                   
                          
                  -- 
                    " ଠ樮 孮"



               
               
               







                            
                      
                           MS-DOS






                           ࠢ筮 㪮⢮




                      2.    ᥬ   
                     

                         (। 1, ﭢ 1989)
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   

                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                        ய஢ 1989.
                                       
                                         
                                     -  2 -
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                






               

                                         
                                     -  3 -
                             
                                                           

                                   ঠ


         1. 騥 ᢥ  몥................................. 4
         2. ࢨ  몠 ᥬ.................... 6
         2.1. 䠢.............................................. 6
         2.2. 䨪, ६, ⪨, ,
              祢 ᫮....................................... 6
         2.3.  .......................................... 8
         2.3.1.  ᫠........................................ 8
         2.3.2. ⢨⥫ ᫠............................... 8
         2.3.3.  ᫠................................... 9
         2.3.4.   ப ⠭..................... 9
         2.4. ।..........................................10
         2.5. ਨ..........................................10
         3.    ᯮᮡ 樨................12
         4. ࠦ..............................................14
         4.1 ࠭ ࠦ....................................14
         4.2. ............................................17
         4.3. ᮡ ᫥ ࠦ.....................24
         4.3.1. ਮ 権................................24
         4.3.2. 뫪 ।......................................24
         4.3.3. ஫ ⨯.....................................25
            
         ਫ 1. 祢 ᫮ 몠 ᥬ.............26
         ਫ 2.     8088........27

                                                                    
                                     - 4-
               
               
               
               
               
                        1. 騥 ᢥ  몥.
               
               
               
               饥  㪮⢮  ᮤন  ᢥ  ࢨ
           몠   ᥬ   ⥬   MS-DOS      
         ।⠢   짮⥫,  㯠
          祭 몠 ᥬ.
                ᥬ ⥬ MS-DOS ॠ    
         ஠ᥬ   MASM  (.  "⥬  ணࠬ஢  
         ஠ᥬ  MS-DOS.    1.     ஠ᥬ
         MS-DOS",  .2)    ।⠢ ᮡ   ᥬ⢠
         ய஢ INTEL 8086/80186/80286.  砥   ᥡ
         樨  ஢  8086,  8088,  80186    80286  
         ⥫    -   樨   䬥⨪   
         饩  窮  ஢  8087    80287, ࠡ 
         ० ᮯ.
               ⠪    権        ।⠢
         ணࠬ ப 롮 ⨯ : 楫 ᫠, ப
         , 㯠    ᫠,  ᫠    饩
         窮,   . 
                 ᥬ     ४⨢, 
                  ᯮ짮     ᥣ஢
         ⥪ ஢ 8086, 80186  80286.
                 몥   ४⨢ ᫮ ᥬ஢,
         ᯥ稢騥 롮筮 ᪫祭 ⥩ 室 ⥪
           ᥬ஢ ,  㣮 ஭, 
         祭 ࠣ⮢ 室 ⥪  㣨 䠩.
               ᥬ      த४⨢,  ᯮ짮
            ⭮⥫쭮   騥 
         । ᪮쪮 ࠧ   ந  室
         ⥪ 楫묨 ᫥⥫쭮ﬨ ।.
               ஠ᥬ  MASM  ६⨬ ꥪ
           ஢ 8086, 8088, 80186   80286.  ନ㥬
         ꥪ  㫨   楫 ᮢ⨬  ꥪ묨 ﬨ,
         ᮧ묨 ࠬ 몮 ᮪ ஢.
                 饬  㪮⢥  ਭ  ᫥騥 ᫮
         祭.
               , 祭      ᪮
         [[ ]],  ⢮.
                ᪮쪨  権,  ࠧ ᨬ  | ,
           ࠭ ⮫쪮 .
               ,   騩      㪢  ᪮  䠢  
         ॣ    㪢    㣨  ᨬ,   ࠧ
         ᨬ  -  ,  砥  ନ      
         ஢         ॡ㥬묨      
         ﬨ.  

                                     -  5 -
         
         
               稥  ...  砥   ⭮
         ७ ।饩 樨.
               砥  㪢 ନ ᨬ 権
           ࠦ ॣ  㪢.   ஢
              易⥫, ஬  砥,  
         ७ ᮡ.

                                     -  6 -
               

               
               
               
                    2. ࢨ  몠 ᥬ.

               
               
                ᥬ ணࠬ     
         ।    ਥ.  ।      ਩
         ।⠢  ᮡ    ,  室  䠢
         몠,    ⠪  ᥫ    䨪஢,     ⮦
         ନ   䠢.
               
               
               
               
               
                            2.1. 䠢.

               
               ஠ᥬ ᯮ ᫥騩  :
               
               A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
               a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
               0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
               ? @ _ $ : . [ ] ( ) < > { } 
               + / * & % ! ' ~ | \ = # ^ ; , ` "
               
               
               
               
               
                     2.2. 䨪, ६,
                       ⪨, , 祢 ᫮.
               
               
               
               樨   몠    ᥬ    ନ    
         䨪஢  ࠭⥫.
               䨪  ।⠢  ᮡ   㪢,  
         ᨬ   _  ,  ?,  $    @,    稭騩    .
         䨪   ࠧ   ப 
          ᮤঠ  1   31  ᨬ  (筥,  ᯮ
         ⮫쪮       31   ᨬ   䨪,   ⠫
         ) .  ,   ᨬ  _  ,    
         ᪠        ⢥       䨪,
         ᥬ஬ . ⮬, ਬ,  䨪
         A_B  AB ᮢ. 
                 㣠 䨪  ⤥  ஡ 
         ࠭⥫,    ⠥     ⨬   
         䨪 ᨬ.

                                     -  7 -
         
         
               ।⢮  䨪஢  ।⠢ ᫥騥
         ꥪ ணࠬ:
               1. ६.
               2. ⪨.
               3. .
               
               ६       ࠭騥      
         .  ६   ਡ:
               1. ,  ᮮ⢥騩  ⮬  ᥣ,  
                  ᥬ஢,  뫠 । ६.
               2. ,  饥 ᬥ饭   
                  ⭮⥫쭮 砫 ᥣ.
               3. ,  ।騩  ᫮  ⮢,   ࣠
                    ࠡ  ६.
               
               ⪠       砥  ६,  
         ⭮,  ।塞   ᮤন 設  .
              뫠 ।⢮ ᪠窮 (室) 
         맮. ⪠   ਡ:   . ⪠
         ⠪      । १   ४⨢
         EQU.  
                 ᨬ, । ४⨢ EQU
          騥 祭  ᨬ    ᫮.  祭    
         䨪஢      ᥬ஢,   믮
         ணࠬ  ᮮ⢥ ⠭.  ६묨 
         ⮨      (᫨   祭   ६  
         ᮤন 㥬   ). 
               ਬ :
               
         REGS   EQU   AX
         DIGIT  EQU   18
               
                ४⨢ ।  :
               
         VARIABLE EQU   LB
               .............
         LB:      HLT
               
                  䨪,    뢠    祢묨
         ᫮,  䨪஢       㯮ॡ
         ⮫쪮  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨬. 祢묨 ᫮ :
               1. ४⨢ ᥬ.
               2. 樨 .
               3.  ॣ஢.
               4.  ࠦ.
               
                 ᯨ᮪ 祢 ᫮ 몠 ᥬ ਢ
          ਫ 1.
               
                ,   筮  ᥬ    ࠧ砥
             㪢,  䨪  
          ᥡ 㪢  ॣ஢. ਬ, 䨪 AbS 
         abS    ᮢ騬.  稥    묨  
         묨  㪢   ⠭ ﬨ /ML  /MX
         MASM,   , ਬ,  ᮢ⨬  

                                     -  8 -
         
         
         ணࠬ    ॣ-⢨⥫   몠   ᮪
         ஢.
               
               
               
               
               
                             2.3.  .

               
               
                ⮬ ࠧ 뢠 ⨯    ।⠢
         ,         ᯮ짮    ࠦ,
         ४⨢   몠 ᥬ.
               
               
               
               
                           2.3.1.  ᫠.

               
               ⠪:
               
                   
               B
               Q
               O
               D
               H
               
               ⨭᪨ ᨬ,   ஢   
         ॣ,  ᭮ ᫥ ᫠: B - 筮, Q
          O  -  8-筮,  D  -  筮,  H  -  16-筮.
               16-  ᫠      稭    㪢
         16-    (ਬ,  ४⭮ ABh ᫥
         㯮ॡ  0ABh).  16-      A     F   
         ஢   ॣ.
               ࢠ  ଠ  楫  ᫠  ᯮ  㬠稢
         ᭮, ஥  ⠭ ४⨢  .RADIX.
         ᫨ ४⨢ .RADIX  ᯮ,  D.

               
               
               
               
               
                      2.3.2. ⢨⥫ ᫠.
               
               
               ⠪:

               R
               [[+|-]].[[E[[+|-]]]]

                   ଠ        16-筮   ஢

                                     -  9 -
         
         
         ।⠢ ᮤন , ᮤঠ饩  ⢨⥫쭮
         ᫮.     ⢨⥫쭮     ᫮        ஢
         ᫥⥫쭮  8, 12  20 16-  (
           ।  0,  ..  ࢮ      
         筠   ).    ᫮    ,  ᨬ
         ᯮ  ,  ࠭     ᠬ
         ᫥.    ࠧ       ᫠
           ⢨⥫쭮 ᫥.  
               ஢ ⢨⥫ ᫠  ᯮ짮
          ४⨢ DD, DQ  DT. ᫮ 16-    8
           DD,  16   DQ  20  DT ( ।騬 0 - 9, 17
          21 ᮮ⢥⢥). 
                 ଠ⮬    ⢨⥫쭮   ᫮   
         饩 窮.    묨.  ᫠
          ᯮ짮  ४⨢ DD, DQ  DT.
               
               
               
               
               
                         2.3.3.  ᫠.
               
               
               ⠪:
               
               [[+|-]]
               
                 ᮮ⢥ 㯠 ଠ 
         ᥫ,   砥  ᥡ 1    9 稬
         ⮢.    稬   ᮤন 2  .
         ⨬ ஢  18 ⥫쭮 .  訩  
            祭 0  ⥫ ᥫ  1
         -  ⥫.  
                      ᫠            
         ।⠢,      楫   ᫠ (.2.3.1) 
         ᪫祭 ⮣,        ᯮ짮
         ⮫쪮  ४⨢ DT.

               
               
               
               
                    2.3.4.   ப ⠭.

               
               ⠪:
               
               ''
               ""
               
                 ⠭  ⮨     䠢
         몠.  ப  ⠭  砥    ᥡ  2  
         . 
                 ⫨稥    㣨     몠,   ப
         ⠭ ⢨⥫  ॣ.

                                     - 10 -
         
         
                 '    "   ⥫ ⠭  ஢
         .
               
               
               
               
                              2.4. ।.
               
               
               ⠪:
               
               [[]]  [[࠭]][[;ਨ]]
               
               । ।   㭪樨  ணࠬ.
             稭    樨  ᮤঠ  
         128 ᨬ. 
               ।   ᮤঠ  ᥡ  樨
         ᨬ   CARRIAGE-RETURN/LINE-FEED,  ..      
         த   ப. ,  ।,  ஬
         ᫥,  稢 ⮩ 樥 ᨬ.
                 । 몠 ᥬ   ४⨢
         ᥬ  樨 .
               ४⨢   ᥬ            ਮ
         樨  ணࠬ       ⠭   ०
         樨,         ᥣ樨  ணࠬ,
         ।  ᮤন    ,   ࠢ   
         ⨭ ணࠬ,  ⠪ ᯥ稢 ᫮ 
            㣨 㭪樨.  १ ࠡ⪨ ४⨢
         ஠ᥬ஬ ꥪ   .
               樨  ।⠢ ᮡ 
             設  , ।⢥ 믮塞
         ய஬.      樨      ᮮ⢥⢨    
         믮塞묨  㭪ﬨ   5 㯯:
               1. 樨 뫪 .
               2. 䬥᪨, ᪨  樨 ᤢ.
               3. 樨  ப.
               4. 樨 । ࠢ.
               5. 樨 ࠢ ஬.
               
               ஡    ४⨢  ᥬ      
           . "⥬ ணࠬ஢  ஠ᥬ
         MS-DOS.  3.  몠 ᥬ".
               
               
               
               
               
                              2.5. ਨ.
               
               
                ப 室 ⥪ ᫥ ᨬ ; (᫨ 
            ⮬  ⠭  ப )
         ⠥ ਥ  ᥬ஬ .
               ਨ   ணࠬ  騩  ⥪
             ᮤঠ        襩  樨

                                     - 11 -
         
         
         ᨬ CARRIAGE-RETURN/LINE-FEED, ..   ப. 
                ᮧ ਥ,  ᪮쪮 ப,
           ᯮ짮 ४⨢ COMMENT. 
                                         
                                     - 12 -
               
               
               
               
               
                 3.    ᯮᮡ 樨.
               
               
               
               ⢮   ய஢   8086/80186/80286  
             ॣ஢    室  ०   樨
         ,  ⮬      饬 ࠧ
         뢠 ॣ    8088.
                  ॣ      8088,   ஬   砥,
         ७ ᮡ,  2 .
                5 䠩 ॣ஢ (ਫ 2):
               1.   饣  祭:  AX, BX, CX  DX. 
                    ᯮ짮    ࠭    
                  ⮢      ࠦ.  
                   ॣ஢  ᬠਢ  ᮢ㯭
                    ॣ஢,     訩  訩
                  . ਬ, ॣ AH ᮮ⢥  襬
                  ,   ॣ AL - 襬  ॣ AX 
                  ..    ਫ 2.
               2.  㪠⥫: SP    BP.  筮  ॣ  SP
                  ᯮ     ⥪,  ॣ BP -
                    ॣ      ࠦ  (,
                  祬,   易⥫).
               3.    ॣ:   SI      DI.      筮
                  ᯮ    ப   樨
                  筨 (SI)  ਥ (DI). 
               4.    ᥣ:  CS,  DS,  SS    ES.  ᫮
                  ணࠬ    몥  ᥬ  ⮨     4-
                  ᥣ⮢,           ᢮
                  ॣ஬ ᥣ:
                  - ᥣ  ,  ᮤঠ騩  樨  ணࠬ
                    ( ॣ஬ CS);
                  - ᥣ    ,    ᮤঠ騩     ᯮ㥬
                    ணࠬ   ( ॣ஬ DS);
                  - ᥣ  ⥪,  ᮤঠ騩   ⥪   짮⥫
                    ( ॣ஬ SS);
                  -   ᥣ,  ᮤঠ騩  ,  騥  
                    ᪮쪨 ணࠬ ( ॣ஬ ES).
               5. ⥫  樨  (IP)    䫠.    IP
                      ॣ஬  CS,  ᫨  ᯮ 
                  樨  ணࠬ, ᯮ  ஬
                   롮ન  楫 ᯮ । 樨
                  ணࠬ.    䫠  ⮨     9   ,
                  ᯮ     祭       
                  ਫ 2. 祭 䫠  ࠦ  १
                  믮  ஬ 設 権  
                  ஢, ਬ,  ﬨ  ᫮
                  室.

                                     - 13 -
         
         
               
               ᠭ  祭 ॣ஢   ண
         易⥫묨,   ⢨ ᮡ 㪠 ਭ
          㬮砭  ᯮᮡ ᢮ 室 ⥪ 
         譨 ᯥ䨪権.
               ஬ ⮣,    ᪮쪮 ࠢ 㬮砭
         (   ਮ⮬, 祬  㪠 ):
               1.  BP 筮  ᮤন  ᬥ饭  ⭮⥫쭮
                  ᮤন ॣ SS.
               2.   BX,  SI    DI  筮  ᮤঠ ᬥ饭
                  ⭮⥫쭮 ᮤন ॣ DS.
               3.  DI ᥣ  ᮤন  ᬥ饭  ⭮⥫쭮
                  ᮤন  ॣ  ES,  ᫨   ᯮ 
                   ࠡ⪨ ப.
               
                  䨧᪨          8088
         ᮤন 20 ,   ᮢ 1 .
                 8088  ॠ  媮  奬
         樨   (.   ਫ   2),      ன   
         20-ࠧ來  ࠧ  4- 筨:
               1.  ᥣ.
               2.  ॣ.
               3.  ॣ.
               4. ।⢥ ᬥ饭.
               
               20-ࠧ來   䨧᪨      ନ  ⥬
         ᫮   ᮤন         ॣ஢   ᥣ,
         㬭    16  (  祭  20-ࠧ來  ᫠),
         ᮤন      ᭮  ॣ஢,      ⠪
         ᬥ饭, ।⠢ 楫 ᫮  ।    0  
         65535.
               ᪮        ॣ   ᬥ饭
         ।⠢ ᮡ 16-ࠧ來 ᫠,    ᮢ
             ।  64  ⭮⥫쭮  ,  
         ॣ஬ ᥣ.
                 ᨬ     ᯥ䨪権      ⮯
         筨  ࠧ       몥 ᥬ
         ࠧ ᫥騥 ᯮᮡ 樨:
               1. ।⢥,          ॡ㥬    
                  ᯮ ।⢥  ,   筨
                  ࠧ  .
               2. ஢,   ᯮ  ॣ.
               3. ﬠ,      㪠  ᥣ
                   ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮  砫.
               4. ᢥ,     ன       
                  ᪮쪮  㪠  筨 ନ஢
                  .  ᫨   饭    ᯥ䨪   ᬥ饭,
                  ᯮ   ᬥ饭    0.         ⢨
                  ᯥ䨪樨   -   ॣ   ਬ 
                  ࠢ 㬮砭 , ᫨  , ॣ
                   ᯮ.
               
                 ஡ ᯮᮡ ஢  ࠭
         ᠭ  .4.1.
                                         
                                     - 14 -
               
               
               
               
               
                             4. ࠦ.

               
               
               
               
                몥 ᥬ ࠦ   ᯮ짮 
               ४⨢        ࠭  
         ஢. 
               ࠭ ।⠢ 祭, ॣ    樨
         ,  ᯮ㥬 㦭 ࠧ  ⥪ ணࠬ.
          ᠭ  .4.1.
                  믮   䬥᪨,    ᪨,
         ⮢     㣨  樨    ࠭  ࠦ.
          ᠭ  .4.2.
               
               
               
               
               
                        4.1. ࠭ ࠦ.
               
               
               ࠭ ࠦ ।⠢ ᮡ ⠭, ,
         ६    㣮 ᨬ, ᯮ㥬  ணࠬ 
         ।⠢ 祭, ॣ   .
               ࠭ 뢠 ᫥ ⨯:
               
               
               1. ⠭. ⠪:
               
               ᫮ | ப | ࠦ
               
               ⠭⮩   ⠥   ᫮,  ப  ⠭,
         ᨬ     ࠦ,   ८ࠧ㥬      䨪஢
         祭.      ⫨稥      㣨  ࠭,  ⠭
         ।⠢  祭,  ᯮ㥬    ࠦ  ࠭
         (।⥫쭥)  ᮢ  .  ਬ,   ᫥饩
         樨 1 ᬠਢ ᥬ஬  ᫮ 1,    
           :
                     MOV AX,1
                  ⠥   ⠭⮩,   ᫨    ।
         ४⨢ EQU  ஬  ࠢ⢠ (=).
               
               
               2. ࠭ אַ . ⠪:
               
               ᥣ : ᬥ饭

                                     - 15 -
         
         
               
               ࠭  אַ      ॠ   אַ   ᯮᮡ
         樨.   ⢥ ᥣ  ᯮ짮 ॣ
         ᥣ,  ᥣ   㯯. 饭   
         楫 ᫮  ।  0  65535.
               ࠭  אַ    ।⠢ ᮫ 
         .
               
               
               3. ६⨬ ࠭. ⠪:
               
               ᨬ
               
               ६⨬   ࠭   ।⠢      
         (ᥣ    ᬥ饭).  ⫨稥  ࠭ אַ ,
         ६⨬ ࠭ "ਢ易"  砫 ᥣ  㯯
            筮 祭  ࠡ⪨ ணࠬ LINK.
               
               
               4. ⥫ 樨. ⠪:
               
               $
               
                 ࠭  ।⠢  ⥪   ⥪饬
         ᥣ     ਡ,   ⪠ ⨯ NEAR.
               
               
               5.  (. .3).
               
               
               6. ஢ ࠭. ⠪:
               
               ᬥ饭 [BP]
               ᬥ饭 [BX]
               
               ஢  ࠭  ।⠢      
         ⭮襭    ᮤন    ॣ:  BP    BX.
               饭     ।⢥  祭  
         ࠭ אַ . ᫨ ᬥ饭 饭,  0. 
               ᫨  㪠  ॣ BP, 䨧᪨  
         ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ SS,  ᫨ BX - ⭮⥫쭮 DS.
               騥         ஢    ࠭
         :
               [ᬥ饭][BP]
               [BP+ᬥ饭]
               [BP].ᬥ饭
               [BP]+ᬥ饭
               
               
               7.  ࠭. ⠪:
               
               ᬥ饭 [SI]
               ᬥ饭 [DI]
               
                  ࠭   ।⠢       

                                     - 16 -
         
         
         ⭮襭  ᮤন ᭮ ॣ: SI  DI. 
               饭     ।⢥  祭  
         ࠭ אַ . ᫨ ᬥ饭 饭,  0. 
               ᪨   ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ DS.
               騥                ࠭
         :
               [ᬥ饭][DI]
               [DI+ᬥ饭]
               [DI].ᬥ饭
               [DI]+ᬥ饭
               
               
               8. - ࠭. ⠪:
               
               ᬥ饭 [BP] [SI]
               ᬥ饭 [BX] [DI]
               
               -   ࠭   ।⠢    
         ⭮⥫쭮  㬬  ᮤন         ᭮
         ॣ஢. 
               饭     ।⢥  祭  
         ࠭ אַ . ᫨ ᬥ饭 饭,  0. 
               ᫨  㪠  ॣ BP, 䨧᪨  
         ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ SS,  ᫨ BX - ⭮⥫쭮 DS.
               騥         -  ࠭
         :
               [ᬥ饭][BP][DI]
               [BP+DI+ᬥ饭]
               [BP+DI].ᬥ饭
               [DI]+ᬥ饭+[BP]
               ⨬  ⠭ ६    
            ॣ஢.
               
               
               9. . ⠪:
               
               ६.
               
                  ࠭   ।⠢         童
         .  ६          
         ࠭   ,   祭   ண     
         .     ⢮    ⮩  .
         窠  ஬   (.4.2).
                  ⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ  㯯, 
          । . 
               
               
               10. . ⠪:
               
               - <[[祭]],...>
               
                ࠭ 뫠   祭  ⨯  .  
                  ।    室  䠩  
         ६ ⨯  ४⨢  RECORD.    ᪮  <  >
         㪠뢠  祭  ⮩   浪. 祭

                                     - 17 -
         
         
            ᥡ ࠦ  ᨬ,  ८ࠧ㥬  
         ⠭.   ᫨   祭    饭,  ।
         㬠稢 祭  ⮣ . 
               祭 ⮣ ࠭  ⠭⮩.
               ਬ:
         ENCODE RECORD HI:4,MID:3,LO:3
         REC1   ENCODE <3,2,1>
                MOV    AX,REC1
               ᭮   ENCODE 砥    ᥡ  3
            饩    10  .  ᫥  믮  ࠣ
         ᮤন ॣ AX 㤥 0000000011010001b.
               
               
               11.  . ⠪:
               
               --
               
                ࠭ ।⠢   ᮮ⢥饩
         .  ࠭      ⭮襭  訬 ⠬
             ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⠭. 
               ਬ:
         ENCODE RECORD HI:4,MID:3,LO:3
         REC1   ENCODE <3,2,1>
                ...
                MOV    CL,HI      ; offset HI (6)  ->  CL
                MOV    DX,REC1
                ROR    DX,CL      ; rotate to right by 6
                MOV    REC1,DX
               ᭮   ENCODE 砥    ᥡ  3
            饩    10  .  ᫥  믮  ࠣ
         ᮤন  REC1 㤥 1111000000001001b.
               
               
               
               
               
                            4.2. .
               
               
               ᥬ   ᯥ稢   믮  䬥᪨,
         ⮢   ஢  ⭮襭,    ࠧ묨
         ᯮᮡ 㫨஢  ࠭ ࠦ. ஬ ⮣,
             ਡ⮢,  믮騥   ⢨   
         ਡ⠬ ࠭. 
                  ⮬  権  ࠭ 
          ᯮ짮  DUP  ᯥ樠 ம,
           饬 㪮⢥  뢠.
                     ᠭ   ᯮ㥬      ࠦ
         ஢.
               
               
               1. 䬥᪨ . ⠪:
               
               ࠦ-1 * ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 / ࠦ-2

                                     - 18 -
         
         
               ࠦ-1 MOD ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 + ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 - ࠦ-2
               + ࠦ
               - ࠦ
               
                     ᯥ稢   믮   ᭮
         䬥᪨  ⢨.  祬,    MOD  - ⮪ 
          ࠦ-1  ࠦ-2,   /  砥
          楫. 
                   ஢,  ஬    +    -,  
         ࠦ   楫묨 ᫠.  +   -  
            ᯮ짮      ਡ     (⠭  )
         ६⨬ ࠭  楫 ᫠.  - 
         ᯮ짮  ६⨬ ࠭ , ᫨ 祭
         ࠦ 㪠뢠    ᥣ. 
               ⮬   䬥᪮        
         ᮫⭮ 祭.
               
               
               2.  ᤢ. ⠪:
               
               ࠦ SHR 稪
               ࠦ SHL 稪
               
                 SHR    SHL  ᤢ  祭   ࠦ
         ᮮ⢥⢥   ࠢ            ᫮   ࠧ冷,
         ।塞  稪.   ,   ᤢ      ।
         ࠦ,  .  ᫨  祭 稪 ॢ蠥 15,
         १⮬  믮    ᤢ  㤥  0,  
         祭   ࠦ      2  .  ᫨  祭
         ࠦ  1 ,  祭 㫥 १
         祭 ᤢ  8 ࠧ冷.
                  ᫥   ᬥ訢      SHR     SHL  
         묨 ﬨ .
               
               
               3.  ⭮襭. ⠪:
               
               ࠦ-1 EQ ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 NE ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 LT ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 LE ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 GT ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 GE ࠦ-2
               
               ᪨        ⭮襭    ஢뢠
         ᫥騬 ࠧ:
               EQ - ࠢ
               NE -  ࠢ
               LT - 
               LE -   ࠢ
               GT - 
               GE -   ࠢ
                 ⭮襭  ࠡ뢠 祭 0FFFFh 

                                     - 19 -
         
         
         믮 ᫮  0000h  ⨢ 砥. 
               ࠦ   ᮫ 祭.
                 EQ    NE  ᬠਢ ᢮ 㬥 
         16-⮢ ᫠. ⮬, ਬ, ࠦ -1 EQ  0FFFFh
         ⨭, .. ᯮ  ࠧ ( 15). 
               ⠫      ࠪ  ᢮  㬥  
         17-⮢ ᫠,    訩    ।  .
         ⮬    0FFFFh -  -1,  ᨬ쭮 ⥫쭮
         ᫮ - 65535.
                ⭮襭 筮 ᯮ    ४⨢
         ᫮ ᥬ஢   ᫮ 室.
               
               
               4. 樨  ⠬. ⠪:
               
               NOT ࠦ
               ࠦ-1 AND ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 OR ࠦ-2
               ࠦ-1 XOR ࠦ-2
               
                権 ஢뢠 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
               NOT - 
               AND - ᪮ 
               OR  - ᪮ 
               XOR - ᪫饥 ᪮ 
               樨  믮     묨   ᮮ⢥騬
         ⠬ ࠦ. ࠦ   ᮫ 祭.
               
               
               5.  . ⠪:
               
               [[ࠦ-1]] [ࠦ-2]
               
                   []  ᪫뢠  㪠 ࠦ
          ⮬,     +,  ⮩ ࠧ楩, 
         ࢮ ࠦ 易⥫쭮.
               ࠦ-1        楫  ᫮,  ᮫
         ᨬ   ६⨬  ࠭.      ⢨
         ।  0.  ᫨  ࠦ-1   ६⨬
         ࠭,   ࠦ-2        楫  ᫮  
         ᮫  ᨬ.    ⨢ 砥 ࠦ-2 
         , ஬ ⮣,   ६⨬ ࠭.
               
               
               
               6.  PTR:
               
               ⨯ PTR ࠦ
               
                     PTR  ६      ⪠,
          ࠦ,  ࠪ⮢  ६ 
         ⪠ 㪠 ⨯.
                         ᫥    
         祭:
               

                                     - 20 -
         
         
                ⨯              祭
               --------              --------
               BYTE                     1
               WORD                     2
               DWORD                    4
               QWORD                    8
               TBYTE                   10
               NEAR                   0FFFFh
               FAR                    0FFFEh
               
               ࠦ    ᥡ  ࠭.
                 BYTE,  WORD,  DWORD,  QWORD    TWORD  
         ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ࠭ ,  ⨯ NEAR  FAR -
         ⮫쪮  ⪠.
                  PTR   筮   ᯮ      筮
         । ࠧ,  ﭨ,  뫪.  ᫨  PTR  
         ᯮ,   ᥬ   ࠧ㬥  㬠稢  ⨯
         뫪.  ஬   ⮣,      PTR   ᯮ   
         ࣠樨   㯠     ꥪ,         㣮
         ᯮᮡ 맢    ᮮ饭  訡  (ਬ,
          㯠  襬  ६ ࠧ WORD). 
                 .4.3  㦤,      PTR   
         ᯮ짮  ⮣, ⮡   訡,  易  
         ண ஫ ⨯.
               
               
               7.  ४祭 ᥣ⮢. ⠪:
               
               ॣ-ᥣ : ࠦ
               -ᥣ : ࠦ
               -㯯 : ࠦ
               
                  ४祭   ᥣ   (:)  ᯥ稢
         ᫥   ६   ⪨  ⭮⥫쭮
         ᮤন  㪠  ॣ  ᥣ, 砫 ᥣ
          砫 㯯. ᫨   ᥣ    㯯,
                  ।⥫쭮  ᢮  ॣ
         ᥣ ४⨢ ASSUME  ।  ४⨢ SEGMENT
          GROUP. 
               ࠦ         ᮫   ᨬ   
         ६⨬ ࠭.
                 㬮砭  䨧᪨      ࠭   
           ⭮⥫쭮  ᮤন  ॣ஢ CS, DS, SS
          ES  ᨬ   樨    ⨯  ࠭.  
         ⪨    㬮砭     NEAR.  㬠稢
         ⢨  室       ஬
         ४祭 ᥣ. 
               
               
               8.    . ⠪:

               
               ६.
               
                  (.) ᯮ  祭  

                                     - 21 -
         
         
         ६  ⨯  .    ⥭   +   
         ஢   ࠭.
               
               
               9.  SHORT :
               
               SHORT ⪠
               
                   ᢠ 㪠 ⪥ ⨯ SHORT.
          ⪠   ᯮ짮    樨  JMP  
         । ࠢ  , 祬  127 ⮢. 樨,
         ᯮ騥  ⪨  ⪨ ⨯ SHORT, ॡ  ᢮
         ࠧ饭  1  .
               
               
               10.  THIS :
               
               THIS ⨯
               
                 ஦ ࠭  ਡ⠬  
         ,   ᮮ⢥騬   ⥪饬  祭  㪠⥫
         樨,  ᯥ஢ ⨯.   ⢥  ⨯  
         ஢ BYTE, WORD, DWORD, QWORD, TBYTE, NEAR  FAR.
                THIS 筮 ᯮ   ४⨢
         EQU    ࠢ⢠  (=)    ஦  ⮪  
         ६  (  ᯮ짮   楫 ४⨢
         LABEL). 
               ਬ:
         TAG   EQU  THIS BYTE
         CHECK =    THIS NEAR
               
               
               11.  HIGH  LOW :
               
               HIGH ࠦ
               LOW ࠦ
               
                HIGH  LOW   ᮮ⢥⢥ 訥
           訥 8 ⮢ 祭 ࠦ. ࠦ  
          祭.
               
               
               12.  SEG :
               
               SEG ࠦ
               
                     祭  ਡ  
         ࠦ.  ࠦ    ⪮. ६, 
         ᥣ,  㯯  㣨 ᨬ.
               
               
               13.  OFFSET :
               
               OFFSET ࠦ
               

                                     - 22 -
         
         
                    祭  ਡ  
         ࠦ.  ࠦ    ⪮, ६, 
         ᥣ  㣨 ᨬ.   ᥣ 
         ᬥ饭       砫   ⮣   ᥣ      ᫥
         ᣥ஢  ⮬ ᥣ . 
                ᯮ짮  ४祭 ᥣ  (:)
           OFFSET    ᫮  ⮢    ⮬
         ࠦ  砫 㪠  ᥣ    㯯.  ⨬
         ᯮᮡ      ஢   ⨬   ᬥ饭  
         ⮢ 㯯. 
               
               
               14.  TYPE :
               
               TYPE ࠦ
               
                 TYPE  ஦  ᫮,  ।⠢饥  ⨯
         ࠦ.  ᫨  ࠦ    ६,  
           ࠧ  ६    .   ᫨   ࠦ
           ⪮,    ନ  祭  0FFFFh 
         ⪨ ⨯ NEAR  0FFFEh   ⪨  ⨯  FAR.  塞
         祭         ᯮ짮    ᯥ䨪樨  
          PTR, ਬ:
               JMP (TYPE get_loc) PTR destiny
               
               
               15.  .TYPE :
               
               .TYPE ࠦ
               
                 ନ 1 , ।騩  ०  
           ࠦ. ᫨ ࠦ ४⭮,   ⮣
           ࠢ  0.    祭  ⮢   ਢ   
         ᫥饩 ⠡:
               
         ____________________________________________________________
         |     |                        |                           |
         |  |           0            |            1              |
         |_____|________________________|___________________________|
         |     |                        |                           |
         |  0  |  易  ணࠬ|   易  ணࠬ    |
         |_____|________________________|___________________________|
         |     |                        |                           |
         |  1  |   易  묨  |    易  묨      |
         |_____|________________________|___________________________|
         |     |                        |                           |
         |  5  |      ।      |         ।        |
         |_____|________________________|___________________________|
         |     |                        |                           |
         |  7  |  쭠     |     (EXTRN)   |
         |     |     (PUBLIC)      |                           |
         |_____|________________________|___________________________|
         
               ⠫  १饣  ᥣ ࠢ 0.
                 .TYPE   筮   ᯮ      ᫮

                                     - 23 -
         
         
         ४⨢. 
         
         
               16.  LENGTH :
         
               LENGTH ६
         
                     ᫮  ⮢ ⨯ BYTE,
         WORD,  DWORD    TBYTE   ६. 롨ࠥ 
           ⨯ ६.
               쪮  ६,  ।  ஬  DUP,
           LENGTH  ନ 祭, 訥 1. ନ㥬
         ᫮  ᥣ  ।    ஢ DUP    
            . 
               ਬ:
         ARRAY DW 100 DUP(1)
         TABLE DW 100 DUP(1,10 DUP(?))
               ...
               MOV CX,LENGTH ARRAY ; load 100
               MOV CX,LENGTH TABLE ; load 100
               
               
               17.  SIZE :
               
               SIZE ६
               
                  SIZE   ।   ᫮   ⮢  ,
         뤥 ६.  SIZE  ᬠਢ 
          ஢ LENGTH  TYPE.
               
               
               18.  WIDTH :
               
               WIDTH -- | 
               
                       
         .
               
               
               19.  MASK :
               
               MASK -- | 
               
                 ନ  ⮢   ।⠢
         権     .  ᪨ ࠢ 1, ᫨ 
         ᮮ⢥  ,  0 -  ⨢ 砥.
               ਬ:
         RTYPE RECORD F1:3,F2:6,F3:7
               ...
               M1=MASK F1  ; 11100000 00000000b
               M2=MASK F2  ; 111111000000b
               M3=MASK F3  ; 1111111b
               M=MASK RTYPE ; 0FFh
               
               

                                     - 24 -
         
         
               
               
               
               
                    4.3. ᮡ ᫥ ࠦ.
               
               
               
                       4.3.1. ਮ 権.
               
               
                ᫥ 祭 ࠦ 樨 믮
           ᮮ⢥⢨   ᫥騬 ᯨ᪮ ਮ⮢ ( 浪
         뢠):
               1. LENGTH, SIZE, WIDTH, MASK, (), [], <>.
               2.     (.).
               3.  ४祭 ᥣ (:).
               4. PTR, OFFSET, SEG, TYPE, THIS.
               5. HIGH, LOW.
               6.  +  -.
               7. *, /, MOD, SHR, SHL.
               8.  +  -.
               9. EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE.
               10. NOT.
               11. AND.
               12. OR, XOR.
               13. SHORT, .TYPE.
               
               
               
               
                        4.3.2. 뫪 ।.

               
                ᥬ    ᪠  뫪  ।  (..  
             ꥪ⠬  ணࠬ), ⠪ 뫪 
          ࠢ쭮 ᯮ짮 ਢ  訡.
               ਬ 뫪 ।:
               JMP TARGET
               ...
         TARGET: ...
               
               直    ࠧ,         ᥬ     㦨
         ।    1- 室,  ।,  
         뫪 ।. ᫨ 㪠  ⮫쪮  ,  ᥬ  
         ।   ⨯  ᯮ㥬 ॣ ᥣ, 
         ᮮ⢥⢨  묨    .    ਢ
           ਬ ।,  TARGET - ⪠ ⨯ NEAR 
           樨 ᯮ ॣ CS,  १  祣
             JMP,   3 . ᫨ ,
         ᪠,    ⢨⥫쭮  ⨯   뫪      FAR,
         ᥬ 㦭 뫮  ஢ 5-⮢ ,
          㦥 ,  ନ஢  ᮮ饭  訡.
                         権    ४
         ਤন ᫥ ࠢ:

                                     - 25 -
         
         
               1. ᫨ 뫪 ।  ६, 塞
                  ⭮⥫쭮  ॣ஢  ES,  SS    CS,  ᫥
                  ᯮ짮    ४祭 ᥣ. ᫨
                      ᯮ짮,    ⪠  ᫥
                   ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ DS.
               2. ᫨ 뫪 ।    ⪮  樨  
                    JMP  ⮨  , 祬  128 ⮢,
                   ᯮ짮  SHORT.  ᫨  ⮣  
                  ,  ⪥  㤥  ᢮  ⨯  FAR,    
                  맮 訡,    2-  室  ᥬ  
                  ᮪饭  ࠧ  ᮤঠ饩  뫪  樨
                  㦤 㤥 ⠢ ⥫    㦭
                   NOP.
               3. ᫨  뫪  ।    ⪮ 樨 
                    CALL     JMP,   ᫥   ᯮ짮
                    PTR    ।  ⨯  ⪨. 
                  ᥬ  ⠭  ⨯  NEAR,  ,   ᫨   
                  ⢨⥫쭮  ⨯  ⪨    FAR,  㤥
                  뤠 ᮮ饭  訡.
               4. ᫨  뫪  ।      ᥣ  
                  ஬   ४祭   ᥣ   (:),   
                  ᯮ짮  ४⨢  GROUP     裡   
                  ᥣ      㯯,    ⥬ ᯮ짮
                  ४⨢ ASSUME  裡  㯯  ॣ஬
                  ᥣ. ਬ:
                  DGROUP GROUP STACK
                         ASSUME SS:DGROUP
                  CODE:  SEGMENT 
                         ...
                         MOV AX, STACK:STACKTOP
                  ᫨    ᥣ  易  㯯, ᥬ
                     ஢   ४祭   ᥣ    
                  ᯮ짮  㬠稢  ॣ  ᥣ,  
                  筮 ਢ  訡  2- 室.
                  
               
               
               
               
                         4.3.3. ஫ ⨯.

               
               ᥬ 믮  ண  ᨭ⠪᪨  ஫
         権,  騩  ஢  筮 ஢ ⨯
         ࠭ .  ६⨬ ࠭, ᯮ㥬 
         樨,            묨   ண
         । ⨯,         ⨯,  
         ।ᬠਢ ८ࠧ ⨯ ஬ PTR.
               ਬ ४⭮ ஢:
         STRING DB  "A MESSAGE"
                ...
                MOV AX,STRING[1]
               ਬ ࠢ쭮 ஢:
                ...
                MOV AX, WORD PTR STRING[1]

                                     - 26 -
                                     
                                     
                  ਫ 1. 祢 ᫮ 몠 ᥬ.
                
         .186      DI        .ERRNZ    LENGTH    .SALL
         .286c     DL        ES        .LFCOND   SEG
         .286p     DQ        EVEN      .LIST     SEGMENT
         .287      DS        EXITM     LOCAL     .SFCOND
         .8086     DT        EXTRN     LOW       SHL
         .8087     DW        FAR       LT        SHORT
         =         DWORD     GE        MACRO     SHR
         AH        DX        GROUP     MASK      SI
         AL        ELSE      GT        MOD       SIZE
         AND       END       HIGH      NAME      SP
         ASSUME    ENDIF     IF        NE        SS
         AX        ENDM      IF1       NEAR      STRUC
         BH        ENDP      IF2       NOT       SUBTTL
         BL        ENDS      IFB       OFFSET    TBYTE
         BP        EQ        IFDEF     OR        .TFCOND
         BX        EQU       IFDIF     ORG       THIS
         BYTE      .ERR      IFE       %OUT      TITLE
         CH        .ERR1     IFIDN     PAGE      TYPE
         CL        .ERR2     IFNB      PROC      .TYPE
         COMMENT   .ERRB     IFNDEF    PTR       WIDTH
         .CREF     .ERRDEF   INCLUDE   PUBLIC    WORD
         CS        .ERRDIF   IRP       PURGE     .XALL
         CX        .ERRE     IRPC      QWORD     .XCREF
         DB        .ERRIDN   LABEL     .RADIX    .XLIST
         DD        .ERRNB    .LALL     RECORD    XOR
         DH        .ERRNDEF  LE        REPT
         MOV       PUSH      PUSHF     POP       POPF
         XCHG      XLAT      LEA       LDS       LES
         LAHF      SAHF      IN        OUT       ADD
         ADC       INC       AAA       DAA       SUB 
         SBB       DEC       NEG       CMP       AAS
         DAS       MUL       IMUL      AAM       DIV
         IDIV      AAD       CBW       CWD       NOT
         AND       OR        XOR       TEST      RCL
         RCR       SAL       SAR       ROL       ROR
         MOVS      MOVSB     CMPS      CMPSB     CMPSW
         SCAS      SCASB     SCASW     LODS      STOS
         STOSB     STOSW     JA        JNBE      JAE
         JNB       JB        JNAE      JC        JE
         JZ        JG        JNLE      JGE       JNL
         JL        JNGE      JLE       JNG       JMP
         JNC       JNE       JNZ       JNO       JNP
         JPO       JNS       JO        JP        JPE
         JS        JCXZ      CALL      RET       LOOP
         LOOPE     LOOPZ     LOOPNE    LOOPNZ    REP
         REPE      REPZ      REPNE     REPNZ     INT3
         INT       INTO      IRET      STC       CLC
         CMC       STD       CLD       STI       CLI
         HLT       WAIT      ESC       LOCK      NOP
                                        
                                     - 27 -
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                 ਫ 2.    
                                8088.
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
           15                    8 7                     0
          _________________________________________________
          |                       |                       |
   AX     |          AH           |          AL           |
          |_______________________|_______________________|
          |                       |                       |
   BX     |          BH           |          BL           |
          |_______________________|_______________________|  
          |                       |                       |
   CX     |          CH           |          CL           |
          |_______________________|_______________________|
          |                       |                       |
   DX     |          DH           |          DL           |
          |_______________________|_______________________|




           15                                            0
          _________________________________________________
㪠⥫ |                                               |
⥪     |                      SP                       |
          |_______________________________________________|  㪠⥫
㪠⥫ |                                               |
      |                      BP                       |
          |_______________________________________________|




           15                                            0
          ________________________________________________
          |                                               |
筨  |                      SI                       |
          |_______________________________________________|  ॣ
          |                                               |
ਥ  |                      DI                       |
          |_______________________________________________|
              
              
              
             

                                     - 28 -
         
         
              
           15                                            0
          _________________________________________________
          |                                               |
       |                      CS                       |
          |_______________________________________________|
          |                                               |
    |                      DS                       |
          |_______________________________________________|  ᥣ⮢
          |                                               |
⥪      |                      SS                       |
          |_______________________________________________|
          |                                               |
    |                      ES                       |
          |_______________________________________________|




           15                                            0
          _________________________________________________
          |                                               |
          |                      IP                       | ⥫ 
          |_______________________________________________|
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  | O| D| I| T| S| Z|  | A|  | P|  | C| 
          |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|
          
                       11 10  9  8  7  6     4     2     0


          OF - ९                 ZF - 
          DF - 䫠 ࠢ             AF - ᯮ⥫ ७
          IF - ࠧ襭 뢠        PF - 
          TF - 誠                      CF - ७
          SF - 




















                                     - 29 -
         
         

                         ᫮ 祭:


                         B         -  ॣ
                         X         -  ॣ
                         S         - ᬥ饭
                         (...)     - ᮤন ॣ
                                 - ᯮ⥫ 16-ࠧ來 
                                 - ᪨ 16-ࠧ來 
                                 - 䨧᪨ 20-ࠧ來 
                         [...]     -   ⢮
                         {...|...} - 易⥫ 롮 ਠ
                         
          __________________________________________________
          |                     |                          |
          |    樨    |   ⮯   |
          |_____________________|__________________________|
          |                     |                          |
          | 1. ।⢥ |                  |
          |_____________________|__________________________|
          |                     |                          |
          | 2. ஢      |       ॣ          |
          |_____________________|__________________________|
          |                     |                          |
          | 3. ﬠ           |       -        |
          |_____________________|__________________________|
          |                     |                          |
          | 4. ᢥ        |      =(B)+[(X)]+[S]    |
          |_____________________|__________________________|
          
          
          
           =   | (IP) 樨  | (SP)  ⥪
               | (SI) ப-筨 | (DI) ப-ਥ
           
             
           =  +  { (CS) | (DS) | (SS) | (ES) } * 16
