
                                     -  8 -
                                         
               
               
               
                                     
                            3.  ணࠬ.

               
               ணࠬ       몥    ᥬ    ⮨    
         ᫥⥫쭮  ணࠬ  ᥣ⮢,  稢饩
         ४⨢  END.  砫      ᥣ   砥
         ४⨢  SEGMENT,  - ४⨢ ENDS.
                   ᥣ    ४⨢ ASSUME 
          ।  ᯮ㥬    㬮砭    樨
         ⮢ ணࠬ ॣ ᥣ.
                   ᥣ      뤥 ᯥ樠
         ணࠬ    (楤), 騥  ᯮ짮
           ணࠬ   ⭮   㡫஢ 
         ࠧ  ணࠬ. 楤 筮 祭  ⥬
         樨  ᥣ.  砫    楤 ।
         ४⨢ PROC  ENDP ᮮ⢥⢥.
                  ꥤ    㯯    
         ४⨢ GROUP.
               ४⨢  ORG    EVEN    ࠢ ᠬ
         ࠧ饭 権 .
                ४⨢ ஡ ᠭ  ᫥ ࠧ.
               
               
               
               
               
                       3.1. ४⨢ SEGMENT  ENDS.
               
               
               ⠪:
               
          SEGMENT [[ࠢ]] [[]] [['']]
               
          ENDS

               ४⨢   SEGMENT    ENDS  ⬥  ᮮ⢥⢥
         砫    ணࠬ ᥣ    祭
           ⥬  ,  ஥  ⠥  ᥣ.
         ணࠬ  ᥣ  ।⠢  ᮡ ᫥⥫쭮
         権  /    ,  㥬   ⭮⥫쭮
            ॣ   ᥣ.      ᥣ    
         㭨        ⪨  ⮫쪮   
         㣮  । SEGMENT.  ४⨢ SEGMENT   
         ⥬       த      ⮣  
         ᥣ.   ⮬  ᫥  ,    ࠬ  
         ४⨢  SEGMENT,  ।       ணࠬ
         ᥣ,   ⨢  .
               ࠬ  ࠢ,     ४⨢

                                   -  9 -
         
         
         SEGMENT     ଠ      .      
         ஢    㪠 ᫥⥫쭮,   
         饭  ந쭮 樨.
               
               ࠢ  ।   ࠭   ,   稭
          ன ᥣ  㤥  㦠    .  
          ᫥騥 祭:
                 BYTE - ᯮ짮  ࠭
                 WORD - ࠭ ᫮ (2 )
                 PARA - ࠭ ࠣ (16 ⮢)
                 PAGE - ࠭ ࠭ (256 ⮢)
               ᫨ ࠢ  㪠, । PARA.
                ,    砫  ᥣ  
           㧪     ⥭.  ࠢ ⮫쪮
         뢠   ࠭祭.

                 樨  ।        ᯮᮡ
         ꥤ  ணࠬ  ᥣ⮢,   . 
          㪠 ᫥騥 祭:
                    
         PUBLIC   -  ᥣ    ⥬   ꥤ
                      뢭 ᥣ.  樨  
                          ᥣ      ᮢ
                    ⭮⥫쭮    ॣ  ᥣ,    
                    ᬥ饭     ⭮⥫쭮  砫
                    ⮣ ᥣ.
         STACK    -  ᥣ    ⥬   ꥤ
                      뢭 ᥣ.   ⨯  樨
                    ⫨砥    PUBLIC   ⥬,   
                       ᥣ   㤥      ⭮⥫쭮
                    ॣ  SS; ॣ SP  ⮬ ⠭
                      ᥣ.   ⨯  樨  筮
                       ᥣ   ⥪.      STACK
                    ⮬᪨     ᯥ稢      樠
                    ॣ஢  SS   SP,  짮⥫ 易⥫쭮
                         ᢮   ணࠬ   樨   
                    ⠭  ॣ஢.   
         COMMON   -     ᥣ  ⮣     
                    㦠    ,  稭   .
                      ᯮᮡ     ନ஢   ૥
                    ணࠬ.      㧪  ࠢ 
                    ᨬ쭮  ꥬ ᥣ.      
                      ᥣ    ⭮⥫쭮 
                     . ᫨    
                      , 祬 , ᥣ   
                     ⨯ 樨 COMMON,  ,   
                    ᫥,   ।騥. 
         MEMORY   -  Microsoft 8086 Object Linker (LINK) 
                    ᮢ    ⨯  PUBLIC.  MASM   ᯥ稢
                    ⤥ ⨯ 樨 MEMORY  ᮢ⨬
                      ணࠬ  LINK,   ࠧ騬      ⨯
                    樨.
         AT  -  ⪨   ६  ᥣ  
                      ᫥  ⭮⥫쭮  㪠 .
                         ।⠢    ⨬

                                   - 10 -
         
         
                    ࠦ,   ᮤঠ騬 뫮 ।. 
                      ⨬  ⨯  樨  筮     ᮤন
                    ணࠬ    樠㥬 , 
                    砥  ᥡ  祭,  䨪஢
                     ᫨⥫쭮 設 (ਬ,  
                    ࠭).
               
               ᫨ ⨯ 樨  㪠, ᥣ      祬  
         ꥤ    ᬠਢ    ⤥쭠 ணࠬ
         .
               
                ᥣ । 冷 ᫥ ᥣ⮢
           .     㦠   
         ᫥ 㣮    ⮣,      㦠  ᥣ
         㣮 . 
                 ⢥    ᥣ    㪠 
         䨪,   ࠭  ॡ  
         ࠭祭  몠   ᥬ   (   ⮬   ᫥   ᫮
         ⢨⥫쭮     ॣ).  ᪮    ᥣ
         ᬠਢ    䨪,           
         । -   ணࠬ.
               ᫨       㪠,  LINK    ᥣ  
         ᯮ⥫ 䠩  ⮩ ᫥⥫쭮,  ன  
         ᯮ      ꥪ⭮  䠩.    ᫥⥫쭮
         ࠭   ,  LINK  㦨 2    
         ᥣ  , ᫥ 祣 LINK 稭 ꥤ
         ᥣ⮢.                   
         ᫥⥫  ᯮ⥫쭮 䠩.
                ᥣ  . ,    
          㪠,  ਭ騬     
            ᫥⥫     ⠪
          ᥣ⠬.
               ᫮   ᥣ⮢,   ਭ      ,
         ࠭祭,   㬬 ꥬ   ॢ 64.
               ᫨    室  ணࠬ  LINK      ᪮쪮
         ꥪ  䠩,  ࠢ쭮 ஢ ᮢ ᥣ⮢
            ᯥ稢 ࠢ  ᫥⥫쭮
         ᥣ⮢          ᯮ⥫쭮     䠩,    ..    
         ᫥⥫쭮    ⮬  砥            
         ᫥⥫쭮  ꥪ  䠩      ப.
         , ਬ, LINK ࠡ뢠 2 ꥪ 䠩, 1- 
          ᮤন 2 ᥣ  ᠬ CODE  STACK,  2- -
          ᥣ  DATA.   ᯮ⥫쭮  䠩  ᥣ
         ᥣ    ᯮ  ᫥⥫쭮 CODE, STACK,
         DATA.   ᫨,   ਬ,   ணࠬ  室,  ⮡
         ᥣ  ᯮ    ᫥⥫쭮  CODE,  DATA,
         STACK,     ᫥  ᮧ  ꥪ  䠩,  ᮤঠ騩
         䨪⨢ ᥣ  ⥬    ⥬  ᠬ,  
         ᯮ    㦭    浪,    ப
         ᪠  LINK  㪠    .   室   ணࠬ,
         ᮮ⢥   ⠪   ꥪ⭮   䠩     
         ᫥騩 :
               
         code SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC 'CODE'
         code ENDS

                                   - 11 -
         
         
         data SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC 'DATA'
         data ENDS
         stack SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'
         stack ENDS
               
                ਥ    ᯮ짮   ணࠬ  
         몠  C,  FORTRAN,  PASCAL   BASIC, ..  
         몮 ᫥ । ᮣ襭  浪 ᥣ⮢,
           ᫥ .
               㣨    ᯮᮡ    ࠢ   ᫥⥫쭮
         ᥣ⮢    ஢  樨  /A  MASM,   
         ।뢠  MASM  ᯮ ᥣ  ꥪ⭮ 䠩 
         䠢⭮  浪.  ⠭  樨  /A    ନ஢
         ᫥쭮      䨪⨢     ᥣ⮢     
         ॠ뢠   쭮   ᫮   ⥣    ࠢ
         ன ᯮ⥫쭮 䠩.
                   ࠭  MASM  /A 祭 
         㬮砭.
               ⥫쭠 ଠ  ࠢ  ꥤ
         ᥣ⮢ ணࠬ LINK ᮤন  㪮⢥  "⥬
         ணࠬ஢    ஠ᥬ  MS-DOS.  1. 
         ஠ᥬ MS-DOS", .. 3.4.1  3.4.3.

               
               
               
               
               
                         3.2. ४⨢ PROC  ENDP.

               
               ४⨢  PROC     ENDP   㦠      ।
         楤. 楤 ।⠢ ᮡ   権  
         ४⨢,  ࠧ     ணࠬ      ࠬ
         - ᥣ.
               楤  ᫥騩 :
               
          PROC [[ﭨ]]
               ...
            ।
               ...
          ENDP
               
               ४⨢ PROC  ENDP  ᮮ⢥⢥ 砫
           楤     祭      ⥬  
         , ஥ ⠥  楤.
               易⥫쭮 ﭨ  ਭ 祭 FAR
          NEAR. ᫨  ࠬ 饭, । NEAR.
                 楤    ਡ  ⪨      
         ᯮ짮  ࠭   室, 맮 
         横. 
                 楤   믮  樥
         RET.  ⮬ ᫥ ,    롨ࠥ
          ⥪ ( ᮮ⢥⢨  祭ﬨ ॣ஢ SS    SP).
           楤    ﭨ  NEAR     ⮨

                                   - 12 -
         
         
         ⮫쪮    ᬥ饭        ⥪  2  .   
         FAR-楤      4    ⥪,    ᥡ
           (ᮤন ॣ ᥣ)  ᬥ饭.
               ᪠  楤.
               楤        ।  ࠬ.  
         , । ࠬ஢   ᯮ    楤
             ணࠬ.   ᮡ ⠭
         ᮣ襭, ਭ   몠  ᮪  ஢,  ࠬ
         楤    ᫥  ஢ ⥪ K
         SYMDEB ("⥬ ணࠬ஢  ஠ᥬ MS-DOS.
          1.  ஠ᥬ", .4.5.28).
               ᭮ ⠭ ᮣ襭 ࠬ ࠧ
          ⥪,  ண । ᮤন ॣ஢  SP
          SS.
               ਬ । ࠬ஢:
                 ...
               PUSH AX    ; 2- ࠬ
               PUSH BX    ; 1- ࠬ
               CALL addup
               ADD  SP,4  ; 㭨⮦ ࠬ஢
                 ...
         addup PROC NEAR      ;    NEAR - 2 
               PUSH BP        ; ࠭  㪠⥫
               MOV  BP,SP     ; 㧪  ॣ
               MOV  BX,[BP+4] ;  1- ࠬ
               MOV  AX,[BP+6] ;  2- ࠬ
                 ...
               POP  BP
               RET
         addup ENDP
               
                ⮣ ਬ ᭮,    
          誥 ⥪ । ࠬࠬ (⥪ ""  
         ᮢ  ).
               ᫨    楤  ᯥ஢  ﭨ  FAR,
                4  ,    ᬥ饭    1-
         ࠬ ⠢  6 ⮢.
               
               
               
               
               
               
                           3.3. ४⨢ ASSUME.

               
               ⠪:
               
               ASSUME ॣ-ᥣ:-ᥣ...
               ASSUME NOTHING
               
               ४⨢  ASSUME  ⠭  ॣ  ᥣ  
         ⢥ 㬠稢 ॣ ᥣ  樨 ⮪
          ६  㪠 ᥣ    㯯.  ᫥騥
         뫪   ⪥  ६  ⢨  㪠

                                   - 13 -
         
         
         ࠧ ⭮⥫쭮  ॣ ᥣ.
                 ⢥  ॣ  ᥣ   㪠 CS,
         DS, SS  ES.
                ⢥  ᥣ   ᯥ஢:
               1.      ᥣ,    ।⥫쭮    ।
                  ४⨢ SEGMENT.
               2.  㯯, ।⥫쭮 ।  ४⨢
                  GROUP.
               3. 祢 ᫮ NOTHING.
               
               稥 祢 ᫮ NOTHING ⬥ ⥪騩 롮
         ⭮  ॣ  ᥣ    ⥪騩   롮   
         ॣ஢ ᥣ ( ன  ४⨢).
               롮  ॣ  ᥣ    㬮砭    ⤥쭮
         । 몠 ᥬ   ⬥    
             ४祭     ᥣ     (:)     ("⥬
         ணࠬ஢      ஠ᥬ   MS-DOS.    2.
            ᥬ", .4.2).
               
               
               
               
               
                            3.4. ४⨢ GROUP.
               
               
               ⠪:
               
                GROUP -ᥣ,...
               
               ४⨢ GROUP 砥,        ᪮쪮
         ᥣ⮢    㪠묨    ᪨  ꥤ 
         㯯   ,   ᮢ  ⪨ 
         ६   ᥣ ⭮⥫쭮 砫 㯯,  
         砫 ᮤঠ饣   ᥣ.  -ᥣ    
            ᥣ,  ।  ४⨢  SEGMENT,  
         SEG-ࠦ ("⥬ ணࠬ஢  ஠ᥬ
         MS-DOS.    2.     ᥬ", .4.2). 
           㭨. 
               ४⨢  GROUP          冷   㧪
         ᥣ⮢,         ᮢ  ᥣ⮢    
         ᯮ  ꥪ⭮ 䠩.
                 㯯   易⥫쭮    
         뢭    .       ६蠭 
         ᥣ⠬,      ਭ騬   ⮩   㯯.   ,
         ﭨ       ⮬  ࢮ  ᥣ
         㯯    ᫥  ⮬  ᫥  ᥣ 㯯 
          ॢ 64.  ࠧ,  ᫨  ᥣ  㯯
         ᯮ  ᫥⥫쭮,  㯯     64
         ⨢ .
                㯯  ᯮ짮    ४⨢  ASSUME
         (.3.3)         ⢥   䨪   ࠭   
         ४祭 ᥣ (:).
                㯯   ⮫쪮      ४⨢
         GROUP   室 䠩. ᫨  㯯 ਭ ᪮쪮

                                   - 14 -
         
         
         ᥣ⮢  室 䠩,      㪠
           ४⨢ GROUP.
               
               
               
               
               
                             3.5. ४⨢ END.
               
               
               ⠪:
               
               END [[ࠦ]]
               
               ४⨢   END  砥    .  ᥬ
           ।, ᫥騥   室  䠩  
         ⮩ ४⨢.
               易⥫쭮   ࠦ   ।     室
         ணࠬ,   㤥 । ࠢ    ᪥
         ணࠬ    .  祭  ⮣ ࠦ  
              ணࠬ  ᥣ⮢    室
         䠩.
               ᫨  ࠦ  饭, 窠 室  ।.
          ⪥ 믮 ணࠬ    窮  室
           訡, ⮬ ४⨢ END  ࠬ஢
         ४  ஢      ᥣ⠬,  ᮤঠ騬
         ⮫쪮  .
                 室  䠩     । ⮫쪮 
         窠 室.

               
               
               
               
                          3.6. ४⨢ ORG  EVEN.

               
               
               ४⨢ ORG  EVEN     ,
         稭      ண      ᯮ   ᫥騥
         樨 .
               
               ४⨢ ORG  ᫥騩 ଠ:
               
               ORG ࠦ
               
               祭 㪠 ࠦ ᢠ  㪠⥫
         樨,      ᫥  権    
         稭   祭.
               祭  ࠦ      ᮫⭮  ᫮,
         筥,  ᯮ㥬       
         1-  室 ᥬ.  ⢥  ࠦ 
          ᯮ짮  㪠⥫  樨  ($),  騩
          ⥪饥 祭.
               

                                   - 15 -
         
         
               ਬ:
               
               ORG 120h
               MOV AX,BX
               
                ⮬ ਬ  MOV 㤥 稭  
         120h ⥪饣 ᥣ.
               
               
               ४⨢ EVEN  ᫥騩 ଠ:
               
               EVEN
               
               ४⨢  EVEN  ࠢ  ᫥饥      
                 ࠭  ᫮, ..  ⭮
         . ᫨ ⥪饥 祭  㪠⥫  樨  ⭮,
         ४⨢   㢥稢    祭    1    
           NOP  (  樨).  ᫨   ⥪饥   祭
         㪠⥫   樨   㦥   ⭮,      ⢨   
         ந.
               ४⨢ EVEN   ᯮ짮  ᥣ  
         ⨯ ࠢ BYTE.
