥
         ᨬ (=)  ⮣,  ⮡ । ࠧ ,  ⢮
          ६.

                                                                               
         Missing COMM ID
         (ய饭 䨪  COMM)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     ४⨢  COMM
         㪠 ⨯,   㪠  饩 ६. ਬ:

              COMM NEAR

              ४⨢ COMM ᥣ  ᮤঠ   ⨯ ६,
         ࠧ  (:).

                                                                               
         Missing dummy argument
         (ய饭 䨪⨢ 㬥)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     ४⨢  IRP

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 172 =

          IRPC  䨪⨢ ࠬ. ਬ:

              IRP
                 DB X
              ENDM

              ४⨢ IRP    IRPC   ᮤঠ  䨪⨢ -
         , ⠪  ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢.

                                                                               
         Missing end quote
         (ய饭 뢠 窠)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ப ᨬ 
         稢  "  '. ਬ:

              DB "abc     ;
              mov  al,'X  ;

              ப ᨬ  稢 ᨬ "  ',  -
         ᨬ  ⮣,    ப 稭.

                                                                               
         Missing macro ID
         (ய饭 䨪 ப)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,  ।
          ४⨢ MACRO,   . ਬ:

              MACRO       ; 訡,  
                  DB A
                   ENDM

             । ப  ᥣ    ᢮
         .

                                                                               
         Missing module name
         (ய饭  )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ᯮ -
         ४⨢ NAME  㪠  . ,   ४-
         ⨢  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ० Ideal.

                                                                               
         Missing or illegal language ID

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 173 =

         (ய饭  ⨬ 䨪 몠)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ .MODEL
          㪠 ⫨  ࠧ襭 䨪 몠.  -
          ᠭ ४⨢ .MODEL .  3  㪮⢠.

                                                                               
         Missing or illegal type specifier
         (ய饭  ⨬ ᯥ䨪 ⨯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  , ॡ-
         饬 । ⨯,  ⨯  㪠,    㪠  ࠢ쭮.
         ਬ:

              RED LABEL XXX ; 'XXX' --  㪠⥫ ⨯.

                                                                               
         Missing term in list
         (ய饭  ᯨ᪠)

               ०  Ideal ४⨢  ᮤঠ ᪮쪮 㬥-
         ⮢,   ࠧ 묨.   ᮮ饭  
         ⮣,  ய饭    㬥⮢. ਬ:

              EXTRN XXX:BYTE,,YYY:WORD

               ०  Ideal    ᯨ᪠   ࠧ 
         筮  ⮩,     ᯨ᪠ ⮩   .

                                                                               
         Missing text macro
         (ய饭 ⥪⮢ ப)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ய饭 ⥪ -
         .

                                                                               
         Model must be specified first
         (   ࢮ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᯮ짮 -
           ४⨢ ࠢ ᥣ⠬ ࠭,  祬 ।  -
             ४⨢ .MODEL. ਬ:

              .CODE  ; 訡, ࢮ ४⨢   .MODEL


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 174 =

               ᥣ    ।  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ࠢ
         ᥣ⠬ ।  .

                                                                               
         Module is pass dependent - compatibility pass was done
         (   ᪮쪨 室:  믮 室  ᮢ-
         ⨬)

               ।०   砥 㦥  -
         樨, 饩  室   ࠬ  -
          /m. 믮 室  楫 ᮢ⨬  MASM.

                                                                               
         Name must come first
         (  ᫥ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     ⨫  
         䨪  ᫥  ४⨢,    ६    
         । . ਬ:

              STRUC ABC

                                                                               
         Near jump or call to different CS
         (맮  室  ⨯  㣮 CS)

               訡   ,   ᫨   짮⥫    ⠥
         믮 樨 NEAR CALL  JMP  䨪,  ।-
           ,   ॣ CS ᢠ 祭 㣮
         ᥣ.

                                                                               
         Need address or register
         (㦥   ॣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,      -
         ন ண ࠭,   ᫨    . -
         ਬ:

              mov ax,      ;  ண ࠭

                                                                               
         Need angle brackets for structure fill
         (   室 㣫 ᪮)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   , 뤥-

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 175 =

         騩     ᮤন ᯨ᪠ 樠樨. -
         :

              STR1 STRUC
               M1 DW   ?
               M2 DW   ?
                 ENDS
                STR1   ;  ᯨ᪠ 樠樨

                                                                               
         Need colon
         (ॡ 稥)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠭() -
         ४⨢ EXTRN, LOCAL, GLOBAL, ARG ய饭  (:). ਬ:

              EXTRN X BYTE,Y:WORD ;

                                                                               
         Need expression
         (ॡ ࠦ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠦ ᮤন
           ய饭 ࠭. ਬ:

              X= 4 + * 6

                                                                               
         Need file name after INCLUDE
         (᫥ INCLUDE ॡ 㪠뢠  䠩)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,    ᫥  ४⨢
         INCLUDE   䠩. ਬ:

              INCLUDE     ; 訡, ᭮  

               ० Ideal    祭  窨.

                                                                               
         Need left parenthesis
         (ॡ  ᪮)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠦ ய-
         饭  ᪮. ਬ:

              DB  4 DUP 7

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 176 =


              ࠦ, ᫥饥  樥 DUP,  ᥣ   
         ᪮.

                                                                               
         Need pointer expression
         (ॡ 뫮筮 ࠦ)

               訡 砥 ⮫쪮  ० Ideal.  ᮮ-
          砥,   祭 ࠦ  ᪮ ([])  
         㪠⥫. ਬ:

              mov ax,[word ptr]

                                                                               
         Need quoted string
         (ॡ ப, 祭  窨)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ப, -
         祭  窨  㪠 - 㣮.   ० Ideal  
          ४⨢ 室 㪠  ⢥ ࠭ ப,
         祭  窨. ਬ:

              IDEAL
              DISPLAY "ALL DONE "

                                                                               
         Need register in expression
         ( ࠦ ॡ ॣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࠦ  ᮤ-
          ॡ㥬  ॣ.

                                                                               
         Need right angle brackets
         (ॡ ࠢ 㣫 ᪮)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᯨ᮪ 樠-
         樨    㣫 ᪮ (>). ਬ:

              MYSTRUC STRUCNAME <1,2,3

                                                                               
         Need right parenthesis
         (ॡ ࠢ ᪮)


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 177 =

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠦ ய-
         饭 ࠢ ᪮. ਬ:

              X = 5 * (4 + 3

                                                                               
         Need right square bracket
         (ॡ ࠢ ⭠ ᪮)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠦ -
          ࠢ ᪮ (]). ਬ:

              mov ax,[SI

                                                                               
         Need stack argument
         (ॡ 㬥 ⥪)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠡ 
         ᫠  饩 窮  ᮤন ண  ࠭.  -
         :

              FADD ST,

                                                                               
         Need structure member name
         (室   )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ० Ideal -
          ।  ४⨢ (.) 室 冷    -
         ,  騬   . ਬ:

              IDEAL
               STRUC DEMO
                A DB ?
               ENDS
                  mov ax,C.DEMO

                                                                               
         Not expected group or segment quantity
         ( ᯮ짮 㯯  ᥣ)

               ᯮ짮  ᥣ  㯯 ⠬,   ⮣  -
          , ਬ:

              CODE SEGMENT

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 178 =

                   rol   ax,CODE   ; 訡,   ᯮ짮
                                   ; ᥣ

                                                                               
         One non-null field allowed per union expansion
         ( ७ ꥤ ᪠  㫥 )

                 ४⨢  UNION । 樠 ꥤ-
         ,  뫮    祭, ਬ:

              U       UNION
                      DW   ?
                      DD   ?
              ENDS
              UINST   U <1,2>   ; 訡,   <?,>  <1,?>

              ꥤ  樠஢ ⮫쪮  祭.

                                                                               
         Only one startup sequence allowed
         (᪠ ⮫쪮  ᫥⥫쭮 樠樨)

               訡 ,  ᫨    㫥 ᮤন  
           .STARTUP  STTARTUPCODE.

                                                                               
         Open conditional
         (⮥ ᫮)

              ⨣   室  䠩,  ।  ४⨢
         END,    ᫮  ᥬ஢,      ४⨢
         IFxxx,   ४⨢ ENDIF. ਬ:

              IF BIGBUF
              END               ; । END  ENDIF

              筮  ந室,     ᫮ 
          ENDIF ᯮ END.

                                                                               
         Open procedure
         ( 楤)

              ⨣   室  䠩,  ।  ४⨢
         END,  楤 ,    ४⨢ PROC,    -
         襭 ४⨢ ENDP. ਬ:

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 179 =


              MYFUNC PROC
                   END      ; । ENDIF  ENDP

              筮  ந室,        楤୮
           ENDP ᯮ END.

                                                                               
         Open segment
         ( ᥣ)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४-
         ⨢ ENDS, 뢠  ᥣ. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT ;  ४⨢ ENDS
                 END

              筮  뢠 ⮣,   ᯮ짮  ४⨢  END
         ࠭ ४⨢ ENDS.

                                                                               
         Open structure definition
         (⮥ । )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   䠩 ⨣-
         ,   ,    ४⨢ STRUC  
         ४⨢ ENDS. ਬ:

              X STRUC
              VAL1 DW  ?
                END

              筮   뢠  ⮣,   ᯮ짮 ४⨢ END
         ࠭ ४⨢ ENDS.

                                                                               
         Operand types do not match
         ( ᮢ ⨯ ࠭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ࠧ ࠭ -
         樨 ।  ࠢ쭮. ਬ:

              ABC   DB  5
                 ...
                 ...
                 mov  ax,ABC

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 180 =


                                                                               
         Pass-dependent construction encountered
         (㦥 , ᨬ  室)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ᥡ
          ⠪,    .   ந室 ⮬,   TASM -
         ᯮ 室 ०. ਬ:

              IF1
                          ; ᯮ  ᥬ஢

              ENDIF
              IF2
                          ; ᯮ  ନ஢ ⨭

              ENDIF

              設⢮ 権,    訡,  
         ९ ⠪  ࠧ,  ⮡   (㤠 ०騥
         뫪).

                                                                               
         Pointer expression need brackets
         ( 뫮筮 ࠦ ॡ 㣫 ᪮)

               ० Ideal ࠭,  ᮤঠ騥 䨪, 뫠-
         騥  ,      ᪮, ⮡ -
         ,   뫪  . ਬ:

              B   DB  0
                  mov  al,B     ; ।०:  ० Ideal 㦭 [B]

                ० MASM  ॡ ᯮ짮   ᪮-
         ,  ⮫쪮 ।०.

                                                                               
         Positive count expected
         (㦭 ⥫쭮 祭 稪)

               樨 DUP ᮤন 稪 ७ < 0. ਬ:

                BUF   -1  DUP (?)   ;  訡, 稪 < 0

              祭 稪  ⮬ 砥    訬 1.


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 181 =

                                                                               
         Quantity illegal
         (⨬ 稭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,     -
         ४⨢  ᮤঠ ࠭,  뫠騩  ⮪ ,  -
           ६ ᥬ஢. ਬ:

              SEGMENT PUBLIC
              X  DB 0
              Y  = OFFSET X GT 127

                                                                               
         Record field too large
         (  ᫨誮 )

                 ।  ,  騩   ࠧ      
         ॢ蠥 32 . ਬ:

                 AREC RECORD   RANGE:12,TOP:12,BOTTOM:12

                                                                               
         Recursive definition not allowed for EQU
         ( EQU  ᪠ ४ᨢ ।)

              । EQU ᮤন   ,  ஥  । 
         ᠬ ।. ਬ:

                  ABC  EQU  TWOTIMES ABC

                                                                               
         Register must be AL or AX
         ( ᯮ짮 ॣ AL  AX)

                                                                               
         Register must be DX
         ( ᯮ짮 ॣ DX)

               樨,  ன  ⢥  ࠭ ॡ
         㪠뢠 ॣ DX, 㪠 ⨬ ࠭. ਬ:

              IN   AL,cx  ; 訡,  CX 㦭 ᯮ짮 DX

                                                                               
         Relative jump out of range by ___ bytes
         (⭮⥫ 室 室  ⨬ ࠭  㪠

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 182 =

         ᫮ )

               ⪠ ᫮ 室  ,   -
         ⮨ ,  祬  128   ⥪饣. ᫨  ᥣ USE32,
           ᫮ 室  뫠  32768   ⥪-
             32767 ᫥ .

                                                                               
         Relative quantity illegal
         (⨬ ⭮⥫쭠 稭)

                ४⨢ ᮤন ࠭,  뫠
            ⠪ ࠧ,   ⥭  ६ ᥬ-
         ஢,    ᪠. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT PUBLIC
              X    DB    0
                   IF    OFFSET X GT 127   ; ⭮  ६ ᥬ-
                                           ; ஢

                                                                               
         Reserved word used as symbol
         ( ⢥ 䨪 ᯮ짮 १ࢨ஢ ᫮)

               襩 ணࠬ 䨪  , ஥ ᯮ-
           ᠬ ࡮ ᥬ.  ணࠬ 㤥  ᥬ஢
         ࠢ쭮,    ᯮ짮 १ࢨ஢ ᫮.

                                                                               
         Rotate count must be constant or CL
         (稪 横᪮ ᤢ   ⠭⮩  -
         ஬ CL)

               ᤢ  横᪮ ᤢ ᠭ  ࠭-
         ,     ⠭⮩,  ॣ஬ CL. ਬ:

              rol   ax,DL  ; 訡, DL  ᯮ짮  ⢥
                           ; 稪

               ⢥ ண ࠭  ⠪   ᪠
         ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ⠭  ॣ CL.

                                                                               
         Rotate couunt out of range
         (祭 稪 ᤢ ॢ蠥 ⨬ )


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 183 =

               樨  ᤢ    横᪮  ᤢ  ன
         ࠭  ᫨誮 訬 祭. ਬ:

              .8086
              shl   DL,3  ; 訡,  ᯮ짮 8086  ᤢ
                          ; ⮫쪮  1
              .286
              ror   ax,40 ; 訡, ᨬ ᤢ - 31

               8086  ᯮ짮    ⢥  稪
         ᤢ  ⮫쪮  祭  1,   㣨  - 祭,  
         ॢ騥 31.

                                                                               
         Segment aligment not strict enough
         (筮 ண ࠢ ᥣ)

               祭 ࠭ ࠢ ⨬.  -
            ⥯ ᫠ 2,    ண ࠢ-
         , 祬 ⥬ ࠢ  ४⨢ SEGMENT. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT PARA
                   ALIGN   32 ; 訡, PARA ᪠ ⮫쪮 16
                   ALIGN   3  ; 訡,   ⥯ 2

                                                                               
         Segment attributes illegally redefined
         (⨬ ८। ਡ⮢ ᥣ)

              ४⨢ SEGMENT  뢠 ᥣ,   ࠭
         ।,  ⠥    㣨 ਡ. ਬ:

              DATA SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC
              DATA ENDS
              DATA SEGMENT PARA ; 訡, ࠭ 뫮 ࠢ  
              DATA ENDS

              ᫨  ୮ 뢠 ᥣ,  㪠뢠 ਡ
            筮  ⠪ ,    ࠭,     ᮢᥬ
          ( ⮬ 砥 ⮬᪨ ᯮ  ਡ-
         ).

                                                                               
         Segment name is superfluous
         (譥  ᥣ)


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 184 =

               ।० 뢮   .CODE xxx, 
         㪠    ᯮ짮    ᥣ
         .

                                                                               
         Smart code generation must be enabled
         (  ࠧ襭 䥪⨢  )

               ⤥  ।  樨   ॡ ࠧ襭
         䥪⨢ 樨  (SMART).  砥  ᥡ ᥭ
          ⥪ 㪠⥫,  祭   ⥪,   ᥭ  ⥪
         ⠭ (⮫쪮   8086).

                                                                               
         String too long
         (᫨誮  ப)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ப ᨬ-
          ॢ蠥 255 .

                                                                               
         Symbol already defined:_
         (䨪 㦥 ।)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  䨪, 㪠-
           ⮬ ᮮ饭 (筮 ⨯),  㦥    .

              ਬ:

                 BB DB 1,2,3
                 BB DB ?       ; 訡, 㦥 ।

                                                                               
         Symbol already different kind
         (䨪 㦥  㣮 ⨯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  䨪, 㪠-
           ⮬ ᮮ饭 (㣮 ⨯),  㦥  . -
         :

              BB DB 1,2,3
              BB DW ?       ; 訡, 㦥 ।  

                                                                               
         Symbol has no width or mask
         (䨪     ᪨)

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 185 =


               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠭  -
           WIDTH  MASK        -
         . ਬ:

              B  DB 0
                mov ax,MASK B

                                                                               
         Symbol is not a segment or already part of group
         (䨪     ᥣ⮬  㦥 ।⠢ ᮡ
          㯯)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   䨪 
         㦥 ਭ 㯯,      ᥣ. -
         :

              DATA SEGMENT
              DATA ENDS
              DGROUP   GROUP DATA
              DGROUP2  GROUP DATA ; 訡, DATA 㦥 ਭ 㯯
                                  ; DGROUP

                                                                               
         Text macro expansion exceeds maximum line length
         (⥪ ७  ॢ蠥  ᨬ쭮  ⨬  
         ப)

               訡 ,  ७ ⥪ ப-
          ਢ  ॢ襭 ᨬ쭮 ⨬ .

                                                                               
         Too few operands to instruction
         ( 樨 ᫨誮  ࠭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᮤন
          ࠭, 祬 ॡ. ਬ:

              ADD ax    ; ய饭 㬥

                                                                               
         Too many errors or warnings
         (᫨誮  訡  ।०)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ⢮ ।-
         ० ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭  訡 ॢᨫ   -

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 186 =

         쭮 ᫮. ᨬ쭮 ⢮ 뢮  ࠭ ᮮ-
           訡 ࠢ 100 (   㢥祭).

                                                                               
         Too many initials values
         (᫨誮  砫 祭)

                ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ᯨ᪥  樠-
         樨      ꥤ  㪠 祭  祬
         室. ਬ:

              XYZ STRUC
              A1  DB   ?
              A2  DB   ?
              XYZ ENDS
              ANXYZ XYZ <1,2,3> ; 訡   ⮫쪮 2 

                                                                               
         Too many registers in expression
         ( ࠦ ᫨誮  ॣ஢)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ࠦ ᮤন
           ᭮    ॣ஢. ਬ:

             mov ax,[BP+SI+DI]

                                                                               
         Too many USES registers
         (᫨誮  ॣ஢ USES)

               ⥪饩 楤    8 ॣ஢ USES.

                                                                               
         Trailing null value assumed
         (ࠧ㬥 饥 㫥 祭)

               ⨯ DB,  DW  .. 蠥 ⮩. TASM
          ,  㫥 祭. ਬ:

              db 'hello',13,10  ;  ,   ...,13,10?

                                                                               
         Undefined symbol
         (। 䨪)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,    ᮤন

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 187 =

         䨪,   .

                                                                               
         Unexpected end of file (no END directive)
         (।  䠩;  ४⨢ END)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ᫥ ४⨢
         室 䠩 ⫨筠  ४⨢ END.

                                                                               
         Unknown character
         ( ᨬ)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,   ப 室
         䠩 ᮤন ᨬ,   室騩  ⠢  ᨬ TASM
          ࠧ    ᯮ짮  ࠦ. ਬ:

              ADD ax,!!

                                                                               
         Unmatched ENDP:_
         ( ᮮ⢥⢨ ENDP)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ ENDP
          㪠   ४⨢ PROC, 뢠 -
         . ਬ:

              ABC PROC
              XYZ ENDP

                                                                               
         Unmatched ENDS:_
         ( ᮮ⢥⢨ ENDS)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ४⨢ ENDS
           㪠      ४⨢  SEGMENT,  STRUC 
         UNION,  뢠 ᮮ⢥⢥ ᥣ,   ꥤ-
         . ਬ:

               ABC STRUC
               XYZ ENDS
               DATA SEGMENT
               CODE ENDS



         TASM2 #5-5/              = 188 =

                                                                               
         USE32 not allowed without .386
         ( ४⨢ .386 ४⨢ USE32  ࠧ蠥)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ⠫ ⠭-
          32-ࠧ來  ᥣ,   ࠧ訢 ।⥫쭮 -
         짮 ய 80386.
                                                                               
         User generated error
         (訡, ᣥ஢ 짮⥫)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   訡  㦥
         ४⨢,   ⥬ ନ ᮮ饭  訡. -
         :

              .ERR

                                                                               
         USES has no effect without 
         (USES    । 몠)

               ।०  뢮,      
         USES,   । .

                                                                               
         Value out of range
         (祭  )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ⠭ 
          , 祬  ⢮. ਬ:

              DB 400


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 189 =

                                                                               
         饭  ⠫ 訡
         -----------------------------------------------------------------

                ⠫ (᪨) 訡 TASM  ४-
         頥 ᥬ஢ 室 .  ਢ ᯨ᮪ -
         饭  ⠫ 訡:
                                                                               
         Bad switch :_
         ( ࠬ)

             ᮮ饭  ⮣,   㪠 ࠢ-
          ࠬ  ப.
                                                                               
         Can't find @file :_
         (   䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    㪠  -
         饣  䠩.

                                                                               
         Can't locate file
         (  䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ४⨢ INCLUDE
         㪠 騩 䠩.

                                                                               
         Error writing to listing file
         (訡   䠩 ⨭)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᪥  墠⠥
           䠩 ⨭.

                                                                               
         Error writing to object file
         (訡   ꥪ 䠩)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ᪥  墠⠥
            ꥪ⭮ 䠩.

                                                                               
         File not found
         (䠩  )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ।  -
          ப   饣 䠩.

         TASM2 #5-5/              = 190 =


                                                                               
         File was changed or deleted while assembly in progress
         ( 믮 ᥬ஢ 䠩    㤠)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ६ ࠭樨
         -  ணࠬ  (  ᥣ १⭠)  (㤠)
         䠩 室 ⥪.

                                                                               
         Insufficient memory to process command line
         ( 墠⠥   ࠡ⪨  ப)

               ᮮ饭   ⮣,    -
           ப  ॢ蠥 64 ,   ⮣,     
          ࠧ饭  㯭 .

                                                                               
         Internal error
         (७ 訡)

               ᮮ饭      ६ ଠ쭮 ࠡ
         TASM.   ⮣ ᮮ饭 ࠭ 䠩, 뢠騩
         ,    ᮮ    ⮬       Borland.

                                                                               
         Invalid command line
         (⨬  ப)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,      ࠢ쭮
         ନ஢  ப. ਬ:

                 TASM ,MYFILE

                                                                               
         Invalid number after_
         (⨬ ᫮ ᫥ _)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    ࠢ쭮 -
          ࠬ  ப,   ⨬ ࠬࠬ ᫥-
          ࠢ ᫮ 㬥.

                                                                               
         Maximum macro expansion exceeded
         (ॢ襭   ७)


         TASM2 #5-5/              = 191 =

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ७ -
            ,  祬 뤥   TASM (64).

                                                                               
         Out of hash space
         (ॢ襭 ࠧ ୮ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ந室 ९-
           ⠡,  ᮤঠ饩 ,  ।  ணࠬ.  
         "" - 16.384 䨪 ( 㬮砭).  ⮣, ⮡
         㢥    ⮩  ⠡  ᯮ ࠬ 
         ப /KH.
                                                                               
         Out of memory
         ( 墠⠥ )

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,   ணࠬ TASM  
         墠⠥     ࠭樨 室 .  ᫨ -
           १묨 ணࠬ,  ᭠砫 ⠩ 㤠-
              ,   ᫨   砥,   १㧨
         ⥬.    ࠧ 䠩  ᪮쪮  䠩  襣
         ࠧ, 㬥     䨪஢,  ᮪ ᫮
         ਥ  ப.
                                                                               
         Out of string space
         (ॢ襭 ꥬ ப ࠭⢠)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,    墠⠥  
          ࠧ饭  䨪஢,  ⥪ ப.  -
         ,    㢥 ࠧ ,  ⢮  ப,  -
          ࠬ஬  ப /KS.
                                                                               
         Too many errors found
         (㦥 ᫨誮  訡)

               ᮮ饭    ⮣,    TASM  㦨
         ᫨誮  訡  襩 ணࠬ (100 訡).

                                                                               
         Unexpected end of file (no END directive)
         (।  䠩,  ४⨢ END)

               ᮮ饭  ⮣,  ᫥ ४⨢
         室 䠩 ⫨筠  END.

