     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 1 =

     ........................................................7
     ॡ  ணࠬ  ⭮ ᯥ祭.............8
     প DPMI..................................................8
       㬥樨...........................................9
     㪮⢮ 짮⥫........................................9
     襭  祭.....................................11
          ଥ Borland......................12
      襣 ..........................................13
       Borland......................................13
  1.   ............................15
    1. 砫 ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ.......................16
     ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ  ⥬...........................16
     ⮢ ࠢ 䠩.....................................17
      README....................................................17
      HELPME!.TSM...............................................18
      H2ASH.TSM.................................................18
      TCREF.TSM.................................................18
     ⨢ ࠢ筨.........................................18
      ࢠ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ......................19
     ᥬ஢ 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ.........................21
      ணࠬ...........................................23
      襩 ࢮ ணࠬ..................................23
      ந室?................................................23
     䨪 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ.........25
     뢮 ଠ樨  ன⢮ ..........................27
       ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ......................28
      ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM...................................30
        ᥬ.................................30
    2. ᯮ짮 ४⨢  ࠬ஢.....................32
      ࡮ ᥬ  DOS.................................32
     ࠬ  ப.....................................37
     ࠬ /A....................................................37
     ࠬ /B....................................................38
     ࠬ /C....................................................38
     ࠬ /D....................................................38
     ࠬ /E....................................................39
     ࠬ /H  /?.............................................40
     ࠬ /I....................................................40
     ࠬ /J....................................................41
     ࠬ /KH...................................................41
     ࠬ /L....................................................42
     ࠬ /LA...................................................42
     ࠬ /M....................................................43
     ࠬ /ML...................................................43
     ࠬ /MU...................................................44
     ࠬ /MV#..................................................45
     ࠬ /MX...................................................45
     ࠬ /N....................................................46
     ࠬ /O....................................................46
     ࠬ /OP...................................................46
     ࠬ /P....................................................46
     ࠬ /Q....................................................47
     ࠬ /R....................................................47

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 2 =

     ࠬ /S....................................................48
     ࠬ /T....................................................48
     ࠬ /V....................................................49
     ࠬ /W....................................................49
     ࠬ /X....................................................50
     ࠬ /Z....................................................51
     ࠬ /ZD...................................................51
     ࠬ /ZI...................................................52
     ࠬ /ZN...................................................52
     ᢥ  䠩......................................53
      䨣樨.............................................53
    3. 騥 ਭ樯 ணࠬ஢.........................55
      Ideal ࡮ ᥬ...................................55
      祣 ᯮ ० Ideal?.............................56
     ४祭  ० Ideal  室  .....................56
     ⫨ ० Ideal  ० MASM.............................58
     ࠦ  ࠭...........................................59
     樨.......................................................60
      ४஢.......................................60
     ࠭ 樨 BOUND.......................................60
       㯯..............................................61
         ᥣ, ਭ饬 㯯...............61
     ਨ  ணࠬ.......................................63
     ਨ   ப.....................................63
     ४⨢ COMMENT..............................................64
     த ப.............................................64
     ᯮ짮 砥 䠩................................65
     ।। 䨪................................66
     ᢠ 䨪ࠬ 祭..........................67
       .........................................68
     ४⨢ VERSION..............................................68
     ४⨢ NAME.................................................69
     ४⨢ END..................................................69
     뢮 ᮮ饭   ᥬ஢.....................70
     뢮 ।० ᮮ饭................................70
     뢮 ᪮쪨 ᮮ饭  訡..........................72
    4. ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢...............73
     ନ...................................................73
      祣  ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ ꥪ?..............74
      ⠪ ꥪ?..............................................74
     ਬ ꥪ.................................................75
     ᠭ ꥪ⮢..............................................76
     ᠭ 楤 ⮤a......................................80
      㠫 ⮤....................................81
     樠 ⠡ 㠫 ⮤......................82
     맮 ⮤ ꥪ...........................................82
     맮 ᪮ ⮤......................................82
     맮 㠫쭮 ⮤......................................83
     맮 㠫 ⮤ "।"............................86
     -   맮 ⮤...................................87
       ꥪ....................................88
     ணࠬ஢  ꥪ⠬...................................88
     ਬ   ணࠬ஢.............................89

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 3 =

    5. ᯮ짮 ࠦ  祭 䨪஢......91
     ⠭......................................................91
     ᫮ ⠭.............................................91
      ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᭮.................92
     ப ⠭............................................93
     䨪.................................................93
      䨪஢..........................................93
      䨪஢...........................................94
      ⨯ ........................................94
     ᠭ ᫮ ᭮ ⨯............................96
     ࠦ......................................................97
     筮  ࠦ..........................................98
     ⠭  ࠦ.........................................98
     䨪  ࠦ....................................98
     .......................................................99
     ⠭ 祭 䨪஢..........................100
     祭  䨪஢..............................100
     ୠ  LENGTH.......................................102
     ୠ  WIDTH........................................105
     ୠ  MASK.........................................106
     騥 䬥᪨ 樨.................................106
      䬥᪨ 樨...............................107
     ᪨ 䬥᪨ 樨............................108
     ࠧ來 樨 ᤢ...................................108
     樨 ࠢ............................................109
      ᭮ ⨯ ࠦ...........................110
     祭 ⨯ ࠦ......................................111
     ८। ᥣ⭮  ᭮ ࠦ..........112
     祭 ᥣ  ᬥ饭 ᭮ ࠦ.............112
      ᭮ ࠦ, ᯮ饣 稪
      権...................................................113
     । ࠪ⨪ ࠦ...........................113
     뫪  ,  ꥤ  ᬥ饭 ⮢ 
      ⠡......................................................114
     ᠭ ᮤন ...................................115
     ࠧ㬥 ᫮......................................115
     祭 祭 襣  襣  ࠦ......115
      16-  32-ࠧ來 ࠦ........................116
    6. ४⨢ 롮   䨪
      ...................................................118
     ४⨢ ஢ iAPx86..................................118
     ।। 䨪...............................120
     䨪 @Cpu............................................121
     䨪 @WordSize.......................................123
     ४⨢ ᮯ 8087...................................123
     ४⨢ 樨 ᮯ...............................124
    7. ᯮ짮   ணࠬ 
      ᥣ樨..................................................126
     ४⨢ MODEL...............................................127
     䨪, 㥬 ४⨢ MODEL.................133
     䨪 @Model..........................................133
     䨪 @32Bit..........................................133
     䨪 @CodeSize.......................................133

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 4 =

     䨪 @DataSize.......................................133
     䨪 @Interface......................................134
     饭 ᥣ ४⨢...............................135
     䨪, ᮧ 饭묨 ४⨢
      ᥣ樨..................................................138
     ४⨢ STARTUPCODE.........................................139
     䨪 @Startup........................................139
     ४⨢ EXITCODE............................................139
     ।  ᥣ⮢  㯯...........................139
     ४⨢ SEGMENT.............................................140
     ਡ ஢ ᥣ⮢..............................141
     ਡ  ᥣ.......................................142
     ਡ ࠢ ᥣ.................................142
     ਡ ࠧ ᥣ......................................144
     ਡ 㯠  ᥣ....................................145
     ४⨢ ENDS................................................145
     ४⨢ GROUP...............................................146
     ४⨢ ASSUME..............................................146
     ८। ᥣ......................................147
      㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  㫥...................149
     ४⨢ .ALPHA..............................................149
     ४⨢ .SEQ................................................149
     ४⨢ DOSSEG: 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  浪 DOS......149
      ࠧ ⥪.......................................150
    8. । ⨯ ...............................151
     । ᫨ ⨯ .........................151
     । ᥩ  ⮢묨 ﬨ.........................152
     ।   ꥤ............................154
     ⨥ ।   ꥤ................155
      ⮢   ꥤ.....................156
     । ⮪ ⮢    ४⨢
      LABEL........................................................157
     ࠢ ⮢ ..............................157
     ⨥ ।   ꥤ................158
        ꥤ.............................158
     祭     ................160
     ᯮ짮    ࠦ......................162
     । ⠡............................................162
     ८। ⮢ ⠡.............................165
     ।  ⨯.................................165
     । ꥪ...........................................165
     ४⨢ TBLPTR..............................................167
     䨪, ।塞 ७ ४⨢ STRUC.....168
    9.   ᯮ짮 稪 ................169
     䨪 稪  $...............................169
     ४⨢ 稪  $...................................169
     ४⨢ ORG.................................................170
     ४⨢ EVEN  EVENDATA.....................................172
     ४⨢ ALIGN...............................................173
     । ⮪.............................................173
      :....................................................173
     ४⨢ LABEL...............................................175
     ४⨢ ::..................................................176

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 5 =

    10. ᠭ 楤.....................................177
     ⠪ । 楤................................177
     ᠭ 楤 NEAR  FAR................................178
     ᠭ 몠 楤......................................180
      䨪 몠....................................183
     । 㬥⮢   ६.................184
     ⠪ ४⨢ ARG  LOCAL................................186
      ⢨ 㬥⮢    ६.......188
     ࠭ ॣ஢..........................................189
      楤  ࠢ  ⢨................189
     ᠭ 楤 ⮤  ꥪ⮢........................191
    11. ࠢ  ⢨ 䨪஢..........193
     ८।塞 䨪...............................193
      ⢨  ࠭ .............................194
     ४⨢ LOCALS  NOLOCALS...................................195
      ⢨  ࠭   MASM......................195
      ⪨  ⨫ MASM..................................196
    12. । ....................................197
      ४⨢ । ..........................198
         ꥤ.................202
     樠    ꥤ............203
       ....................................207
     樠 ஢ ..............................207
        ᫨ ⨯.................208
     樠  ᫨ ⨯ ............209
       ⠡...................................209
     樠 ஢ ⠡.............................209
       樠   ⨯
      .......................................................210
       ꥪ...................................211
       ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ꥪ.......211

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 6 =


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 7 =

                               
     

          ࡮ ᥬ  Borland ।⠢  ᮡ  -
     室 ᥬ  ࠧ襭 ० 뫮,  ᪮ -
     ᥬ஢  48000 ப   (    IBM  PS/2,
      60), ᮢ⨬  ஠ᥬ஬  Microsoft MASM 
     ⥫쭮    ᯮ짮  ०  ७
     ᨭ⠪ Ideal.  ᨬ   襣   ணࠬ஢
     ,  ᮬ,  業  ᮡ,    ⠪    㣨
     ।,    ⥫쭮   ணࠬ஢  -
     ᥬ.  । ⠪ ।  ⪮  㯮  ᫥騥
     (஡   ᠭ ):

          -  ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢;

          - 32-ࠧ來   প  ⥪;

          - প 䥩 饭 ० DOS (DPMI)  -
              ࡮ ᥬ  饭 ०  ࠢ
            Microsoft Windows;

          -  প  80386  i486;

          - 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢;

          - 襭 ࠢ ⨭;

          - প ⠡;

          - ᫨ ⨯;

          - ࠧ 樨 ࠡ  䫠;

          -  ।⢠ প ;

          -   㬭  ।⢥ ࠭;

          - প ⢥ ।;

          - ४⨢ ᯥ䨪樨 VERSION;

          - ० Quirks  樨 MASM;

          -  ⫠  ஢ 室 ⥪    ࡮
            ⫠稪;

          - ஥ ⨫ 樨 ४ 뫮 (TCREF);

          - 䠩 䨣樨   䠩;

          - ⨫-८ࠧ⥫ 䠩 .h  .ash (砥  䠩-
            ).

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 8 =


          ࡮ ᥬ    ᥬ஬,  ࠡ騬  
      ப,  ਭ  室 䠩 (䠩-
       ७ .ASM)  ᮧ   ꥪ 㫨 (䠩 
     ७  .OBJ).  ᫥  ⮣   ᯮ짮 ணࠬ-
     -騪  Borland TLINK.EXE, ⫨ ᮪ ᪮-
      ,    祭 ꥪ 㫥 
     ᮧ 믮塞 䠩 (䠩  ७ .EXE).

           ॡ  ணࠬ  ⭮ ᯥ祭
     

          ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ⠥    ᥬ⢠  IBM  PC,
        XT, AT  PS/2,  ⠪   ᮢ⨬ 
      .   ࠡ ࡮ ᥬ ॡ -
      ⥬ MS-DOS (ᨨ 2.0   )      
     256 ⨢ .

          ࡮  ᥬ    樨  ஢  8086,
     80186, 80286, 80386  i486,  ⠪ 樨  饩 窮
      䬥᪨ ᮯ஢ 8087,  80287  80387. (஡
       ஬ ᥬ⢠ 8086/8087 ᪠뢠 
       Intel.)

                            প DPMI
     

          ࡮ ᥬ ন ᯥ䨪  䥩  -
     饭  ० DOS (DOS Protected Mode Interface - DPMI). 
     ࠧࠡ⠭ ⮬  -ந⥫ ணࠬ-
       ⭮ ᯥ祭 ( Borland), DPMI ।
     ⠭  䥩,      ᯮ騩   २⢠
     । 饭 ० ஢ 80286, 386  i486.

            㢥祭 ᫠ ஢   ஢ 386
      i486   ᫮ ணࠬ த⮢, ᯮ -
       ஢. 饭  㠫 8086 ० -
      ஢   ᠬ ᫨⥫쭮 -
     .      ᯮ짮  ०  ।⢠
     ७ .  ࣠ ࠡ ਪ ணࠬ-
     ,  ᯮ饩  ७  ,   筮 ० 
     㣨  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  ।⠢﫠  ᮡ  ஡.
     ⠭ DPMI 蠥  ஡.  ਪ ணࠬ, ᯮ-
     騥 ७ ,  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⠭ DPMI, 
      ࠡ   ⥬.

           饥   ६  ࡮  ᥬ  ᯮ  ࢨ
     ।⢠ DPMI,  । Microsoft Windows.  ࡮  ᥬ
      ࠡ  樮 ।,  ᯮ饩 ।⢠ DPMI.
     ᫨   ३   樮 ।,  ன 
     ࢨ ।⢠ 㯭,     ணࠬ -
     祭 ᥡ ࠢ.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                               = 9 =

               ਬ砭: ⠭ DPMI ন  ࡮ -
          ᥬ TASMX.EXE.  ஡  TASMX.EXE ᪠뢠  
           2.

                            㬥樨
     

          ᠭ ࡮ ᥬ ⠢     ᮡ:
     "㪮⢠ 짮⥫    ࡮ ᥬ" ( ⥪) 
     "⪮ ࠢ筮 㪮⢠  ࡮ ᥬ".   "㪮-
     ⢥ 짮⥫"  ᭮ 樨  ᯮ짮
     ࡮ ᥬ,  ࣠樨  䥩  㣨 몠 
     뢠 ।। 樨,  䨪  ४-
     , ᯮ㥬 ࡮ ᥬ஬. "⪮ ࠢ筮 㪮-
     ⢮"    室 ଠ   -
       ᮯ  ४⨢.

          ᬮਬ ᮤঠ "㪮⢠ 짮⥫"   -
     ஡.

                        㪮⢮ 짮⥫
     

           1: "ᯮ짮 ࡮ ᥬ":

           1:  "砫 ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ" ᮮ頥  ⮬,
       室  ᤥ    ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ  襩
     ⥬.

           2:  "ᯮ짮 ४⨢  ࠬ஢"  ਢ  
     䠢⭮ 浪 ஡ ଠ   ४⨢ ࡮
     ᥬ,   뢠,      ࠢ ࠡ-
     ⮩ ࡮ ᥬ.

           3: "騥 ਭ樯 ணࠬ஢" 뢠 ⫨稥
     ० Ideal  MASM,   ⠪ ᪠뢠  ⮬,   ᯮ짮-
      ।। 䨪, ᨬ ਥ  ..

           4: "ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢" ᪠-
     뢠    몥 ᥬ ᯮ짮 ⮤ ꥪ⭮-
     ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢.

             5 "ᯮ짮 ࠦ  祭 䨪-
     ஢" 뢠 ᫥  । ࠦ  権.

           6 "롮 ४⨢   䨪஢"  -
     뢠,  ஢    ஢.

           7 "ᯮ짮   ணࠬ    ᥣ-
     樨" ᮮ頥       ணࠬ,  樨  䨪஢
     (ᨬ᪨ ), 饭 । ᥣ⮢   -
      ᥣ⮢.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 10 =

            8: "। ⨯ "   ।-
      ,  ꥤ, ⠡, ஥   ꥪ-
     .

            9:  "⠭  ᯮ짮 稪 " -
     뢠    祣 ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 稪 , 
     ⠪  । ⠡.

             10:  "ᠭ  楤"  ᪠뢠  ⮬ 
      ᯮ짮 ࠧ ⨯ 楤,   ⠪   ।-
       ᯮ짮 㬥   ६.

             11:  "ࠢ  ⢨ 䨪஢"
     㦤   ࠭稢   ,  -
     ன 䨪  ⭮ 祭.

            12:  "। " 뢠  ४-
     ⨢  ।  ,  ᪠뢠  ᮧ ஢
     ,  ꥤ, ᥩ, ᫨ ⨯   -
     ⮢.

             13 "७ 樨" 뢠 ७
     樨 ࡮ ᥬ.

           14 "ᯮ짮 ப" ᪠뢠   ⮬ 
      ᯮ짮  室  ப.

            15 "ᯮ짮 ᫮ ४⨢" 㦤 -
     ४⨢,   ॠ ᫮ 믮 .

           16:  "䥩  騪" 뢠    
            ⥪  뢠 -
     䨪  饤㯭.

           17 " ⨭" ᪠뢠  ४⨢  -
     ࠢ ⨭ ࡮ ᥬ   ᯮ짮.

           18:  "䥩 ࡮ ᥬ  Borland C++" -
     ,  ᯮ짮  ᥬ ᮢ⭮  몮 ᮪-
      ஢ Borland C++.

           19:  "䥩 ࡮ ᥬ  ࡮ ᪠" -
     頥 ,  뢠 ணࠬ  ᥬ  ணࠬ 
     ࡮ ᪠;  ⠪ ਢ ਬ ணࠬ.

          ਫ A: "ਬ ணࠬ" ਢ ਬ ࠧ筮
     ⨯ ணࠬ .

          ਫ :  " ᨭ⠪ ࡮ ᥬ" ᮤন
     ⪮  ᨭ⠪ ࡮ ᥬ"  -
      ࡮ ᥬ ( ० MASM  Ideal)    -
       - (BNF).


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 11 =

          ਫ :  " ᮢ⨬" 뢠 ⫨ -
      ࡮ ᥬ MASM  ஠ᥬ MASM.

          ਫ D: "⨫" 뢠  ⨫-८ࠧ-
     ⥫ 䠩 .h  .ash,  ⠢塞   ⮬.   -
     ন ଠ  ⨫ MAKE,  TLINK,  TLIB    THELP,  
     ⠪ ଠ   ணࠬ GREP,  TCREF  OBJXREF 室 
     䠩  ਡ⨢ ᪠.

          ਫ D: "饭  訡" 뢠  ᮮ饭
      訡,     ᣥ஢ ࡮  ᥬ஬:
     ଠ樮 ᮮ饭,  ᮮ饭  ⠫ 訡, ᮮ-
      ஢ ।०  ᮮ饭  訡.

                       襭  祭
     

             ਬ   IBM PC  ᮢ⨬  ,
          ,    ᯮ -
      8088,  8086,  80186,  80286,  386  i486 (  
     ,  8086).    砥 ନ PC-DOS  
     MS-DOS,     ᨨ 樮 ⥬ 2.0  .
            㪮⢥ ᯮ ᫥騥 ᮣ襭:

     Ŀ
        祭    ᠭ 祭                        
     Ĵ
                     ⮫  祪 । ப,  뢠- 
          .           ᨭ⠪  ਢ ਬ ணࠬ- 
          .          ,      ⮬,   ࠣ ணࠬ 
          .          饭.                                       
                                                                   
      ࠧ        , 㪠   ਬ 묨 㪢- 
                     , 뢠,         
                     ⠢  祭.  ਬ,    - 
                      ᨭ⠪  FFSET:             
                                                                   
                           OFFSET ࠦ                        
                                                                   
                      뢠,     ஬ OFFSET - 
                       ᫥    ࠦ.    
                     室   ᮮ⢥⢨   ⨬ ᨭ⠪- 
                     ᮬ   :                     
                                                                   
                          OFFSET here+6                            
                                                                   
                       here+6  ࠦ.              
                                                                   
      [ _ ]      ᪮  砥 - 
                     易⥫  ᨭ⠪᪨ .  - 
                     , ᨭ⠪ ᭮     
                     ᫥騬 ࠧ:                            
                                                                   

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 12 =

                      [ ࠦ_1 ] ࠦ_2                          
                                                                   
                      㪠뢠  ,    "ࠦ_1"  
                     易⥫,  ᪮    祭   
                      ᪮.  ࠦ "ࠦ_2" 
                      易⥫.                        
                                                                   
     {롮1롮2}  ᪮    ⨪  ࠧ⥫ 
                     㪠뢠  室 롮   
                       ⠬. ਠ  롮 - 
                       䨣 ᪮  ࠧ - 
                     쭮 ⮩.      - 
                     ਠ⮢.                                      
                                                                   
                     ਬ, 易⥫ ࠬ /W (஢ 
                     ।०  ᮮ饭    訡)  
                     ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:                          
                                                                   
                               /W{012}                           
                                                                   
                        /W0, /W1  /W2, 㪠 - 
                      ࠧ  ஢  ।०. 
                      㪠뢠 /W3  ᪠, ᪮- 
                      3  ᮤন        ਠ⮢ 
                     롮,  㪠  䨣 ᪮.   
                                                                   
     騥    窨, ᫥騥  ⠬, 뢠- 
      ...    ,    ⠪     襥 
                     ⢮ ⮢.  , ਬ, ਢ- 
                      ᨭ⠪ ४⨢ PUBLIC:               
                                                                   
                             PUBLIC [,  ]...                 
                                                                   
                     窨      ⮬ "" 㪠뢠, 
                           ⮫쪮  , ᪮쪮 
                     ,     㤥 ।- 
                      .  , ᪮ ࢮ  
                      祭     ᪮,   
                       ࠩ   .              
                                                                   
     ।塞     窨    ।塞  ⥪ 
      ନ       ନ.  ਬ,  ନ  "஬", 
      "᪠"    ᫨  ।   ࠧ, 砥- 
                       窨.                                 
     

                     ଥ Borland
     

          ଠ Borland ।  ⢮ ,  -
      ⢥     ணࠬ த. ,
         ᫠  ॣ樮  .   ॣ஢
     짮⥫ ᯥ稢 孨᪮ ᮯ஢, ஬ -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 13 =

     ,     ଠ     -
       த.

                           襣 
     

            ᮤন  ᮢ,     -
     :

          -  㪮⢥   ଠ   ᯥ ணࠬ-
            . ᯮ ,  ᭮ 筨 ଠ樨.

          - ⢥  騥 ,    ।,  ଠ
             ⠭ ᮤঠ  䠩 README,   室
             ᭮ ⠫.

                          Borland
     

          㦡 孨᪮  ᮯ஢    Borland 㡫
     孨 ଠ   ⥬.      
     ⢥  訥 .

          TechFax (8000-822-4269)  -  24-ᮢ ⮬⨧஢
     㦡,  ᢮  孨  ଠ  
     䠪.      㬥⮢   맮.

          408-439-9096 ()  - 뫪 䠩 (File DownLoad BBS,
     2500 ).  १     ࠧ 䠩,  ਪ-
      ணࠬ   孨 ଠ.  樠쭮 ⠭
      ॡ.

          稪 ଠ樮  CompuServe,  GEnie    BIX
        孨  প    .  ⮡,
        ଠ樮 㦡, 易  Borland, ᯮ-
      ᫥ ⠡:

          ⨢ ଠ樮 㣨
          
          㦡               
          
          CompuServe           Go BORLAND
          BIX                  JOIN BORLAND
          GEnie                BORLAND
          

          । ஭ ᮮ饭  All  Sysop.  -
     ਩   㪠뢠  㦭: ᫨ ᮮ饭  뫠
      ⭮ ⥬ 뫪,  饤㯭.   
     ᨬ ଠ樨.  㦨騩 ᮭ ⢥  ᮮ饭
      祭  ࠡ祣 .

          408-438-5300 -  ⮬ ⥫䮭      -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 14 =

      孨᪮ 㦨  ࠡ稬   6   5 -
     .    ⥫䮭,  室  
       ࠡ饩 ணࠬ.  ० 祬 , -
     ⮢ ᫥ ଠ:

          1.  த   ਩    襩  ਣ쭮
             ਡ⨢ ᪥.    易⥫,   
              ᬮ 㦨  .

          2.     ,   ⠪  ᯮ㥬
              ⥫쭮 ⭮ ᯥ祭.

          3.    ᨨ 樮 ⥬. ( -
             ᨨ  ।,    ਣ襭  DOS  
             VER).

          4. ন  襣  䠩 AUTOEXEC.BAT  ᮤন 䠩
             CONFIG.SYS ( ୥ ⠫ (\)   㧮筮 ᪥
             .

          5. 䮭,    ஬      易  ࠡ祥
             ६.

          6. ᫨  易  - ஡,  蠣 㦭
             믮, ⮡   ஡.

           ⥫䮭  408-438-5300  7  17 ᮢ   
     ⢥  孨᪨ ,   業,    ..
     (㦡 㯠⥫).





     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 15 =

                  1.   
     

           ᫥ ᮤন ࢮ .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 16 =

                1. 砫 ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ
     

          ᫨   ࠭  ணࠬ஢  몥  ᥬ-
     ,   筨   .   室 ,
      ணࠬ஢  ᥬ -    ⥬,  㯭
     ⮫쪮 饭  栬.   ⮬.  ᥬ -
        祬 祫᪠ ଠ 몠  ᠬ  ,  
     ,     뫮 ।,  襩 ⥯ 祭. 
       ⠪ ,  ᥬ -    祭  
     . ᪨, ணࠬ஢  ᥬ ।⠢ -
      ⢥ ᯮᮡ  ॠ樨  ᥣ  ᯥ  ⥩
     ஢  ਨ  8086   Intel,  "楬" 
     ஢ ᥬ⢠ IBM PC   ᮢ⨬   ஢.

             ணࠬ 楫  몥 ᥬ  ,
     ᫨  ,  ᯮ짮  ᥬ  ணࠬ, -
     ᠭ  ࡮ ++,  ࡮ ᪠  㣨 몠.   -
     砥   몠 ᥬ  ᬮ ࠧࠡ뢠  -
         ணࠬ.    ᪮ 讥 祭 
     ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ  ⠪   ࠢ
     ᥬ ᯥ⠬ ࠡ ,  ᫥ ⠪ ⥬
     ⠩.

                몮 ᥬ   -
      㭨  ᢮⢠  ணࠬ஢   .  砫 
        ᪮쪮 ࠡ ணࠬ,  ᠭ 
     ᥬ.       ⢮ ᠬ ,
     ⠪    ࠡ⮩  ᥬ.

          㬥,   ᬮ       ᪮쪨  
     ᤥ  㯭 ᯥ樠⮬  ணࠬ஢  몥 -
     ᥬ;         ᥬ  -
        ணࠬ.   祭 ,    
         ⢠ ⥫ ,  饭-
       ணࠬ஢    몥 ᥬ  ⥪ PC (.
     뫪      ).  ஬ ⮣, 
     ࠢ ਠ ᮤঠ  "孨᪮ ࠢ筨  IBM
     DOS", "孨᪮ ࠢ筨  䥩 BIOS"  "孨᪮
     ࠢ筨  ᮭ ࠬ XT";    㪮⢠
     㬥 䥩  ணࠬ஢  몥 ᥬ-
         ணࠬ   ᯥ祭 ⥬ ᮭ
     ஢ IBM.

            ᫥  㪮 ⠯,   
     ਬ ணࠬ    祭,   ᯠ -
     室騩  ᪥ 䠩  ਬࠬ ( ६ ⠭ ࡮ -
     ᥬ)     ணࠬ  㪮. (ᨬ  -
     襣 襭,   ணࠬ ਢ    㤮⢠    ᠬ
     砫 ਬ஢  ணࠬ).


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 17 =

                ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ  ⥬
     

          । ⥬,     ணࠬ஢    ࡮
     ᥬ,   㦭 ᤥ ᫥饥. 쬨 ਡ⨢
     ᪨ ࡮ ᥬ  ᤥ      (  
     ⨫ DOS) ࠡ . ᫥ ⮣ 室 (ਡ⨢)
     ᪨ 㡥   .

          ᫨ ᮡࠥ ᯮ짮 ࡮  ᥬ    MASM
     (஠ᥬ  Microsoft),  ⠩  2  ᬮ-
     ,  祬  ࡮ ᥬ ⫨砥  MASM.

           ᪥ INSTALL 室  ணࠬ  INSTALL.EXE,  
        ⠭ ࡮ ᥬ ᨨ 3.0  襩 -
     .  ⠭ ᫥   ࠬ:

          1. Hard Disk Users (짮⥫ ⥬  ⪨ ᪮):
              ࠬ    ⠫,    
              㦥 䠩.

          2. Floppy Disk Users (짮⥫ ⥬   ᪠-
             ):  ࠬ ⠭ 䠩, 室  ࠡ-
              ࡮ ᥬ,   ⥬    ᪮  
              ᪮.  砫 ࠡ ⮢  -
             ஢ ᪠.
           砫  ⠭  ३    ⠫     ணࠬ
     INSTALL   :

           INSTALL

             樨 ⭮⥫쭮  ਣ襭 
     ࠬ    ࠭ ⠭.

           ᪥ INSTALL  ⥬ ⨢    
      㣮  ⥬    ⠫᪨  ᯫ   
     INSTALL ᫥ 믮  ࠬ஬ /b,    -
     ॢ ⥬  ୮- ०:

           INSTALL /b

                      ⮢ ࠢ 䠩
     
           ⠢ ࡮ ᥬ 室 ᪮쪮  ࠢ  䠩-
     : FILELIST.DOC.  README,  HELPME!.TSM, MANUAL.TSM, H2ASH.TSM 
     TCREF.TSM.   䠩 ᮤঠ    ⠭筮  ᪥
     "Installation Disk"    ᭮ ⠫ 몠. 㣨
     䠩 室  ⠫ DOC.

                              README
     

            । ⥬,    ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ஬,   -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 18 =

       䠩 README.   室 ᫥ ଠ
      ணࠬ,  ⠪ ࠢ /   㪮⢠.
       ⠪   ᯨ᮪  ⠢塞  ਡ-
     ⨢ ᪠ 䠩   ᠭ.  ⢥  ᪠ DOS -
     :

          README

            ⠪ ᯮ짮  ணࠬ  README    ⥭
     䠩 㬥樨 ( ७ .DOC)

                         HELPME!.TSM
     

         ⠭筮 ᪥ ᮤন ⠪ 䠩  HELPME!.TSM.  
        ⢥  ,  묨 筮 ⠫
     짮⥫.  ᮤন ⠪   ⢥, 騥 ࠧ-
      ० ࡮ ᥬ.

                         H2ASH.TSM
     

           䠩 ᮤন ஡ ଠ   ⨫-८-
     ࠧ⥫ 䠩 .h  .ahs.  ⪮ ᠭ ⮩ ⨫ 
       ਫ D.

                         TCREF.TSM
     

            䠩 뢠 ᯮ짮  ᮧ ४-
      뫮 䨪஢  䨪樨 ᯮ  -
     㫥 ⨫ TCREF.

                        ⨢ ࠢ筨
     

          ⨢ ࠢ  ଠ  ࡮ ᥬ 
        १⭮   ࠢ筮 ணࠬ--
      TASMHELP. ਬ, ᫨  ᯮ ࡮ ⫠稪, -
      㧨 TASMHELP,  ⥬ 㧨 ࡮ ⫠稪  
      ६  ⫠ ࠢ ଠ  ࡮ ᥬ. 
       ᯮ짮 TASMHELP  ᪠  ଠ樨    
      ᠭ 室 .

             TASMHELP  -  १⭠   ணࠬ,  
     㦭 㧨   । ᪮ ।.  ⮡  -
      TASMHELP,  ⢥  ᪠  ப DOS C: -
     :

          TASMHELP

          ᫥ ⮣    ।,   筮. -
       ।,   맮 TASMHELP ⨢ 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 19 =

     -  5  ⥫쭮  (ࠢ).  ᫨  ⮬
        室  ⮩ ப, TASMHELP 뢥 ⠡
     ࠢ ࠭.   ६饭    祢  ᫮
     ᯮ  Tab    Enter.

          ணࠬ TASMHELP ࠡ⠥ 筮 ⠪,  ࠢ筠 -
       THELP.

          ஡  TASMHELP   ࠬ   ப 
     㧭   㬥樨   ,   뢠 ࠡ 
     THELP.

                 ࢠ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
     

           ணࠬ஢ ࢮ  ணࠬ  ࠤ樮  
     ணࠬ,  뢮  ࠭ ᮮ饭 "ਢ!".  㤥 -
     祭   ணࠬ, ᪮   襩 ࠢ-
      窮.

            ⥪⮢ । (   ।஢,  -
       ନ  䠩      ASCII)   ᫥騥 ப
     ணࠬ   HELLO.ASM:

          .MODEL SMALL
          .STACK 100h
          .DATA
     Message  DB 'ਢ!',13,10,'$'
          .CODE
          mov    ax,@Data
          mov    dx,ax                ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                      ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
                                      ;  ᥣ 
          mov    ah,9                 ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
          mov    dx,OFFSET Message    ; 뫪  ᮮ饭 "ਢ!"
          int    21h                  ; 뢥 "ਢ!"  ࠭
          mov    ah,4ch               ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                      ; ணࠬ
          int    21h                  ;  ணࠬ
          END


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 20 =

          ᫥ ⮣,     ணࠬ,  ࠭    
     ᪥.

          ᫨    몠 , ++  ᪠,   -
     ,      ணࠬ  ᪮쪮  .  
     ⢨⥫쭮  ⠪,  ணࠬ   ᥬ ,  ᪮
       ᥬ 믮  㭪権,  祬  -
      ᪠,  ++  몠 .  㣮 ஭,  ।-
     ⠢ ᢮,     ஢  樨  -
     ᥬ ⠪,  .  砥,   ⫨稥  몮
       ᪠,  ᥬ   ணࠬ஢  
     ⠪ ࠧ,    㤥  ,    ᯮᮡ.  
      ⮨ ᪮쪨 ⥫ ப.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 21 =

                 ᥬ஢ 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ
     

          ᫥ ⮣,   ࠭ 䠩 HELLO.ASM,   -
       ணࠬ.  ,  । ⥬,   ᬮ  -
     , ॡ ८ࠧ ணࠬ  믮塞  . 
       . 1.1,  ࠦ  横 ᮧ ணࠬ-
      (।஢,  ᥬ஢,     믮),
       ॡ  ⥫ 蠣 - ᥬ஢  -
     .

           ⠯ ᥬ஢  室  (⥪  ணࠬ)
     ॢ頥   ஬ ,  뢠 ꥪ
     㫥,   ⠯    ᪮쪮 㫥  -
       믮塞 ணࠬ. ᥬ஢   
      믮    ப.

           ᥬ஢ 䠩 HELLO.ASM :

          TASM hello

                                 ணࠬ
                                          
         
                                         
                                   ஢
                                         
                                         
                   Ŀ
                        室 䠩 ᥬ HELLO.ASM       
                   
                                         
                                  ᥬ஢
                                         
                                         
                   Ŀ
                             ꥪ 䠩 HELLO.OBJ           
                   
                                         
                                     
                                         
                                         
                   Ŀ
                            믮塞 䠩 HELLO.EXE          
                   
                                         
                                     믮
            ķ     
         Ĵ ᫨ 㦭  
             Ľ

          . 1.1 ஢, ᥬ஢,     -
     .

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 22 =


        Enter. ᫨        㣮  ,  䠩
     HELLO.ASM  㤥  ᥬ஢    䠩 HELLO.OBJ. (⨬, 
     ७  䠩   ॡ. ࡮ ᥬ -
     ࠧ㬥  ⮬ 砥,  䠩  ७ .ASM.)  -
     ࠭  㢨 ᫥饥:

        Turbo Assembler Version 3.0 Copyright (C) 1988,1991   (1)
                                         by Borland International Inc.
        Assembling file: HELLO.ASM       (2)
        Error messages: None             (3)
        Warning messages: None           (4)
        Passes: 1                        (5)
        Remaining memory: 266K           (6)

          1 - ࡮  ᥬ,    3.0;  ᪨  ࠢ  
     Borland, 1991 .; 2 - ᥬ஢ 䠩 HELLO.ASM; 3 - ᮮ饭
      訡:  ;  4 - ।०騥 ᮮ饭:  ; 5 - ᫮
     室: 1; 6 - ⠥ : 266

          ᫨   䠩 HELLO.ASM  筮 ⠪,  ,
          ।० ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭
      訡. ᫨  砥 ⠪ ᮮ饭,    
     ࠭     ࠬ ப, 㪠뢠騬 ப,  ᮤ-
      訡.  祭 ᮮ饭  訡 ஢ 室-
       (⥪) ணࠬ  㡥,   룫廊 筮 ⠪,
      室   襬 ਬ,    ⥬  ᭮  ᥬ
     ணࠬ.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 23 =

                           ணࠬ
     

          ᫥ ᥬ஢ 䠩 HELLO.ASM  த㫨 ⮫쪮
        蠣   ᮧ ணࠬ. , ᫨  ᪮-
      ⮫쪮  祭 ꥪ   믮塞 , 
     ᬮ  ணࠬ.

              ணࠬ  ᯮ  ணࠬ   TLINK,
     ।⠢ ᮡ ⠢塞   ࡮ ᥬ஬ -
     騪.   ப:

          TLINK HELLO

             ॡ    ७    䠩.
     騪 TLINK  㬮砭 ।,  ⨬ ७
       ७  .OBJ.       (ᠬ
     襥 १ ᪮쪮 ᥪ㭤),  騪 ⮬᪨ -
       䠩   ७ .EXE ,  ᮢ饥   襣
     ꥪ⭮ 䠩 (᫨   । 㣮 ).  ᯥ譮
       ࠭  ᮮ饭:

          Turbo Linker Version 3.0 Copyright (c) 1988, 1991 by Borland
          International Inc.

                  訡  (  
     ணࠬ   ⭮). ᫨  稫 ᮮ饭  訡-
       ( 뢮  ࠭),    室  
     ணࠬ ⠪, ⮡   筮 ᮮ⢥⢮ ⥪ ணࠬ-
       ਢ  ਬ,  ⥬ ᭮ 믮  ᥬ-
     ஢  .

                       襩 ࢮ ணࠬ
     

           ணࠬ    믮.  ⮣  
     ⢥  ᪠ 樮 ⥬ DOS  hello.  -
     ࠭ 뢥 ᮮ饭:

          ਢ!

            .   ⮫쪮  ᮧ  믮 ᢮ 
     ணࠬ  ᥬ!.

                              ந室?
     

          ,   稫  믮  ணࠬ  HELLO.ASM,
       ୥     ᬮਬ ஡,  ந室 
       ⥪ ணࠬ   믮.

            ᥬ 䠩 HELLO.ASM, ࡮ ᥬ ॢ-
     頥  ⥪  権  ⮬ 䠩     

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 24 =

     ꥪ⭮ 䠩 HELLO.OBJ.  䠩  ஬  䠩-
      (஬    室  ⥪⮢  -
     塞 䠩).  HELLO.OBJ ᮤন  ଠ,  -
     室  ᮧ 믮塞   権, ᮤঠ-
       䠩 HELLO.ASM,   ᠭ  ,    
     ஢    㣨 ꥪ묨 䠩  ᮧ 
     ணࠬ.

            䠩 HELLO.OBJ TLINK ८ࠧ     -
     塞  䠩  HELLO.EXE,    ᪠,  hello 
     ⢥  ᪠ DOS.

           :

          dir hello.*

      ⮬ 㤥 뢥 ᯨ᮪ 䠩 HELLO   ᪥.    
     䠩 HELLO.ASM, HELLO.OBJ, HELLO.EXE  HELLO.MAP.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 25 =

         䨪 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
     

           ᭮   ।  㥬 ணࠬ  -
       ࠧ,  ⮡      ਭ -  
     譥 । (⮩ "譥 ।" 㤥 ,   
        ).  ணࠬ ᫥騬 -
     ࠧ:

             .MODEL SMALL
             .STACK 100h
             .DATA
          TimePrompt DB ' ६ ᫥ 㤭? (/) - [Y/N]$'
          GoodMorningMessage LABEL BYTE
                     DB 13,10,'஥ !',13,10,'$'
          GoodAfternoonMessage LABEL BYTE
                     DB 13,10,'ࠢ!',13.10,'$'
             .CODE
             mov    ax,@Data
             mov    dx,ax             ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                      ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
                                      ;  ᥣ 
             mov    dx,OFFSET TimePrompt ; 뫪  ᮮ饭-
             mov    ah,9              ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
             int    21h               ;  ⢥  
                                      ; ᨬ
             cmp    al,'Y'            ; 㪠 ६ ᫥ 㤭
                                      ; (ய᭠ 㪢 Y)
             jz     IsAfternoon       ; , ६ 㪠 ᫥
                                      ; 㤭
             cmp    al,'y'            ; 㪠 ६ ᫥ 㤭
                                      ; (筠 㪢 y)
             jnz    IsMorning         ; , ६ 㪠 
                                      ; 㤭
          IsAfternoon:
             mov    dx,OFFSET GoodAfternoonMessage ; 㪠뢠 
                                      ; ਢ⢨ "ࠢ"
             jmp    DisplayGreeting
          IsMorning:
             mov    dx,OFFSET GoodMorningMessage ; 㪠뢠 
                                      ; ਢ⢨ "஥ "
          DisplayGreeting:
             mov    ah,9              ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ᮮ饭
             int    21h               ; 뢥 ᮮ⢥饥
                                      ; ᮮ饭
             mov    ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                      ; ணࠬ
             int    21h               ;  ணࠬ
             END

           ࠧ    ணࠬ  祭  
     ।⢠:        ਭ⨥ 襭.  ணࠬ
     訢  ,    ६ ६ ᫥  -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 26 =

     㤭,  ਭ  ⢥ ( ᨬ)  . ᫨ ⠪
     ⢥⮬ 㤥 㪢 Y  孥   ॣ ( 砥
     ⢥ ),  ணࠬ 뢮 ᮮ饭 "ࠢ!",  -
     ⨢ 砥 뢮 ᮮ饭 "஥ !".    ண-
     ࠬ     ᭮   ணࠬ:  
     ଠ樨 譥 ।, ࠡ⪠   ਭ⨥ 襭.

          ࠭   ஢  ணࠬ   ᪥.  ᫥
     ⮣  ᥬ  ᪮ ணࠬ,    ।-
     饬 ਬ.    ᭮,   hello  ⢥  -
      DOS. 뢥 ᮮ饭:

           ६ ᫥ 㤭? (/) - [Y/N]

           㤥   ᫥ ᨬ     
     ⢥.  Y. ணࠬ ⢥:

          ࠢ!

           ࠧ HELLO.ASM ⠫ ⥯ ࠪ⨢  ணࠬ-
       ਭ⨥ 襭.

           室 ᥬ஢ , 筮,  ࠧ ᮮ-
     饭  訡 - ࠢ쭮  ணࠬ  訡 
     ᨭ⠪. ࡮ ᥬ 墠뢠 ⠪ 訡, ᮮ 
     . 뢮 ᮮ饭  訡 ࠧ   ⥣ਨ:
     ।०  訡. ᫨ ࡮ ᥬ 㦨 -
     ⥫쭮,   易⥫쭮 ୮,  뢮 ।०-
     饥 ᮮ饭.   ।०騥 ᮮ饭  -
     ஢,   ᥣ   ஢  㡥  ⮬,    
         ஡.   㦥 祣-  -
     쭮  襩 ணࠬ,    襭 -
     ᥬ஢   ନ஢  ꥪ⭮ 䠩,  ࡮ ᥬ
     뢮 ᮮ饭  訡.

          㣨 ᫮, ।०騥 ᮮ饭  ᢨ⥫-
       ᪨ 訡,    ६  訡,   -
       ᮮ饭  訡,    ࠢ । -
     ᪮ ணࠬ.  ਫ E ᮤন 祭 ᮮ饭 
     訡  ।० ᮮ饭.

              ணࠬ஢, ࡮ ᥬ   
     ᯮ  訡     ணࠬ. ࡮ ᥬ ⮫쪮
     ᮮ頥 ,    ᥬ㥬   믮  ⮬
     ,   ,     ᤥ 뢮  ⮬, 㤥 
     ணࠬ ࠡ ⠪,   ⮣ .  ⮬    -
      ⮫쪮  ᠬ.

          ⮡  ᯥ ணࠬ (뢥    ன-
     ⢮ ),    㪮  । ⥪⮢.  -
     室 䠩 ࡮ ᥬ ।⠢ ᮡ   ⥪-
       䠩      ASCII  (ਪ᪨  ⠭  
     ଠ樥),  ⮬   ⠪  室  ⥪

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 27 =

     ணࠬ  ᥬ    PRINT,    ⢥
      ᪠ 樮 ⥬ DOS.

                  뢮 ଠ樨  ன⢮ 
     

          ன⢮  (ਭ) -  祭  ன⢮.
        ⮫쪮 ॡ ᯥ ⥪ ணࠬ, 
      ।   ਭ  뢮  ଠ.    
     ணࠬ 뢮 ଠ  ࠭  ਭ:

             .MODEL SMALL
             .STACK 100h
             .DATA
          Message  DB 'ਢ!',13,10,'$'
          Message_Length EQO $ - Message
             .CODE
             mov    ax,@Data
             mov    dx,ax                ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                         ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
             mov    ah,40h               ; 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப
                                         ;  ன⢮
             mov    bx,4                 ; ⥫ ਭ
             mov    cx,Message_Length    ; ᫮ ⠥ ᨬ
             mov    dx,OFFSET Message    ; 뫪  "ਢ!"
             int    21h                  ; 뢥 "ਢ!" ਭ
             mov    ah,4ch               ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                         ; ணࠬ
             int    21h                  ;  ணࠬ
             END

            ᨨ ணࠬ 㭪 DOS 뢮 ப  ࠭
       㭪 DOS,  । ଠ  ࠭
     ன⢮   䠩,   砥 -   ਭ.    
       ணࠬ.  ᬮ,   ⠥  ਭ
     ᫮ "ਢ!". (। ᪮ ணࠬ     -
       襭 ࠡ  ।.   ⮬ ணࠬ 㤥
     ࠭  䠩 HELLO.ASM,   ।  ணࠬ 㤥
     ﭠ.)

            ஢  ணࠬ ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡
       ᭮  뫠 室   ࠭,    ன⢮
     ,   ப:

             mov   bx,4     ; ⥫ ਭ

      ப:

             mov   bx,1     ; ⥫ ⠭⭮ 뢮

           ⠪ ,  ⥬ ᭮ 믮 ४-
         ४  ணࠬ  ।   ᪮. ⨢
     ணࠬ,  㢨,  ᮮ饭   ࠭,    -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 28 =

      ᨬ 㤥 ᪨ ᨬ ॢ ଠ (㦮
      ⨪  - "ઠ ").    ᨬ  ணࠬ
     ।    ਭ,  ⮡ 㤨  ᫥ 뢮 ᮮ饭
     믮 ॢ ࠭,  ᪮  ࠭ ࠭ ,  
     祣    ॢ ଠ   뢮  ࠭ ᨬ-
        ᨬ  .

                  ணࠬ  ࡮ ᥬ
     

            ⮢  ⮬, ⮡    ணࠬ,
      ⢨⥫쭮 - . ୨  ⥪⮢ ।-
        ᫥ ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM:

            .MODEL SMALL
            .STACK 100h
            .DATA
         MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH  EQU  1000
         StringToReverse        DB   MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH  DUP (?)
         ReverseString          DB   MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH  DUP (?)
            .CODE
            mov    ax,@Data
            mov    dx,ax             ; ⠭ ॣ DS ⠪
                                     ; ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠
            mov    ah,3fh            ; 㭪 DOS ⥭ 
            mov    bx,0              ; ⥫ ⠭⭮ 
            mov    cx,MAXIMUM_STRING_LENGTH ;   ᨬ-
                                     ;  ᫠ ᨬ
            mov    dx,OFFSET StringToReverse ; ࠭ ப
            int    21h               ;  ப
            and    ax,ax             ; 뫨 ⠭ ᨬ?
            jz     Done              ; , 
            mov    cx,ax             ;   ப 
                                     ; ॣ ,  
                                     ; ᯮ짮,  稪
            push   cx                ; ࠭  ⥪ 
                                     ; ப
            mov    bx,OFFSET StringToReverse
            mov    si,OFFSET ReverseString
            add    si,cx
            dec    si                ; 㪠뢠   
                                     ; ப
         ReverseLoop:
            mov    al,[bx]           ;  ᫥騩 ᨬ
            mov    [si],al           ; ࠭ ᨬ 
                                     ; ⭮ 浪
            inc    bx                ; 㪠⥫  ᫥騩
                                     ; ᨬ
            dec    si                ; 㪠⥫  ।
                                     ; 祩 buffer
            loop   ReverseLoop       ; ६ ᫥騩
                                     ; ᨬ, ᫨  
            pop    cx                ;   ப

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 29 =

            mov    ax,40h            ; 㭪  DOS
            mov    bx,1              ; ⥫ ⠭⭮
                                     ; 뢮
            mov    dx,OFFSET ReverceString ;  ப
         Done:
            mov    ah,4ch            ; 㭪 DOS 襭
                                     ; ணࠬ
            int    21h               ;  ணࠬ
            END

            㢨,  ᬮ   ணࠬ.  -
         ࠭ (  REVERSE.ASM).



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 30 =

                       ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM
     

           ᪠ ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM    ᭠砫  ᥬ-
     ஢ :

          TASM reverse

      ⥬ :

          TLINK reverse

      ᮧ 믮塞 䠩.  ணࠬ,   -
       ᪠ DOS ᫮ reverse.  砥 뢮  ᥬ-
     ஢ ᮮ饭  訡, ⥫쭮 ஢ 室 ,
     ࠢ   ਢ ⥪⮬,  ⥬ ⠩ 
     .

          ᫥ ᪠ ணࠬ  ࠭ ⠭  騩  -
     . 祢, ணࠬ ,   - . -
     ஡ :

          ABCDEFG

      ⥬   ENTER. ணࠬ 뢥  ࠭:

          GFEDCBA

       ࠡ.

           ᭮,   ணࠬ REVERSE.ASM:   
     冷  ᨬ   ப  .  ࠡ
      ப  ᨬ -    ⥩,     ᥬ-
       ॢ室   ᢮ ⢠.  㢨  
     ᫥ ᪮쪨 .

            ࠢ!  ⮫쪮  , ᥬ஢  
     ᪮  ᪮쪮  ணࠬ  ᥬ , ⠪ ࠧ,
       ⢨  ᭮ ணࠬ஢   ᥬ-
     : , ࠡ⪮   뢮.

          ᫨    ᮧ ꥪ 䠩,    -
      䠩 ⨭,  ᫨    䠩 ४
     뫮,    ᮧ 䠩 ⨭  ꥪ  䠩,
         ⢥    䠩  ⮥  (㫥)  ன⢮
     (NULL). ਬ, :

          TASM FILE1,,NUL,

     ᥬ 䠩 FILE1.ASM  ꥪ 䠩 FILE1.OBJ,  ᮧ-
      䠩 ⨭,  ᮧ 䠩 ४ 뫮 FILE1.XRF.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 31 =

                        ᥬ
     

           騥   ⥫⢠       த⠬  
     Borland ॢ室 ,  ।祭   㣠 -
     ⥫ -  稭 짮⥫  ,   -
       ࠡ.  ਢ ᪮쪮    ,    
        ⥫ ଠ  ࡮ ᥬ,  ࡮
     ⫠稪  ࡮ 䠩:

          Ackerman, Charles. Turbo Debugger and Tools: A Self-Teaching
          Guide, John Wiley and Sons (New York: 1990).

          Swan, Tom.  Mastering Turbo Assembler.  Indianapolis: Hayden
          Books, 1989.

          Swan, Tom.  Mastering Turbo Debugger and  Tools.  Howard  W.
          Sams and Co. (Carnel, IN: 1990).

          Syck, Gary.  The   Waite  Group's  Turbo   Assembler  Bible,
          Howard W. Sams and Co. (Carmel, IN: 1990).






     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 32 =

               2. ᯮ짮 ४⨢  ࠬ஢
     

                 易⥫묨  ࠬࠬ
      ப ࡮ ᥬ.   襬  ࠬ -
      ப,     ᯮ짮   ⮣,  ⮡
       ᥬ,   ,    ᯮ
      䠩. ,  襬 ⠪ 䠩 䨣樨  ,
       ࠢ 뢮 ।० ᮮ饭  ᮮ饭
      訡.


                      ࡮ ᥬ  DOS
     

           ਡ⨢ ᪠ 室  ᨨ ࡮  ᥬ-
      - TASM.EXE  TASMX.EXE. ᯮ㥬    ⮣,
       㦭 ᤥ.

                ਬ砭: TASMX  ᫥   ᥬ஢
           祭  㫥.

          ࡮ ᥬ TASMX      饭  ०
     Microsoft  Windows 3.0     Windows DOS,  ᫨
      ⨫ Windows  襭 ० 386.  ᯮ TASMX,
     ᫨    让 ꥬ ७ ,   ॡ-
      ᥬ஢ 祭 訥 㫨. TASMX ॡ  
       ᪠    䠩,  DPMILOAD.EXE,   ⠪
     ⠢  ਡ⨢ ᪠.  (  ⪥  믮
     TASMX  㣮 ।,   MS-Windows  襭 ० 386,
     TASMX ⠥ ᯮ짮 ⠢塞  ࡮ ᥬ஬ -
      DPMI - প 䥩 饭 ० DOS.   -
       ᯮ짮 TASMX  設  ࠬ  286  
     386  稨 ७ .)

                ਬ砭: TASM  ᫥  롨    ⮣,  ⮡
             ᪮ 믮 ᥬ஢.

          ᫨   㦭 ᥬ஢ 祭 訥 㫨,  ᫥-
        TASM.    ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ⠥ ࠢ-
     ⥫쭮 ॥,  祬 TASMX.  ⠪   TASM, -
         Windows DOS.

           ᨨ ࡮ ᥬ  祭    ᨭ-
     ⠪  ப. ᫨  ᪥ ࡮ ᥬ  -
       㬥⮢, ਬ:

          TASM

     

          TASMX


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 33 =

      㤥 뢥 ࠭   ᯮ⥫  ᠭ  ࠬ஢
       ப  ᨭ⠪   ᥬ㥬 䠩.
      . 2.1   ࠭. ࠬ   ᨭ⠪  TASM
     ⠪ .

     
     Turbo Assembler Version 3.0 Copyright (C) 1988,1991
                               by Borland International, Inc
     Usage:

     TASM [ࠬ] _䠩 [,ꥪ_䠩] [,⨭] [,_뫪]

     /a,/s         冷稢  ᥣ⮢    䠢⭮  浪
                    浪 室 

     /c              ⨭ ४ 뫮

     /dSYM[=VAL]   । SYM = 0  SYM = VAL

     /e,/r         㫨㥬  ⢨⥫ 樨  -
                   饩 窮

     /h,/?         뢮  ࠢ筠 ଠ

     /iPATH        砥 䠩   ,  ।塞
                   PATH

     /jCMD         ।  砫 ४⨢ ᥬ CMD (-
                   ਬ, jIDEAL)

     /kh#          魮 -⠡ #

     /l,/la         ⨭: l= ⨭, la=७-
                   

     /ml,/mx,/mu   稬  ॣ 㪢 䨪஢:
                   ml=, mx=, mu= ࠧ

     /mv#          ⠭ ᨬ쭮 ⨬   -
                   䨪஢

     /m#             믮 # 室  ࠧ襭 -
                    ।

     /n              ⨭ ⠡ 䨪஢

     /o,/op          ૥  , 32-ࠧ來 䨪-
                      騪 Phar Lap.

     /q             ᥩ 䠩 .OBJ,  㦭    -
                   

     /p            ஢ઠ ४ ᥣ    饭 -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 34 =

                   

     /t             ᮮ饭  ᯥ譮 ᥬ஢

     /w0,/w1,/w2     ஢ ।०:  w0 -    ।-
                   ०, w1  w2 -  ।०

     /w-xxx,/w+xxx 饭  ࠧ襭 ।० xxx

     /x            祭  ⨭  ᫮ ᥬ஢-
                   

     /z            뢥   ᯫ ப 室 ⥪  ᮮ-
                   饭  訡.

     /zi,/zd,/zn   ଠ  䨪  ⫠:  zi=-
                   , zd=⮫쪮   ப, zn=.
     

          . 2.1  ப ࡮  ᥬ

            ࠬ஢  ப    
         ᪮쪨 ᥬ㥬 䠩,  ⠪ ࠬ,
     ࠢ騥   ᥬ஢.    ᫥  ࠣ 
     뫪  TASM ⭮  ⠪    TASMX.  ᫨    ᯮ
     TASMX,  ⠢    TASM TASMX.

          騩   ப 룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          TASM 䠩 [; 䠩]...

          窠  ⮩ ᫥  ⭮ ᪮   
          ப ᥬ஢ ᪮쪮 㯯 䠩.
             㯯  䠩  ࠧ
     ࠬ,  ਬ:

          TASM /e FILE1; /a FILE2

           䠩 FILE1.ASM ᥬ   ࠬ஬  
     ப /e,  䠩 FILE2.ASM -  ࠬ஬  ப /a.

           饬 砥 㯯 䠩   ப   
     :

          [ࠬ]..._䠩 [[+] 室_䠩]...
                   [,[ꥪ_䠩] [, [䠩_⨭],
                   [, [䠩_४_뫮]]

           ᨭ⠪ 뢠,  㯯 䠩  稭-
        ࠬ,    ਬ  ⨬ 䠩,
      ⥬  ᫥ 䠩,     ᥬ஢.
       䠩   ⤥쭮  䠩,     -
     짮   ᨬ DOS  *    ?    

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 35 =

     㯯 ᥬ㥬 䠩. ᫨ ७  䠩  㪠-
     ,  ࡮ ᥬ  ७ .ASM.  ਬ,  
     ᥬ஢  䠩  ७ .ASM  ⥪饬 ⠫
      :

          TASM *

          ᫨   ᥬ஢  ᪮쪮  䠩,    
      ࠧ   (+):

          TASM MYFILE1 + MYFILE2

             ᥬ㥬 䠩   易⥫
      ꥪ⭮ 䠩,  䠩 ⨭  䠩 ४ -
     . ᫨     ꥪ⭮ 䠩  䠩 ४-
      뫮,   ࡮ ᥬ ᮧ ꥪ 䠩   ⥬  
     ,    䠩 室 ⥪  ७ .OBJ.

           ⨭  㤥 ᮧ,        -
       ᮧ.  ⮡   ⨭,    ᫥
       ꥪ⭮ 䠩      䠩 ⨭. ᫨
        䠩 ⨭ ,  ࡮ ᥬ ᮧ  
     䠩    ⥬   ,     室 䠩,   ७
     .LST.  ᫨     䠩 ⨭,   ७, 
      㤥 ਡ ७ .LST.

           ४  뫮   㤥 ᮧ,     
           ᮧ.  ⮡    ४
     뫪,  ᫥  䠩 ⨭     
     䠩 ४ 뫮.  ᫨    䠩 ४
     뫮  ,  ࡮ ᥬ ᮧ  䠩  ⥬  ,
        室 䠩,   ७ .XRF.  ᫨    
      䠩 ४ 뫮,    ७,    㤥
     ਡ ७ .XRF. ᠭ ࠡ  䠩 ४
     뫮    ⨫  ४ 뫮 (TCREF)
     室  ᪥.

          ᫨   ਭ  ꥪ⭮ 䠩   㬮砭 
       ⮬   䠩 ⨭,     ,
      筮 ⤥  ꥪ⭮ 䠩   䠩  -
     ⨭:

          TASM FILE1,,TEST

           ப 맮 ᥬ஢ 䠩 FILE1.ASM  ꥪ-
      䠩 FILE1.OBJ  ᮧ 䠩 ⨭ TEST.LST.

          ᫨   ਭ  㬮砭  ꥪ⭮ 䠩 
     䠩  ⨭,    ⠪   ᮧ 䠩 ४
     뫮,      ப ,  筮 ⤥騥
      :

          TASM MYFILE,,,MYXREF

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 36 =


           ⮩     䠩  MYFILE.ASM  ᥬ    䠩
     MYFILE.OBJ,  ⨭ 뢮  䠩   MYFILE.LST,   -
     ४ 뫪 -  䠩 MYXREF.XRF.

          ᫨  ᯥ䨪樨 ᥬ㥬 室 䠩   -
         ᨬ,    ᯮ짮 ⠪ 
       䠩 ⨭  ꥪ⭮ 䠩. ਬ, ᫨  
     ⥪饬 ⠫ ᮤঠ 䠩 XX1.ASM  XX2.ASM,  
     ப:

          TASM XX*,YY*

     ᥬ  䠩, 稭騥  㪢 XX,  ꥪ-
       䠩,       稭  YY,   ⠫
       ନ  ᮮ⢥⢨     室  䠩.
     騥 ꥪ 䠩 , ⠪ ࠧ,  YY1,
     OBJ  YY2.OBJ.

          ᫨    ᮧ ꥪ 䠩,    -
      䠩 ⨭,  ᫨    䠩 ४
     뫮,    ᮧ 䠩 ⨭  ꥪ  䠩,
        ⢥  䠩  㫥 (䨪⨢) ன-
     ⢮. ਬ:

          TASM FILE1,,NUL,

            ᥬ 䠩  FILE1.ASM    ꥪ  䠩
     FILE1.OBJ.   ⮬ 䠩 ⨭  ᮧ,  ᮧ 䠩
     ४ 뫮 FILE1.XRF.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 37 =

                       ࠬ  ப
     

          易⥫ ࠬ  ப    -
     ࠢ   ᥬ  ⥬,  ଠ  뢮
      ࠭,  ⨭  ꥪ 䠩.  ࡮ ᥬ  ।-
     ७    ࠬ,    믮  -
     ⢨,   ᯮ  ⮫쪮    ᮢ⨬ ⥪饩 ᨨ
     TASM     ।騬   ﬨ   MASM   (஠ᥬ   
     Microsoft):

         1 0/b         ࠧ 
        1  0/v        뢮  ࠭ ⥫ ⨪

              ࠬ,  ।⠢騥  ᮡ  
      㪢  孥   ॣ. ஬ ⮣, ࠬ-
          浪 (஬ ࠬ஢ /I  /J), 
        ⮬ ࠡ뢠 ᫥⥫쭮.  ᯮ짮
     ࠬ /d 㦭  ⥫: 䨪  ।-
       ⮣,    ᯮ짮  ᫥ ࠬ
     /d.

                ਬ砭:    ४⨢,  㪠  室
           ,   ⬥   ࠬ ᥬ-
           .

           .  2.1 (.  ) ਢ   ᯨ᮪  ࠬ஢
     ࡮ ᥬ.   ࠬ ᠭ ஡.

         ࠬ /A
     

          㭪:  㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  䠢.

          ⠪: /A

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /A 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  ᥣ-
       ꥪ⭮ 䠩   ࠧ饭  䠢⭮ -
     .  ⭮  ᯮ짮    室    ४⨢
     .ALPHA.

          ⨬ ࠬ஬ 筮 室 짮 ⮣,  
         ᥬ஢  室  䠩, ᠭ  ࠭
     ᨩ ᥬ஢  Microsoft  IBM.

          ࠬ /S  ⢨  ࠬ  ⭮,
     ࠭  ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᫥⥫쭮 㯮冷稢-
      ᥣ⮢.

          ᫨  室 䠩       ४⨢  .SEQ
     ᫥⥫쭮  㯮冷稢  ᥣ⮢,    ⬥ -
     ⢨ ࠬ /A,    ப.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 38 =

          ਬ:

          TASM /A TEST1

            ப ᮧ  ꥪ  䠩  TEST1.OBJ,
     ᥣ ண 㯮冷稢  䠢⭮ 浪.

        ࠬ /B
     

          ⠪: /B

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /B ᯮ  楫 ᮢ⨬ 
     㣨 ﬨ.   ਢ    ⢨   -
      ﭨ  ᥬ஢.


        ࠬ /C
     

          㭪: 蠥   ⨭ ४ 뫪.

          ⠪: /C

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /C ࠧ蠥 祭  䠩  ⨭
     ଠ樨    ४ 뫪. ࡮ ᥬ 砥 -
     ଠ  ४ 뫪  ⠡ 䨪஢  
     䠩 ⨭. ⮡  ଠ  ४ 뫪,
      㦭 ⠪     ப 䠩 ⨭  
     ᯮ짮   ࠧ襭 ନ஢ 䠩 ⨭ ࠬ
     /L.

            䨪  ४ 뫪 㪠뢠-
       ப,    ன  ।   ப,   
      뫪.

          ਬ:

          TASM /l /c TEST1

            ᮧ 䠩 ⨭,   ⠡ 䨪-
     ஢ ண ᮤন ଠ  ४ 뫪.

        ࠬ /D
     

          㭪: । 䨪.

          ⠪: /D䨪[=祭  ࠦ]

          ਬ砭: ࠬ  /D । 䨪  室-
       䠩,  筮  ⠪,   ᫨   ।  ࢮ
     ப 室 䠩   ४⨢ =.    ப

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 39 =

      ࠬ  ᯮ짮  ᫮ ࠧ.

            ⮫쪮 ।  䨪,  ࠢ  㣮
     䨪,    ﭭ  祭.  ࠢ   -
     ⢠ (=)  ᪠ ᯮ짮 ࠦ    ﬨ.
     ਬ,  ⨬ /DX=9  /DX=Y,  ࠬ /DX=Y-4  -
     .

          ਬ:

          TASM /DMAX=10 /DMIN=2 TEST1

             ப  ।    䨪
     MAX  MIN,    뫠 㣨   室
     䠩 TEST1.ASM.

        ࠬ /E
     

          㭪:  樨 樨 ࠡ    饩
     窮.

          ⠪: /E

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /E 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
      ஢ 樨 ࠡ  饩 窮,  -
      믮     ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  (
     権    饩  窮).  ᯮ  ࠬ, ᫨
      ணࠬ ᮤন ⥪ 樨  ࠡ    饩
     窮,    㫨  㭪樨 䬥᪮ ᮯ
     8087.

          筮  ࠬ ᫥ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⮬  -
     砥, ᫨    ᥬ   ணࠬ, -
     ᠭ  몥 ᮪ ஢,  ன ᯮ -
     ⥪ 樨 ࠡ  饩 窮 ( 権  -
     饩 窮 ন   Borland  C++,  ࡮  ,
     ࡮ ᪠,  ࡮ ᨪ  ࡮ ஫).    
     ᪮ ணࠬ  ᥬ  ⥪  樨, ⠪
      ।,   ⥪  樠஢ -
     砫  .

          ࠬ /R  ⢨  ࠬ  ⭮,
     ࠧ  ᥬ஢  ⢨⥫  権  饩
     窮,   믮 䬥᪨ ᮯ஬.

          ᫨  室 䠩  ᯮ  ४⨢  NOEMUL,  
      ⬥ ⢨ ࠬ /E   ப.

          ࠬ  ப /E 뢠   ⢨,  
     ᯮ짮   砫 室 䠩 ४⨢ EMUL,  -
     ⭮ ࠬ  ப /JEMUL.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 40 =

          ਬ:

          TASM /E SEGANT
          TCC -f TRIG.C SEGANT.OBJ

          ࢠ  ப ᥬ     㫨㥬묨
     ﬨ  饩 窮.   ப -
       몠   樥 権   饩  窮  
     ⥬    ꥪ 䠩 ᥬ.

         ࠬ /H  /?
     

          㭪: 뢮  ࠭ ᯫ ࠢ ଠ.

          ⠪: /H  /?

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /H 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    
     ࠭  ᯫ  㦭  뢥 ࠢ ଠ, 뢠
     ᨭ⠪  ப.  ࠢ筠 ଠ 砥  
     ᥡ  ᯨ᮪  ࠬ஢,  ⠪ ࠧ   䠩-
     . ࠬ /?    ᠬ.

          ਬ:

            TASM /h

         ࠬ /I
     

          㭪:   㯠  砥 䠩.

          ⠪: /I

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /I 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
      ᪠ 䠩, 砥  室 䠩  ४⨢ INCLUDE.
       ப  㪠 ᪮쪮 ࠬ஢ /I ( -
      ࠭祭 ⮫쪮 ࠧࠬ ⨢ ).

           ࡮ ᥬ  㦨  ४⨢  INCLUDE,  
     ,    㤥 ᪠ 砥 䠩 । ⥬, -
        䠩  ४⨢ INCLUDE ⮬ 㯠  -
     ,     䠩.

          ᫨   ⢥   䠩 㪠뢠 ,  
     ᭠砫  ⪠ ᪠   ,  ⥬ -
      ᥬ  믮   ⠫,    ࠬ
      ப /I ( ⮬ 浪,    㪠   
     ப). ⥬    䠩  ᥬ ⠫,    -
      /I 䠩 䨣樨.

          ᫨  ᯥ䨪樨  䠩   㪠뢠 , 
     ࡮  ᥬ  믮 ᭠砫   ⠫,  

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 41 =

     ࠬ  ப /I, ⥬ -  ⠫,    
     ࠬ /I 䠩 䨣樨, , ,  ⥪饬 ⠫.

          ਬ:

            TASM /I\INCLUDE /ID:\INCLUDE TEST1

          ᫨ 室 䠩 ᮤন :

            INCLUDE MYMACS.INC

      ࡮ ᥬ ᭠砫  䠩  \INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC,  ⥬
     D:\INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC.  ᫨        襫  䠩,    䠩
       MYMACS.INC   ⥪饬 ⠫. ᫨   室
     䠩 ᮤঠ :

            INCLUDE INCS\MYMACS.INC

        ࡮   ᥬ   ᭠砫   ᪠      砥   䠩
     \INCS\MYMACS.INC,    ⥬    \INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC,   ,   
     D:\INCLUDE\MYMACS.INC.

        ࠬ /J
     

          㭪: । ४⨢ 樠樨 ᥬ.

          ⠪: /J४⨢

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /J   ।  ४⨢,
       㤥  ᥬ஢  ।  ࢮ ப 室
     䠩. "४⨢"  ।⠢ ᮡ  ४⨢ ࡮
     ᥬ,    ॡ  㬥⮢,  ਬ,  .286,  IDEAL,
     %MACS, NOJUMP  ..  ᠭ  ४⨢  ࡮  ᥬ
     ᮤন  ᮮ⢥饩 .

            ப   㪠    ࠬ
     /J.  ⮬   ࠡ⠭ ᫥ ࠢ.

          ਬ:

          TASM /J.286 .JIDEAL TEST1

           ⮬ ᥬ 䠩 TEST1.ASM  ࠧ襭묨  -
     ﬨ    80286  ࠧ襭 ᨭ⠪᪮ 
     ࠦ  ० IDEAL.

        ࠬ /KH
     

          㭪:  ᨬ쭮 ⨬  ᫮  䨪-
     ஢.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 42 =

          ⠪: /KHn䨪஢

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /KH  ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ᫮
     䨪஢,  ஥    ᮤঠ ணࠬ. ᫨  
     ᯮ  ࠬ,  ணࠬ  ᮤঠ ⮫-
        8192 䨪஢. ᯮ짮 ⮣ ࠬ -
      㢥  ᫮ 䨪஢  祭 "n䨪-
     ஢" ( 祭   ॢ 32768).

          ᯮ  ࠬ, ᫨  ᥬ஢  ண-
     ࠬ   砥  ᮮ饭  "Out  of  hash  space" ("୮
     ࠭⢮ ௠").

           ࠬ  ⠪ ᯮ짮  㬥襭  -
     饣  ᫠ 䨪஢  祭, 襣 祭 
     㬮砭 (8192).    ᢮  ஥  ⢮
     ,      ,   ⠥ ᥬ-
     ஢ ணࠬ,     墠⠥ .

          ਬ:

          TASM /KH10000 BIGFILE

            ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,   ᥬ஢-
      䠩 BIGFILE 㦭 १ࢨ஢   10000  -
     䨪஢.

        ࠬ /L
     

          㭪:  䠩 ⨭.

          ⠪: /L

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /L 㪠뢠,        ᮧ
     䠩  ⨭,    ᫨        ப
     .  ⨭    ,   室 䠩,   -
     ७ .LST.

          ਬ:

          TASM /L TEST1

            ப ਢ  ᮧ 䠩 ⨭ 
      TEST1.LST.

        ࠬ /LA
     

          㭪: 뢠  室 䠩  䥩  몮
     ᮪ ஢.

          ⠪: /LA

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 43 =


          ਬ砭: ࠬ /LA 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    
     䠩 ⨭ 㦭 ࠧ  㥬 ,  ,
        १ ४⨢ 몠 ᮪ ஢
     .MODEL.

          ਬ:

          TASM /LA FILE1

        ࠬ /M
     

          㭪: ⠭ ᨬ쭮 ᫮ 室 ᥬ-
     .

          ⠪: /M[᫮_室]

          ਬ砭: 筮 ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ⠥   室-
       ᥬ.  ࠬ  /m   ᨬ쭮 ᫮
     室,  ஥ ᥬ 믮   ᥬ஢.
     TASM ⮬᪨ ।  砨,  䠪᪨ ॡ-
      ᫮ 室  . ᫨ ᨬ쭮 ᫮ -
     室  ,   㬮砭  ࠢ .

           㫨  ᮤঠ 樨,   
     ࠢ쭮 ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮      室,    
        㤠 樨 NOP,   ᥬ஬
     - ० 뫮.  ᫨ ⢥ 室  ࠧ-
     ,   ⠪  㤥 뤠    ।०
     "Pass-dependent construction encountered"  ("祭  -
     ,      ᫠ 室").    ࠬ /m
     ࡮ ᥬ ᬮ ᥬ஢ ⠪ ,   ᬮ 
     ⨬஢   㤠   NOP,  ᨬ 
     ᫠  室.   ⮬ 砥 㤥 뤠 ।०-
       "Module  is  pass  dependent  - compatibility pass was done"
     (" ᨬ  ᫠ 室 - ᤥ 室   ᯥ-
      ᮢ⨬").

          ਬ:

          TASM /M2 TEST1

           ப  ⠢  ࡮  ᥬ    ᥬ஢
     ணࠬ TEST1 믮  室.

        ࠬ /ML
     

          㭪:  ࠧ稥  ॣ 㪢  -
     ஢.

          ⠪: /ML

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 44 =


          ਬ砭: ࠬ /ML 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,   
       䨪  㦭  ࠧ  㪢  ࠧ  ॣ
     (  ய). 筮    ய  㪢  -
     ᬠਢ,    , ⮬  ABCxyz, ABCXYZ 
     abcxyz      䨪.  ᫨    
     ࠬ /ML,    䨪   ࠧ-
     .   ,  ᫥  ࠬ /ML 祢 ᫮
     ᥬ      孥, ⠪    ॣ.
     祢 ᫮ ।⠢ ᮡ  䨪,  ஥  
     ᥬ,   ᯥ樠쭮 祭 ( -
     権, ४⨢  ).

          ਬ:

          TASM /ML TEST1

      TEST1.ASM ᮤন ᫥騥 :

      ABC   DW   1
      abc   DW   0          ;   㡫騩 䨪
            Mov  Ax,[Bp]    ;  祢 ᫮ ᪠ ᯮ짮-
                            ;  ࠧ ॣ

           㫥 ᪠ ࠬ-४⥫ /ml  ᯮ짮-
        ᮢ⭮  ࠬ஬ /mx  ᯥ樠쭮 祭.
     ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠  ᠭ ࠬ /mx.

        ࠬ /MU
     

          㭪: ८ࠧ 䨪  孨 ॣ.

          ⠪: /MU

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /MU 㪠뢠 ᥬ,  㦭 -
     ஢  ॣ   䨪.  㬮砭  ࡮
     ᥬ ,   䨪   㪢    -
         ८ࠧ뢠   孨 ॣ (᫨  
     ⬥   ४⨢ /ML).

          ਬ:

          TASM /MU TEST1

      ⮬  䨪  ८ࠧ  孨 ॣ
     (   㬮砭):

                 EXTRN  myfunc:NEAR
                 call   myfunc       ;  ,  뫠
                                     ; । 㭪:
                                     ; MYFUNC, Myfun,...


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 45 =

        ࠬ /MV#
     

          㭪: ⠭ ᨬ   䨪-
     ஢.

          ⠪: /MV#

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /mv# ⠭  ᨬ  
     ᯮ  TASM   䨪஢. ਬ, ᫨ 
     /mv12,   TASM  㤥  ᬠਢ     ABCDEFGHIJKLL.   
     ABCDEFGHIJKL       ABCDEFGHIJKLL. ⨬,  -
     쭮 祭, ஥    , ࠢ 12.

        ࠬ /MX
     

          㭪:  ࠧ稬     ய -
       (孨   ॣ)  譨  饤㯭 -
     䨪.

          ⠪: /MX

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /MX ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,  ࠧ-
      ॣ 㪢 㦭 ⮫쪮  譨 (External)  饤-
     㯭 (Public) 䨪.  㣨 䨪   -
     室  䠩    ஢,  ࠭  孥
     ॣ.

          ᯮ짮  ४⨢ ᫥  맮 楤 
     㣨 㫥,  ᥬ஢  ஢ ⠪,
      ࠭ ࠧ稥    ய 㪢 (ਬ,
     㫥,  ஢  Borland C++).

          ਬ:

          TASM /MX TEST1

      TEST1 ᮤন ᫥騥 室 ப:

          EXTRN Cfunc:NEAR
          myproc PROC NEAR
          call Cfunc
          .
          .
          .

                砭: ᯮ짮  ࠬ஢ /mx    /ml
            䨪஢, ᠭ  ᪠,  ᯥ樠쭮
           祭. ᫨  ᯮ  ࠬ , -
           䨪  㯭 騪,  ᨬ  孥
           ॣ.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 46 =

        ࠬ /N
     

          㭪:   䠩 ⨭ ⠡ 䨪஢.

          ⠪: /N

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /N 뢠,     䠩  -
     ⨭     ᯮ짮  ⠡ 䨪஢.
     筮   䠩 ⨭ ᮤন  ⠡ -
     ஢,    䨪,    祭.

             䠩 ⨭   ࠧ (  -
      ப),    ࠬ /L.  ⨢ 砥 -
     ࠬ /N  ਢ    ⢨.

          ਬ:

            TASM /L /N TEST1

           ⮬  䠩 ⨭,  뢠 ⮫쪮
     㥬   祭  䨪஢.

        ࠬ /O
     

          㭪:  ૥ .

          ⠪: /O

          ਬ砭:  ࠬ  ப  /o  뢠
      ૥-ᮢ⨬ ᮢ 䨪樨.    ᯮ-
      뫪 386  ᥣ⠬ USE32    믮,  ⠪
        ਢ  ࠢ쭮 ࠡ 騪.

        ࠬ /OP
     

          㭪:   ૥      騪 Phar
     Lap.

          ⠪: /OP

          ਬ砭:  ࠬ  ப  /o  뢠
      ૥-ᮢ⨬ ᮢ 䨪樨  騪
     Phar Lap. 祭 ꥪ 䠩  㤥 ᮢ⨬  -
     騪  Borland TLINK.

        ࠬ /P
     

          㭪: ஢ 稥 "   묨  䥪⠬"  
     饭 ०.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 47 =


          ⠪: /P

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /P ।,      
     ।०      樨, 饩  饭
     ०      " 䥪⮬" (impure code).  -
     樨,  ६騥    ⥬ ८।  -
      CS:  饭 ० ᬠਢ,  ४,
     ᪮   饭 ०  ࠡ ୮, ᫨ 
     ਭ ᯥ樠 .

           ࠬ 㦭 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⮬  砥,  ᫨
       ணࠬ,  믮塞   80286,  i486  
     80386  饭 ०.

          ਬ:

          TASM /P TEST1

      TEST1 ᮤন ᫥騥 :

               .286P
       CODE    SEGMENT
       temp    DW    ?
               mov   CS:temp,0   ;  饭  ०    믮-
                                 ;  ४⭮

        ࠬ /Q
     

          㭪:  뢮 ᥩ  ꥪ⭮  䠩  (.OBJ),
     㦭  .

          ⠪: /Q

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /q 㤠  १饣 ꥪ⭮-
      䠩   ᪨ ࠢ    ᨬ  䠩,
     㬥 ⥬ ᠬ  ࠧ.   ࠬ  ᫥ 
      ᯮ짮 ணࠬ MAKE  筮 ணࠬ, ࠡ-
      ன ᭮뢠   ᨬ⥩.

        ࠬ /R
     

          㭪:  ॠ 樨  饩 窮.

          ⠪: /R

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /R 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
       ஢  ॠ  樨  饩 窮 (
     樨 㫨㥬 権  饩 窮). ᯮ
       ࠬ,  ᫨   믮 ᢮ ணࠬ  -
     , ᭠饭 䬥᪨ ᮯ஬ 8087.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 48 =


          ⢨  ࠬ   ⭮  ࠬ  /E
     (  ⮬    㫨㥬 樨  饩 -
     ).

          ᫨  室 䠩  ᯮ ४⨢ EMUL,   
     ⬥ ⢨ 樨 /R, 㪠   ப.

          ࠬ  ப /R    䥪,    -
     짮  砫 室 䠩 ४⨢ NOEMUL  ᮢ
      ⢨ ࠬ  ப /JNOEMUL.

          ਬ:

            TASM /R SEGANT
            TPC /$N+ /$E- TRIG.PAS

          ࢠ  ᥬ   ॠ묨  ﬨ
       饩 窮.   ப  室
      ᪠  ॠ묨 ﬨ  饩 窮, -
        ꥪ 䠩 ᥬ.

        ࠬ /S
     

          㭪:  ᫥⥫쭮 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢.

          ⠪: /S

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /S 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  ᥣ-
       ꥪ⭮ 䠩 㦭 ࠧ  ⮬ 浪,  ஬
     ࡮ ᥬ 㦨    室  .    㬮砭
     ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ  ⠪ 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢,
     ᫨       ࠬ /A   ப
       䠩 䨣樨.

          ᫨   ४⨢ .ALPHA  室      
     㯮冷稢  ᥣ⮢   䠢⭮ 浪,   ४⨢
     ⬥ ࠬ /S,    ப.

          ਬ:

          TASM /S TEST1

             ᮧ ꥪ 䠩 (TEST1.OBJ), ᥣ-
       ண  㯮冷祭   ⮬ 浪,   ᮤঠ 
     室 䠩.

        ࠬ /T
     

          㭪:  뢮 ᮮ饭  ᫮  ᥬ-
     .

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 49 =


          ⠪: /T

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /T   뢮 ࡮ ᥬ-
     ஬   ࠭ ଠ,  ஬ ।०  ᮮ饭 
     訡,   १ ᥬ஢.

            ᯮ짮  ࠬ    ᥬ஢
     ᪮쪨 㫥,   ࠭ ⥫쭮 뢮 ⮫쪮 -
     饭  訡.

          ਬ:

            TASM /T TEST1

        ࠬ /V
     

          ⠪: /V

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /V ᯮ  楫  ᮢ⨬.
       ਢ    ⢨   뢠 ﭨ  -
     ᥬ஢.

        ࠬ /W
     

          㭪: ࠢ 樥 ।० ᮮ饭.

          ⠪: /W
                      W-[_।०]
                      W+[_।०]

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /W ࠢ 뢮 ࡮  ᥬ஬
     ।० ᮮ饭.

          ᫨   㪠  ࠬ  /W,      뢮
     "᫠"  ।०.  ।० 뢠,  
      ᪮쪮  䥪⨢ 襩 ணࠬ.

          ᫨   ࠬ /W-   ।०,  
       ।०  .  ᫨  ࠬ஬ 㪠뢠
      ।०,   ⮫쪮    ।०.
       ।०饥  ᮮ饭    䨪   
     㪢:

          ALN  - ࠢ ᥣ  .
          ASS  - ࠧ㬥 ᯮ짮 16-ࠧ來 ᥣ;
          BRK  - ॡ  ᪮;
          ICG  - 䥪⨢  ;
          LCO  - ९ 稪 ;
          OPI  -   ᫮ IF;
          OPP  -  楤;

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 50 =

          OPS  -  ᥣ;
          OVF  - 䬥᪮ ९;
          PDC  - ,   室;
          PQK  - । ⠭  ।० [const].
          PRO  -     饭 ० ॡ
                 ८। ॣ CS.
          RES  - ।०  १ࢨ㥬 ᫮.
          TPI  - ।०  ⨬  ࡮ ᪠.

          ᫨  㪠뢠 ࠬ /W+     ।०,
         ।०  ࠧ襭. ᫨   ࠬ
     /W+  ᮬ ।०  ।饣 ᯨ᪠,   ࠧ-
     襭 ⮫쪮  ।०.

           㬮砭 ࡮ ᥬ ᭠砫 稭  ᥬ஢-
      室 䠩  ࠧ襭  ।०, ஬ -
     ०  䥪⨢  (ICG)  ।०  -
         饭 ० (PRO).

           ࠢ 뢮 ।  ᮮ饭    
     ⪥ ணࠬ  䠩  室    ᯮ짮
     ४⨢ WARN  NOWARN.  ஡   ४⨢ -
     ᪠뢠  , 饭 ४⨢.

          ਬ:

          TASM /W TEST1

          騩   TEST1.ASM 뢥 ।०饥 ᮮ-
     饭, ஥    ࠭, ᫨  㪠 ࠬ /W:

              mov   bx,ABC     ; ।०  䥪⨢ 
              ABC   = 1

             ப:

          TASM /W-OVF TEST2

     ᫨ TEST2.ASM ᮤন:

              DW   1000h = 20h

     ।० ஢  .

        ࠬ /X
     

          㭪: 砥  ⨭  ᫮ ᥬ஢.

          ⠪: /X

          ਬ砭: ᫨  ᫥  IF, IFNDEF,  IFDEF  
     ..  砥  祭 FALSE,  ࠬ /X ਢ  ⮬,

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 51 =

      , ᮤঠ騥  ᫮ ,  -
       ⨭ ᥬ஢.   ४⨢  ⨭ 
     ⠪ 祭 ᠬ ४⨢ ᫮  ᥬ஢  (筮
       ⨭  ).

              ப    ࠬ /L  -
      ⠪ 室 樨 䠩 ⨭,  ࠬ
     /X ⢮  㤥.

           ८। ࠬ /x   ᯮ짮  -
     ४⨢ .LFCOND, .SFCOND  .TFCOND.

          ਬ:

            TASM /X TEST1

        ࠬ /Z
     

          㭪: 뢮  ࠭   ᮮ饭ﬨ  訡 -
     ⢥騥 ப 室 ⥪.

          ⠪: /Z

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /Z 㪠뢠 ᥬ,    -
     樨  ᮮ饭  訡  ࠭ 㦭 뢥 ᮮ⢥
     ப 室 䠩 (  訡 ). 맢 訡-
       ப  뢮  । ᮮ饭  訡.  饭
      ࠬ ࡮ ᥬ  뢮 ᮮ饭,  -
     뢠饥 訡.

          ਬ:

            TASM /Z TEST1

        ࠬ /ZD
     

          㭪: 蠥 祭  ꥪ 䠩 ଠ樨  
      ப.

          ⠪: /ZD

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /ZD ਢ  ⮬,   ࡮ ᥬ-
       㤥   ꥪ 䠩 ଠ   ப.
       ⮭ ⫠稪  Borland (࡮ ⫠-
     ) 뢮  ࠭ ⥪饥   室 ,   -
       ⢫   ⠬ .

          ᫨  ⪥ ⫠ ணࠬ   ࡮ ⫠稪
       墠 ,   ᯮ짮 ࠬ /ZD  -
      㫥  ࠬ /ZI -  㣨.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 52 =

          ਬ:

            TASM /ZD TEST1

        ࠬ /ZI
     

          㭪: 蠥 祭  ꥪ 䠩 ଠ樨 
     ⫠.

          ⠪: /ZI

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /ZI 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    
     ꥪ  䠩  㦭 뢥  ଠ  ⫠. 
     ଠ 砥  ᥡ    ப (  ᨭ஭-
     樨 뢮  ࠭ 室 ⥪)  ଠ  ⨯ -
     ,  ஢  ஢  ணࠬ.

          ࠬ /ZI   ᯮ짮   ।⢠  ࡮
     ⫠稪   宦  ணࠬ  ஢ન   -
     ⮢ .   ᯮ짮 ࠬ /ZI   -
      ணࠬ  ⮫쪮  , ⫠   .
     ᪮ ࠬ /ZI  ଠ  ꥪ   믮-
     塞 䠩,   ⥫  ᯮ짮 
      㫥 ணࠬ  믮 ணࠬ  ࡮ ⫠稪
     (ਬ,    墠⪨ ).

          ਬ:

          TASM /ZI TEST1

        ࠬ /ZN
     

          㭪: 頥 祭  ꥪ 䠩 ଠ 
     ⫠.

          ⠪: /ZN

          ਬ砭: ࠬ /zn 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
     ଠ   ⫠  ꥪ 䠩 뢮  㦭.  -
      ᯮ짮  ८। ࠬ /zi  䠩 -
     䨣樨.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 53 =

                        ᢥ  䠩
     

            ,     ப, ࡮ -
     ᥬ       ᢥ  䠩,  -
      㪠 ।   ᨬ @. ਬ:

          TASM /DTESTMODE @MYPROJ.TA

            ਢ  ⮬,  ᮤন 䠩  MYPROJ.TA
     ⠭     ப ( ᫨     -
     ন ।⢥).

            ।⢮     
     ᯮ㥬    ப  ᯨ᪨ 䠩  ⤥ 䠩.
      ⮬  室    ப    
     ᢥ  䠩,  ᪮     ப ᪠
     ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮 室 䠩    묨  㬥⠬,
     ਬ:

          TASM @MYFILES @IOLIBS /DBUF=1024

           ࠧ   ᯮ짮  ᯨ᮪ ⠭-
      䠩  ࠬ஢,  祬    -
      ᥬ   ᥬ஢.

                 ࠬ 䠩  
     ப   䠩,  ࠧ   ᪮쪮 ப, 
      室.

                            䨣樨
     

          ࡮ ᥬ   ⠪   
     ᯮ㥬 ࠬ  䠩 䨣樨    ⥪饬  ⠫.
       ࠧ,    ᪠ ࡮ ᥬ,   㤥 
     ⥪饬 ⠫ ᪠ 䠩 TASM.CFG.   ࠡ  樮
     ⥬ DOS 3.x    㤥 ⠪ 믮   ⠫-
     ,  ண  㦥 TASM  TASMX. ᫨ ࡮ ᥬ
     室  䠩,    㤥 ஢ ,  ᢥ-
      䠩,  ࠡ뢠    ப .

             ,    ନ  "஥"
     ணࠬ,     䠩 ஥ 室   ⠫.  
     ⮬  ,  ਬ, ᥣ 믮 ᥬ஢  -
     짮 㫨஢  権   饩 窮  (-
      /E).  ⮣    ࠬ  䠩 TASM.CFG,
     ᫥ 祣   㦭 㤥     ࠧ    ᪥
     ࡮ ᥬ.

          ন 䠩 䨣樨      ଠ,    
     ᢥ  䠩.  䠩  ᮤঠ  ⨬  -
      ப ଠ  ᮤঠ ⮫쪮 ப, ᪮쪮  -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 54 =

     室.  ࠬ ࠡ뢠 ⠪,  ᫨   ᮤঠ-
        ப.

          ন 䠩 䨣樨 ࠡ뢠    㣨
     㬥⮢  ப.    ⬥  -
     ࠬ,   䠩 䨣樨,  㪠   
     ப  ࠬ,    ⨢ ⢨. -
     , ᫨  䠩 䨣樨 ᮤন ࠬ:

          /A /E

       뢠 ࡮ ᥬ :

          TASM /S /R MYFILE

      MYFILE - 䠩 襩 ணࠬ,  ᥬ஢  㤥  -
         ᫥⥫ 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢ (/S)  -
     묨 ﬨ  饩 窮 (/R),   䠩 -
     樨  ᮤঠ  ४⨢  /A   /E, 騥 㯮冷稢
     ᥣ⮢  䠢⭮ 浪  㫨஢ 権  -
     饩 窮.




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 55 =

               3. 騥 ਭ樯 ணࠬ஢
     

                   ᭮묨  ਭ樯  ࡮
     ᥬ.   ࠢ  ०  ࡮  ᥬ  Ideal  MASM,
     ᬮਬ,   ஢ ணࠬ  த -
      室 ,  ᯮ짮 砥 䠩, ।।-
      䨪   ᯮ짮  ४⨢,  -
     騥  ଠ    㫥.    墠祭 ⥬
     ,    襥 ।⠢  ⮬,  ᮡ ।-
     ⠢  ᥬ.

                       Ideal ࡮ ᥬ
     

           ,   ⠥ ᯮᮡ  ᢮ 楫 ஠-
     ᥬ MASM,    ,  ⭮,     
      㪮⢥.  ஬ 祭 襩 ᮢ⨬   ᨭ⠪-
     ᮬ MASM, ࡮ ᥬ  ᪮쪮 ᣫ  㤮-
     ⢠ ணࠬ஢  ᯮ짮 MASM   襭
     ० (० Ideal).

          ஬ ᥣ 祣 ० Ideal  ,   ⮫쪮
      室 ⥪, ।,  㤥  ᥡ ࠦ 
     ࠭  樨.   ⮬  室 ঠ  
      ⮭ MASM.   襭 ०   ᬮ
         ⪨ ࠦ,    믮 ⠪,
       뫮 㬠.

           Ideal ᯮ   祢 ᫮,  樨 
     樨 몠 MASM.  砥,    ᫥ 
     ᯮ짮 ।⢠ ० Ideal ।,  ਡ  -
     祭 讣 ᫠  ࠢ  祢 ᫮.  ।⢠
     ० Ideal ।⠢ ᮡ ७   䨪  -
     ⥩,   MASM.

           ண ஢થ ⨯, ࠦ ० Ideal -
      ᥬ ࠧ     ᯮᮡ  -
       ।  १⮢.   १   ஡
     MASM,    ।०   । , 祧-
       ન  ० Ideal.

          P Ideal ᮤন ⠪  ।,   
     ணࠬ஢   窮,  ⠪    짮-
     .    ⠪ ।:

          * 㡫஢  ⮢  ⢥ ;

          * ᫮ ࠦ HIGH  LOW;

          * ।᪠㥬 ࠡ⪠ ४⨢ EQU;

          * ४⭠ ࠡ⪠ 㯯஢ ᥣ⮢ ;

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 56 =


          * 襭 ᮤঠ⥫쭮 ४⨢;

          *  ਭ ࠦ,  祭  
            ᪮.

                    祣 ᯮ ० Ideal?
     

           ⢮  稭,     ᫥ ᯮ짮
     ० Ideal  ࡮ ᥬ.  ᫨  砥  ᥬ,
      ᬮ  ந  祭  䥪  ࠦ-
          ० Ideal.    ਤ 室  
       ஡ ࠧ ਠ,    ᯮ -
     ,    ,   . ᫨   -
       ணࠬ஢  ᥬ,     ᯮ짮-
       ।⢠  ०  Ideal  ࡮  ᥬ    ࠧࠡ⪨
     ᫮ ணࠬ, ᯮ ७ 몠, ⠪, ਬ,
         ꥤ.

           १   ⪮ ᨭ⠪ ० Ideal ࡮ -
     ᥬ  ᥬ஢ 䠩  30% ॥, 祬  -
      MASM.   ꥬ  ணࠬ  ணࠬ -
     ᮢ,  ⥬    ६        ᥬ஢,
     ३  ० Ideal.

          ண ࠢ  ஢ન  ⨯,   ० Ideal,
      ࡮ ᥬ  訡,     ⨢
     砥  㦨  ⮫쪮  ⫠ 襩 ணࠬ  
     믮.  筮 ⮬,  ࠧ  몮
     ᮪ ஢ 뢠  ,  ⬥ ᮬ⥫ -
     樨  ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠧ஢ .

            ० Ideal ࡮ ᥬ    ࠦ
     ᯮ 㣮 ᨭ⠪,  ,  ⥬  ,   
     ணࠬ,      ᥬ஢  
     ० MASM,  ⠪   ० Ideal.   ⠪    ⮬
      室 䠩 ४  ० MASM   ०  Ideal  
     ⭮ ⠪ , ᪮쪮  室.  ᮡ 
      ᯥਬ஢  ।⢠ ० Ideal,    -
     ࠧ  ணࠬ,  ᠭ  ᨭ⠪ MASM. 
      ४  ० Ideal    ணࠬ,  -
     塞  饬 室 .   ⮬  ⠫ -
      ணࠬ ࠭  ᮢ⨬  MASM.

               ४祭  ० Ideal  室  
     

           ४祭    ०  MASM  ० Ideal 
     ᯮ짮 ४⨢ IDEAL  MASM. ࡮ ᥬ ᥣ -
      ᥬ஢ 室 䠩  ० MASM.   ४-
     祭  ० Ideal । ᯮ짮  । ⮣  -
         室  䠩  㦭  ४⨢ IDEAL.   ⮣

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 57 =

        ᫥饩 ४⨢ MASM      
     ᥡ ⠪,  뢠   .   ४
      ० MASM  ० Ideal  室 䠩 ⮫쪮 ࠧ, ᪮-
      ॡ    室 䠩. ਢ ਬ:

             DATA    SEGMENT         ; 砫  ० MASM
             abc     LABEL BYTE      ; abc   xyz,
                                     ;   
             xyz     DW      0       ; । ᫮ 
                                     ; ⪥ xyz
             DATA    ENDS            ;  ᥣ
                                     ; 
                     IDEAL           ; ३ 
                                     ; ० Ideal
             SEGMENT CODE            ; 祢 ᫮ SEGMENT
                                     ; ⥯ ᫥ 
             PROC    MyProc          ; 祢 ᫮ PROC
                                     ; ⮦ ᫥ 
                     .
                     .               ;   ணࠬ஢
                     .               ;  ० Ideal
             END     MyProc          ; ७ ⪨ MyProc
                                     ; 易⥫쭮
             ENDS                    ; ७  ᥣ
                                     ;  ॡ
                     MASM            ; ४祭 ⭮ 
                                     ; ० MASM
             CODE    SEGMENT         ; । 祢 ᫮ SEGMENT
                                     ; ⥯ ॡ 
             Func2   PROC            ;  ⥯ ⠪ ᫥ ।
                                     ; 祢 ᫮ PROC
                     .
                     .               ; ணࠬ஢  ०
                     .               ; MASM
                     IDEAL           ; ४祭 ⭮ 
                     .               ; ० Ideal
                     .               ; ணࠬ஢ 
                     .               ; ० Ideal
                     MASM            ; 饭  ० MASM
             Func2   ENDP            ;   ॡ 㪠뢠
                                     ; । 祢 ᫮
             CODE    ENDS            ;  ⠪ ॡ 

             ,  ० Ideal 祢 ᫮ ४-
     ⨢ (ਬ,  PROC  SEGMENT) 㪠뢠 । ᮮ⢥-
     騬  䨪஢,     浪,  ⭮ ⮬,
      ਭ  MASM.  ஬ ⮣    
      楤  ᥣ ᫥ ४⨢ ENDP  ENDS. -
      ⮣   ᥣ  楤,  -
     稢,   ணࠬ  ⭮.  訩 ࠪ-
     ᪨  ਥ,  ᮡ    ணࠬ,  ᮤঠ  ᪮쪮
      楤  ᥣ⮢.   㪠뢠  䨪-
      ᫥ ENDP  ENDS 易⥫쭮.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 58 =


                   ⫨ ० Ideal  ० MASM
     

             ࠧ   襬 ᭮ ࠧ  ०
     Ideal  ० MASM.  ᫨    MASM,   ᯥ-
     ਬ஢  ⤥묨 ।⢠, ८ࠧ 訥 
      ணࠬ  ० Ideal.   ஡  ⫨ -
       ᪠뢠   5 "ᯮ짮 ࠦ  -
      䨪஢".



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 59 =

                          ࠦ  ࠭
     

          ᭮ ࠧ稥  ࠦﬨ ०  Ideal    ०
     MASM  ⮨  㭪樨,   믮  ᪮.  
     ० Ideal  ᪮  ᥣ  ⭮    ᮤন
     砥   稭.  ᪮   ਢ
      ࠧ㬥 ᫮.    ⠭ -
     樨 MASM  ० Ideal  ᪠.

           ० Ideal  ᪮   ᯮ짮  
     祭 ᮤন . ਬ:

             mov     ax,wordptr

     ਢ  뢮 ।०饣 ᮮ饭,  ᫨   ⠥
     㧨  㪠⥫  (wordptr)  ॣ (AX).  ४⭮ 㤥
     ᫥ ଠ:

             mov     ax,[wordptr]

           ᭮,    㦠 ᮤন 祩, 㥬
       wordptr ( ⥪饬 ᥣ  DS)  ॣ AX.

          ᫨     ᫠  ᬥ饭 䨪  ᥣ-
     ,      ᯮ짮  OFFSET, ਬ:

             mov     ax,OFFSET wordptr



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 60 =

                                樨
     

          , ᥭ    樨  ࠦ  ० Ideal,
       魮    権,  -
        饥  ࠦ.   ⮣, ⮡ -
     ⢮   権,  冷 -
     設⢠  権.

          ⭮   (.)   ,   -
       뫠.   窨  ⮢   -
      Ideal   ண. ࠦ ᫥  窨 -
       ।⠢  ᮡ   .  ਢ ਬ
     㧪 ॣ஢ 祭ﬨ  ⮢ :

     ; 襬 ६    ⨯
     S_Stuff SomeStuff <>
     O_Stuff OtherStuff <>
     mov     ax,[S_Stuff.Amount]     ; 㧨 祭 ࠧ஬ 
                                     ; ᫮
     mov     bl,[O_Stuff.Amount]     ; 㧨 祭 ࠧ஬ 
                                     ; 

                         ४஢
     

           ० Ideal ࡮ ᥬ   ᥣ -
     ४஢   ᥣ⮢ (private),  ࠢ
      ࠭ ࠭  ࠣ.   騪  ॡ
      ४஢,    ᥬ஢  ணࠬ   ०
     Ideal   祭 ꥪ  襣 ꥬ, -
         騪  믮  ,  祬 
     ꥪ 䠩,  ᣥ஢  ० MASM.  뢠-
     ,    ࠧ  ⠪  ४஢ ந  ०
     MASM (   ० IDEAL):

             SEGMENT DATA PRIVATE PARA
             VAR1    DB      0
             VAR2    DW      0
             ENDS
             SEGMENT CODE
                     ASSUME ds:DATA
                     mov     ax,VAR2 ; ४஢  ॡ
             ENDS

                ਬ砭:  ࠧ稥    ,   
           .   ⮬ 㯮 ⮫쪮  襣  ᢥ-
           .

                        ࠭ 樨 BOUND
     

           樨 BOUND ॡ  㪠뢠  ࠭  ⨯  WORD

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 61 =

     (᫮),   DWORD ( ᫮).    ।
         ࠭    ⠭ ࠧ஬  ᫮,
      ࠭ 室 ८ࠧ ࠭  DWORD 
     ࠧ (    DWORD PTR).   ० MASM   -
     :

             BOUNDS  DW      1,4        ;    ࠭
             BOUND   DWORD PTR BOUNDS   ; ॡ  ० MASM

            ० Ideal ॡ ⮫쪮 :

             BOUNDS  DW      1,4        ;    ࠭
             BOUND   [BOUNDS]           ; ᪠ 
                                        ; ० Ideal

                              㯯
     

          ᮡ,   ண ࡮  ᥬ  ࠡ뢠  
     ०  Ideal ᥣ  㯯,    讥 ࠧ稥 
     ନ஢  믮 ணࠬ.   設 , ,
     ⭮,       訡,  騬
     - ⢨ ᥣ⮢  㯯.

          設⢮ 㤭⥩  ⮬   -  -
     쭮  ࠪ ।  MASM ( ᫥⥫쭮 ࡮
     ᥬ஬  ० MASM)  뫪      㯯.
      ,  ० Ideal ᣫ    ஡-
     ,    맢 ४⨢  ।  ᥣ⮢  
     㯯  MASM.  ⮬   ᪠ .

                ᥣ, ਭ饬 㯯
     

           ० Ideal      ᥣ,  饬
      㯯,  ᬠਢ  ண   㯯,   
     ᥣ.   ࡮ ᥬ  ᯮ   ,
        ᥣ,  㦭 ᯮ짮  ८।
     ᥣ.

           ० MASM   -㣮.   -
     䨪 ⠥  ᥣ,    㯯.  -
     ,    ० MASM 䨪 ,   
     ᥣ,   ᯮ,  㪠⥫  뤥 -
     .   맢 ⠭, ⠪    ।⢥
     頥    樨 OFFSET,  MASM ४⭮ -
      뫪  ᥣ  뫪  㯯.

          ਬ   ᭨,     -
      - ᯥ䨪 樨  MASM.  ᬮਬ ᫥ -
      ணࠬ MASM,  ன 뢠  ᥣ :

          dseg1   SEGMENT para public 'data'

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 62 =

          v1      db      0
          dseg1   ENDS

          dseg2   SEGMENT para public 'data'
          v2      db      0
          dseg2   ENDS

          dseg3   SEGMENT para public 'data'
          v3      db      0
          dseg3   ENDS

          DGROUP  GROUP   dseg1,dseg2,dseg3
          cseg    SEGMENT para    public  'code'

                  ASSUME  cs:cseg,ds:DGROUP

          start:
                  mov     ax,OFFSET v1
                  mov     bx,OFFSET v2
                  mov     cx,OFFSET v3
          cseg    ENDS
                  END     start

           ᥣ  dseg1,  dseg2    dseg3 㯯  
      DGROUP.   १  ६  ⤥  ᥣ⮢
     ࠭   .  室 ⥪ ணࠬ   
     ⤥ ᥣ⮢ 뢠 ⮢ ६ (⪨ v1, v2
      v3).

             ணࠬ MASM  ॣ AX, BX  CX 㦠-
      ᬥ饭 ᮢ  ६.  ᮮ⢥⢨  ।-
     饩 ४⨢ ASSUME  - ⮣,  ᥣ  -
     ஢  ,     㬠,   MASM 㤥 
     ᬥ饭 ६ ⭮⥫쭮 ᥩ 㯯,   ன ६-
      祢 ࠭  .

           ந ᮢᥬ  !  ४ 訬 ७  MASM
       ᬥ饭  ६  ⭮⥫쭮 ⤥ ᥣ⮢
     dseg1,  dseg2  dseg3.     ᬮ  ,   
     ᥣ  㯯஢     ᥣ , -
     㥬 १ ॣ DS. ᫥ । ᬥ饭 -
      ⭮⥫쭮 ⤥  ᥣ⮢  ⥪ ணࠬ, -
         ᥣ  ᪮஢            ᥣ.
     ⢥  ᯮᮡ  뫪  ⠪ ६ ⮨  뫪
       ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮 ᥩ 㯯.

          ⮡   MASM  ⮩  ஡,    ॡ
       祢 ᫮ OFFSET   㯯:

             mov     ax,OFFSET DGROUP:v1
             mov     bx,OFFSET DGROUP:v2
             mov     cx,OFFSET DGROUP:v3


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 63 =

           ⥯   ᥬ ४⭮  㦠 ᬥ-
     饭 ६ v1, v2  v3 ⭮⥫쭮 DGROUP ( ᮡ࠭ -
       ᥣ),         䨪
     DGROUP.  ᫨  ᤥ  訡, 祭 ᬥ饭  -
      ४⭮ । ६  ,      
     MASM  㪠,   - ந諮  ⠪.  Ideal
       ⠪ ⭮⥩:

                  IDEAL
          SEGMENT dseg1 para public 'data'
          v1      db      0
          ENDS

          SEGMENT dseg2 para public 'data'
          v2      db      0
          ENDS

          SEGMENT dseg3 para public 'data'
          v3      db      0
          ENDS

          GROUP   DGROUP   dseg1, dseg2, dseg3
          SEGMENT cseg para public 'code'

                  ASSUME  cs:cseg,ds:DGROUP

          start:
                  mov     ax,OFFSET v1
                  mov     bx,OFFSET v2
                  mov     cx,OFFSET v3
          ENDS
                  END     start

          饭 ६ v1,  v2  v3 ४⭮  ⭮-
     ⥫쭮  㯯,   ன ᮡ࠭ ⤥ ᥣ,  
     ਭ ६.    ०  Ideal 䨪 DGROUP 
     뫪  ६  ᥣ 㯯   ॡ.    ०
     MASM  䨪 ⠪   室, ,  -
      ᥣ,   뤠  ।०,  ᫨  뫨  
     ⭮ 뫪 ।  㯯.

                        ਨ  ணࠬ
     

          ஢ 室    (  ⮬, 
     㤥  ணࠬ  ᫥饬 ন)  ࠧ-
        ࠡ.  ᯮ짮  ਥ  ⠥  襩
     ࠪ⨪ ணࠬ஢   몥.    
     ᥬ⨪ (),   ⮫쪮 ᨭ⠪ .  ४㥬 
     ப ᯮ짮  ਨ  室  ᥬ,   
      ࠧ 뢠,    ᤥ.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 64 =

                       ਨ   ப
     
          ஢   ᥬ   ᪮쪨 ᯮᮡ.
       ⮤ ⮨       ப,
     ᯮ   ⮩, ਬ:

          mov [bx],a1            ;   ᨬ

          㣮 ᯮᮡ  ஢  室  砥 
     ᯮ짮  ⢥  ᨬ  ᨬ த
     ப (\). (.  ࠧ "த ப").

                       ४⨢ COMMENT
     
          ४⨢ COMMENT   ஢  室-
      .  COMMENT   ஢  ⥪,  稭 
     ࢮ ᨬ-࠭⥫    ப,  ᮤঠ饩  ᫥饥
     宦 ࠭⥫.   ᫥饬 ਬ  ⢥ ࠭-
     ⥫ ᯮ ᨬ *:

          COMMENT *
               ᫥ 砭
          *
                ਬ砭: ४⨢ COMMENT ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮  ०
           MASM.

                        த ப
     
            ப,   ॢ蠥 80 ᨬ,   ࡮
     ᥬ ।ᬮ७ ᨬ த \. ᪮ ࡮ -
     ᥬ   ᨬ, ᫥騩  \   ப,
     ᯮ  ᨬ   ப.

           ᯮ짮 ᨬ \ ᨬ쭠   ப  -
     ⠢ 1024 ᨬ.  ⠡,   ᫥ 
     ᮤঠ ।,  ॢ騥 1024 ᨬ.  ⢥ -
     ୠ⨢,   ன  뢠 ࠭祭  1024  ᨬ-
     ,  ᯮ짮 ᨭ⠪  ⢥묨  ।-
     . ਢ ਬ ⠪ ᨭ⠪ ( । enum):

          foo enum ( ;⢥ 
               f1
               f2
               f3
               f4
               f5
               f6
               f7
               f8
               )

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 65 =


               ⮣ ।:

          foo enum f1,f2( ;⭠ 
               f3,f4
               f5,f6
               f7,f8)

           ᯮ짮  ⢥ । 㦭 ᮡ
     ᫥騥 ࠢ:

          -  ᪮,   稭 ।,    
            ᫥ ᥬ  砫쭮 ப (,    -
            砥,      ।⢮  ࢮ  
            ᯨ᪠);

          -  ⢥ ।   ⠪ ४-
            ,  IF  INCLUDE.

           ० MASM த ப  ᯮ짮   -
      VERSION M51,M520.   ப  㣨 ᥬ  ࠧ-
       ᪮쪨 ப,  ᯮ    ⢥  ᫥
     ᨬ ப ᨬ "\". ਬ:

          VERSION M51,M520
          DB 'Hello out there       \
          you guys'

              ப   ᯮ짮 ⠭ -
      த ப ࡮ ᥬ ( ᥣ  㯥). 
      ⠪,  ਩, ਬ:

          ARG    a1:word,             \  㬥
                 a2:word,             \ ன 㬥
                 a3:word,             \ ⨩ 㬥

                    ᯮ짮 砥 䠩
     

          砥 䠩   ᯮ짮       
          ࠧ  ணࠬ,      -
     쪨 室   㬥 ꥬ ணࠬ   -
     室 ᮧ  ᪮쪨 㥬 㫥. ᯮ짮
     ४⨢ INCLUDE 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,  㦭  -
      䠩    ᪥   ᥬ஢ ,   ᫨   
      室 ணࠬ.

                ਬ砭: ᪠   ४⨢  INCLUDE
             㡨.

          ⠪ ० Ideal:

          INCLUDE "_䠩"

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 66 =


          ⠪ ० MASM:

          INCLUDE _䠩

        䠩   ᪮, ⠫  -
     . ᫨ ⠫  ᪮   䠩   㪠뢠,  
     ࡮ ᥬ ᭠砫  䠩  ⠫,    -
       ப /i,  ⥬  ⥪饬 ⠫.

                    ।। 䨪
     

           ࡮  ᥬ ।ᬮ७ ᪮쪮 ।।
     䨪஢,    ᯮ짮   ணࠬ.  
     ࠧ  ⮣   䨪   ࠧ筮
     祭.    ப ᢠ, 믮塞 
     ४⨢ EQU.  ࡮ ᥬ 㦨  室 䠩-
         䨪஢,    ⥪騬 祭-
       ।। 䨪.

             䨪஢ ।⠢ ᮡ ⥪-
      (ப) ᢠ,  㣨 - ᫮ ᢠ,  
       ᥢ.  ப 祭  ᯮ짮-
        ,    ᪠  ᯮ짮  ⥪⮢
     ப, ਬ,    樠樨  ᫥⥫쭮 ⮢
        ४⨢ DB:

          NOW       DB     ??time

          ᫮ ।। 祭  ᯮ짮   -
      ,  ⨬ ᯮ짮 ᫠:

          IF   ??version GT 100h

          祭-ᥢ ॢ  ।। 䨪-
       ᨭ ।⠢塞 祭,    ᯮ짮-
        ।।  䨪     ,  
      ᯮ짮 筮  䨪:

          ASSUME   cs:@code

           ।। 䨪  ᯮ짮 
      ० MASM, ⠪   ० Ideal.

          ᫨     ᥬ஢ ᯮ ࠬ 
     ப /ml,  ।। 䨪 㦭 ᯮ짮
      筮 ⠪,   ᠭ  (ᮡ ॣ ᨬ).

           䨪ࠬ,  稭騬  ᨬ @, ਬ ᫥-
     饥 ࠢ:  ࢠ  㪢  ᫮,  ஥ ⠢
      䨪,  㪠뢠  孥 ॣ  (஬  
     ᥣ⮢),  ⠫쭠  ᫮ -  . ਬ:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 67 =


          @FileName

          ⨬,    @FileName   ।⠢  ᮡ  ᢠ
     ᥢ  ⥪饩 ᥬ㥬 ப.

          ᪫祭  ८। 䨪,  -
      뫠  ᥣ.  ᥣ⮢ 稭  ᨬ @
      뢠 ᨬ   ॣ. ਬ:

          @curseg
          @fardata

           䨪஢, 稭   ⥫ 
     (??),  㪢     ॣ, ਬ:

          ??date
          ??version

          ⨬,  䨪 ??date । ⥪⮢ -
     , ஥ ।⠢ ⥪ .  ଠ ப
      ।  ࠭,  ⠭  DOS. 䨪-
      ??version    室  䠩,  ᯮ騥
     ।⢠ ࠧ ᨩ ࡮ ᥬ.  ᢠ -
       ⠪ ।,  ᥬ  室  䠩  
      MASM    ࡮ ᥬ,  ᪮ -
      ??version  MASM  ।. 筮, ??filename -
      ப    8 ᨬ,  ।⠢ ᮡ  ⥪饣
     ᥬ㥬 䠩.  ᫨  䠩 ᮤন  8 ᨬ,
          ஡.  䨪  ??time ।
     ⥪⮢ ᢠ,  ஥ ।⠢ ⥪饥 ६. -
      ଠ ப ६ ।  ࠭,  ⠭-
       DOS.

                   ᢠ 䨪ࠬ 祭
     

          ࡮ ᥬ ।⠢  ४⨢,   -
      ᢮ 䨪 祭:  EQU  =.  ४⨢  EQU
     । ப  ᢠ,  ᢠ  ᥢ 
     ᫮ ᢠ.   ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

            EQU ࠦ

      "" ᢠ १ ᫥  ࠦ.  ""
        䨪஬,  ࠭  ࠧ
      ।.  ᫨ ࢮ । ।⠢﫮 ᮡ -
      ᢠ,    ०  MASM   ⮫쪮 ८।-
      䨪,  ।  ४⨢ EQU.  ० MASM
     EQU  ஢     ᢠ:  ப-
     , ᫮  ᢠ ᥢ.

          ४⨢ = ।  ⮫쪮  ᫮  ᢠ.  

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 68 =

      ᨭ⠪:

           = ࠦ

      "" ᢠ १ ᫥ ࠦ,  -
     ᫥ ண   ⠭    ᥣ-
     . ""      䨪஬  䨪஬,
     㦥 । ࠭  ४⨢ =. ᪮ ४⨢ = -
        ।᪠㥬 , 祬 ४⨢ EQU  -
      MASM,   ᯮ ४⨢ EQU.

                         
     

           ࡮ ᥬ  ᪮쪮 ४⨢,  -
        ࠡ   ﬨ .   ४⨢ 뢠 
     ⠢襩   .

                         ४⨢ VERSION
     

          ᯮ짮 ४⨢ VERSION      ।,
        ᨨ  ࡮ ᥬ  MASM   
     㫨.   ᯮ짮  ᮢ⨬  (᭨  
      ) ࠧ  ᨩ TASM   MASM.  ४⨢  VERSION
     ⠪ ॢ   ० ࠡ  ᨨ.

          ४⨢ VERSION     㪠뢠    ࠬ
      ப, ⠪   室  ணࠬ.

           室    ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          VERSION <䨪_ᨨ>

          ᪠  ᫥騥 䨪 ᨨ:

                M400           MASM 4.0
                M500           MASM 5.0
                M510           MASM 5.1
                M520           MASM 5.2 (Quick ASM)
                T100           ࡮ ᥬ 1.0
                T101           ࡮ ᥬ 1.01
                T200           ࡮ ᥬ 2.0
                T250           ࡮ ᥬ 2.5
                T300           ࡮ ᥬ 3.0

           ᯮ짮    ४⨢    ப -
      ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          /U<_ᨨ>

          ਬ, ᫨   ᥬ஢ ணࠬ,  ᠭ-
        MASM 5.0,      室   㪠 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 69 =

      ப ࠬ /uM510.

            ᫥騥 ࠢ:

          1. ४⨢ VERSION    㬮砭  ᥣ  롨ࠥ  ०
             MASM,  ᪮  砫 ० ࠡ   MASM,
             ⠪   ࡮ ᥬ.

          2. ४⨢ VERSION ࠭稢 ᮪ਮ  -
               ᫮  ⥬ ᫮,   㯭  
               ᨨ,   १    ।⢠,
              뫨   ᫥ ᨨ,    -
             㯭.

          3. ᫨  ० Ideal  롨ࠥ  < T300,  ४-
             ⨢ VERSION  㯭.  ⮬ 砥, ⮡ ᯮ-
              ४⨢ VERSION,   ᭠砫 ४
              ० MASM.

           ।    ࡮ ᥬ ᮢ⨬  MASM
     ᯥ稢   ⠪ ४⨢,    MASM51,  MOMASM51,
     QUIRKS, SMART  NOSMART.   ४⨢ ᯮ ⥯
     ४⨢ VERSION.   ᠭ 祢  ᫮,  㯭  
      ।饩 ᨨ ࡮ ᥬ,    ਫ-
      B.

                        ४⨢ NAME
     

          ᯮ ४⨢  NAME     ꥪ-
      䠩.   ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          NAME _

                ਬ砭:  ४⨢ ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮   ०
           Ideal.

          ࡮ ᥬ  筮  ᯮ   ⢥  
      室 䠩  ᪮,  ⠫  ७.  ᫨
         ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 , 㪠 -
     ४⨢ NAME.     㤥  "_", -
     :

          NAME loader

                        ४⨢ END
     

          ᯮ ४⨢ END,  ⮡ ⬥    室
     䠩.  ⮬ ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          END 砫_:


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 70 =

      "砫_"  -  易⥫ 䨪  -
     ࠦ, ।騩   ணࠬ,  ண   -
      믮.  ᫨   ணࠬ ᪮  ᪮쪨
     室 䠩,  砫    ⮫쪮  
      .      ।⠢ ᮡ   㫥.  
       ⠪ 譨 䨪஬,  ।   㣮
     㫥, ᠭ  ४⨢ EXTRN.

           ⥪, 㪠  室 䠩 ᫥ ४⨢ END,
     ࡮ ᥬ .

          ਬ:

          .MODEL small
          .CODE
          ; ⥫ ணࠬ
          END START               ; 窠 室 ணࠬ "START"
          THIS LINE IS IGNORED    ;  ப 
          SO IS THIS ONE          ;  ப ⮦

                 뢮 ᮮ饭   ᥬ஢
     

          ࡮ ᥬ ᯥ稢  ४⨢,  -
        뢮  ப    ᮫   ᥬ஢:
     DISPLAY  %OUT.    ᯮ짮  ४⨢  ᮮ-
       室 ᥬ஢,  ⮬, ⮡ , ᪮쪮 த-
       ᥬ஢,   ⮡ ।,  ⨣-
      ।  .

             ४⨢  ࠪ᪨ ।⠢ ᮡ   
     ,   ४⨢ DISPLAY 뢮  ࠭ ப,  祭 
     窨,  %OUT -  祪.

           ०  Ideal    MASM  ४⨢ DISPLAY  ᫥騩
     ᨭ⠪:

          DISPLAY "⥪"

      "⥪" -  ᮮ饭,  ஥   뢥   -
     ࠭. ⨬,    뢮 ଠ樨  ࠭  䠩  
      ᯮ짮 ।⢮  ࠢ 뢮 DOS.

          ४⨢ %OUT  ० Ideal  MASM   ᫥騩  ᨭ-
     ⠪:

          %OUT ⥪

      "⥪" ⠪ ।⠢ ,    뢥.

                    뢮 ।० ᮮ饭
     
          ࡮ ᥬ ।⠢   롨  ।०騥

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 71 =

     ᮮ饭 (᫨  ),    뢮  ।-
       .    ।०饥  ᮮ饭  ᮤন
     㪢 䨪,       ࠭ ,
     ⮡ ࡮ ᥬ ,      ᬠਢ -
     ०騥 ᮮ饭 ⮣ .   ࠧ襭 ।०-
      ᮮ饭   ᯮ짮 ४⨢ WARN,      
     饭 - NOWARN.

          ⠪ ४⨢ WARN ᫥騩:

          WARN [_।०]

      "_।०" -  㪢 䨪, -
     騩  ⨯ ᮮ饭. ᪠ ᯮ짮 ᫥-
     騥  ।०:

          ALN        ࠢ ᥣ
          BRK        ॡ ᪮
          ICG        䥪⨢  
          LCO        ९ 稪 権
          OPI        ⨥ ᫮ IF
          OPP         楤
          OPS        ⨥ ᥣ
          OVF        䬥᪮ ९
          PDC        ,   室
          PRO            饭 ०   ᯮ-
                      ॣ CS
          PQK        ।    ᯮ짮  ⠭ 
                     [⠭] ।०.
          RES        ।०  १ࢨ஢ ᫮.
          TPI        ⨬ ।० ࡮ ᪠.

          ⨬,      䨪 ᯮ  ࠬ
      ப /W.

          ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 ४⨢ WARN:

          WARN  OVF       ; ࠧ蠥 ।०  ९
          DW  1000-h * 123h  ; 뢮 ।०  ९

                ਬ砭: ४⨢  WARN    ।०
           ࠧ蠥  ।०.  ४⨢ WARN  䨪-
           ஬ ࠧ蠥 ⮫쪮 㪠 ।०.

           饭  ⭮  ।० ᮮ饭
     (  ) ᯮ ४⨢ NOWARN.  ४⨢ ᯮ-
          䨪,     ᠭ   ४⨢
     WARN. ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 ४⨢ NOWARN:

          NOWARN  OVF     ; 頥 ।०  ९
          DW  1000-h * 123h  ;  뢮 ।० 
                             ; ९

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 72 =


                  뢮 ᪮쪨 ᮮ饭  訡
     

           㬮砭  ࡮  ᥬ  ᪠  뢮   
     ப 室  ⮫쪮   ᮮ饭    訡.  ᫨
     ப 室  ᮤন ᪮쪮 訡,  ࡮ ᥬ-
      ᮮ頥 ᭠砫   ⢥   .    
     ४⨢ MULTERRS   NOMUTERRS   ࠢ ᫮ ᮮ-
       訡, 砥   ப 室 .

          ४⨢ MULTERRS  ᥬ ᮮ   
     ப 室    祬  訡.   
     ᯮ짮  㦥 㤭㫮 訡,   -
     室 ப ᮤন   訡.

          ⨬,    ⥫ ᮮ饭  訡 -
      맢 "楯 ॠ",   ன ਢ ࢠ  訡.
     ᫥ ࠢ  ࢮ  訡  ⮬ 砥 祧  "-
     窠" 訡.

          ਢ ਬ ४⨢ MULTERRS:

          MULTERRS
          mov  ax,[bp+abc          ; ஦  訡:
                                   ; 1) । 䨪
                                   ;    abc
                                   ; 2) 㦭 ࠢ ⭠
                                   ;    ᪮

          ४⨢ NOMULTERRS    뢮    ப
     室  ⮫쪮  ᮮ饭  訡   ।०-
     饥 ᮮ饭.      ࠢ  訡,   祧
     ⠪ 㣨 ᮮ饭  訡.   ᫨   ।-
      뢮  ᮮ饭  ᠬ 쥧 訡,  㦭 ᯮ짮-
      ४⨢ MULTERRS, ⮡ 㢨  ᮮ饭  訡.

          ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 ४⨢ NOMULTERRS:

          NOMULTERRS
          mov  ax,[bp+abc          ; ஦  訡:
                                   ; 1) । 䨪
                                   ;    abc




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 73 =

             4. ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢
     

          ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢  -    室  
     ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᭮  ꥪ,  
      楤.  室  ᨬ஢ ਭ樯 -
     쭮  "᮪ ଠ樨". ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ண-
     ࠬ஢   뢠   樨  
       楤,  ࠡ⠥  묨  ,  -
     㫥.

          ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ਭ樯 ࠧࠡ⪨   २-
     . ਬ,  ꥪ 㫨   -
       楤ன, ᯮ㥬  ࠡ  ࠬ -
      .      ࠭   ணࠬ ७
     ᨬ,     ਢ   ⮬,   
     㤥 㤭 㦨.  ꥪ  ⠪ ᫥  -
     ஦饣 ꥪ    㣨  ࠪ⨪, 
       ᨫ  ᯥ ஧筮 ᯮ짮
       楫  ࠣ⮢ .

          ᫨    讣  ࠡ  ࡮ ᥬ஬,
        ய   ,   ୨   ,
     ᫥ ⮣,    㣨  㪮⢠.    稫
       , ⮡   ।⠢   ।⢠,
      ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ।⠢  ࡮  ᥬ  
     ᠬ   ।⠢  ᮡ 筮 த ⥬.  
     㤥  訩 ,    ⠫  㪮-
     ⢠.

                              ନ
     

           ࠧ   ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ-
       C++  ᪠  ᯮ  ࠧ  ନ.    ⮬
     ᫥ ࡮ ᥬ    ᪠,    ନ-
       ᮢ.    몠 뢠  ᫥-
     饩 ⠡:

          ନ ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢
                                                            4.1
     Ŀ
     ࡮ ᥬ           Borland C++         ࡮ ᪠  
     Ĵ
     ⮤                     㭪-     ⮤          
                                                                  
     楤 ⮤                                             
                                                                  
     ꥪ                                   ꥪ         
                                                                  
      ꥪ                     ꥪ 
                                                                  
     ஦騩 ꥪ        ஦騩    ஦騩    

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 74 =

                                                    ꥪ        
                                                                  
     ஦ ꥪ        ஦    ஦    
                                                    ꥪ        
                                                                  
      ஦                           
      ꥪ                                                     
     

                ਬ砭:  ନ ஡    
            .

            祣  ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ ꥪ?
     

          設⢮ ᬠਢ    ࡮ ᥬ,   
      ஢.  ࡮ ᥬ ᯥ稢  ।-
     ⢠ 몠  ᮪  ஢  (⠪  ࠪ ⨯  
     ⮩ 䥩  㣨 몠).   ᥬ -
     ⭮-ਥ஢묨 ࠬ       
     ᮧ ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ ⠪    ,  
        몠 ᮪ ஢,   ࠭ ᪮ 
      몠 ᥬ.

                           ⠪ ꥪ?
     

          ꥪ ⮨      易   -
      ( 뢠 ⮤),   ࠡ    묨,
     ᠭ묨    .

          ꥪ   ᫥ ࠪ⨪ ஦饣 ꥪ-
     .  砥,       ꥪ  砥
       ஦饣 ꥪ,  ⠪  . -
      ⮣,   ꥪ  뢠  楤  ஦饣
     ꥪ,  ⠪  楤 ⮤,    뢠.

                ਬ砭:  ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ-
               ⥫쭮  ४㥬  ᯮ짮 ०
           Ideal ࡮ ᥬ,  ᪮  ⢨ -
           䨪஢  MASM  쭮,     ᬮ ࠧ-
            ࠧ ᯮ  ⮤.

          ꥪ,  騩 ᫥,  뢠   ꥪ-
     ⮬.  ꥪ, ᫥騩 ࠪ⨪ 㣨 ꥪ⮢, 뢠-
      ஦  ந ꥪ⮬.

           ࡮ ᥬ । ᪮쪮 䨪஢, -
        ᯮ짮  ᠭ ꥪ⮢.   -
       ᫥饩 ⠡:


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 75 =

          䨪, ।  ꥪ⮢         4.2
     Ŀ
      䨪               祭                         
     ĳ
      @Object                     ⮢ ப, ᮤঠ- 
                                    ⥪饣  ꥪ  (- 
                                   ᠭ ꥪ).     
                                                                   
      <_ꥪ>                   STRUC,  뢠騩 
                                    ꥪ.        
                                                                   
      @Table_<_ꥪ>             TABLE,  ᮤঠ騩 
                                  ⠡ ⮤ ꥪ.    
                                    ᠬ,    ⠡- 
                                   㠫 ⮤.        
                                                                   
      @TableAddr_<_ꥪ>    ⪠, 뢠  - 
                                    ⠡  㠫 - 
                                   ꥪ (᫨  ).     
     

                             ਬ ꥪ
     
           ⢥ ਬ ᯮ짮 ꥪ⮢  ᬮਬ  ண-
     ࠬ, ࠡ  易묨 ᯨ᪠.   㤥 ᬠਢ
     易 ᯨ᮪  ꥪ, ᮤঠ騩 易 ᯨ᮪  
     権 (⮤),      믮.

          易 ᯨ᮪    ⮨    㪠⥫   砫
     ("")   ("墮") 易 ᯨ᪠ (  襬  ਬ
     -     ᯮ  㭠ࠢ 易 ᯨ-
     ᮪).    易 ᯨ᪠ ।⠢ ᮡ ॠ-
      ⤥쭮 ꥪ.

          , 室   ᯮ짮 易 ᯨ-
     , ।⠢ ᫥騥 樨:

          - ᮧ 易 ᯨ᪠ (뤥   );
          - 㭨⮦ 易 ᯨ᪠  (᢮  ᯮ㥬
            );
          - 樠 易 ᯨ᪠;
          - 樠 易 ᯨ᪠;
          - ⠢   । ᯨ᪠ । 騬 -
            ⮬;
          - ᮥ    易 ᯨ᪠;
          - 㤠   易 ᯨ᪠;
          - 饭 ࢮ  易 ᯨ᪠;

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 76 =


          - 饭 ᫥  易 ᯨ᪠.

            ,  ᮧ  樠,  ⠪ 㭨-
       樠 ⮤ -   ᨭ.  ᮧ 
     㭨⮦ ⮤ create  destroy 뤥  ᢮ 
      ꥪ (易 ᯨ᪠),   ⮤ 樠樨  -
     樠樨 initialize  deinitialize ⮫쪮 樠  -
     樠 ࠭ 뤥  ꥪ.

             ,   ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠ ᫥
     ꥪ⠬ ⥪  ।,  ᪮ ।  ⥪  ॠ-
        易  ᯨ᮪    ࠭祭 ᫮ 権.
     ਬ,  ॠ ।   易  ᯨ᪠,  
     ஬         -
     . ᫨  ⠪ ࠧ ॠ ।,   㦭 
     ᫥㥬 ⮤  易 ᯨ᪠,    । -
     ⨬ (ਬ, ⠢  । ᯨ᪠).

                            ᠭ ꥪ⮢
     

          ᠭ ꥪ ⮨  ᠭ   ꥪ
      ᠭ 楤 ⮤,    뢠  -
      ꥪ. ᠭ ꥪ  砥 ᮧ  -
     .   ᤥ,  㧭 .

                        ᠭ  ꥪ
     

            뢠 ꥪ, ࡮ ᥬ ᮧ -
      STRUC  뢠   ⮣ ꥪ,   ⠡  TABLE,
      뢠 ⮤ ꥪ.  ᠭ  ꥪ ।-
     ⠢ ᮡ   ⥬  ,    ꥪ.  ᠭ
     ⮤ ꥪ⮢ 뢠  ⨯  TABLE   @Table
     _<_ꥪ>.

               ਬ砭:  ஡  ਬ  ᠭ -
          ⮢ ४⨢ STRUC ᪠뢠   8.

          ਬ,   ꥪ  ᯨ᪠    ⨯  뢠
     ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          list          STRUC 뢠 ᫥騥 :

                        list_head    㪠⥫ dword  砫 ᯨ᪠
                        list_tail    㪠⥫ dword   ᯨ᪠

          @Table_list   TABLE 뢠 ᫥騥 ⮤:

                        construct    㪠⥫ dword  楤
                                      list_construct
                        destroy      㪠⥫ dword  楤

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 77 =

                                      list_destroy
                         ..

          ४⨢ STRUC 뢠   ꥪ,  ᮧ-
       ࠧ,    ᮧ  ꥪ.  ४⨢
     TABLE  뢠  ⠡  ᯮ㥬   㬮砭  
     ᠭ 楤 ⮤.  ࡮ ᥬ ন   ⨯
     ,     ᮧ  ⠡ -   ண-
     ࠬ.     㢨,     ⠡  㦭
        ꥪ, ᯮ饣 㠫 ⮤.

          ਢ ਬ । ꥪ  易 ᯨ᪠:

          list STRUC GLOBAL METHOD {
             destroy:dword = list_construct  ; 楤-
                                             ; ᯨ᪠
             init:dword = list_init          ; 楤-樠-
                                             ;  ᯨ᪠
             deinit:dword = list_deinit      ; 楤-樠-
                                             ;  ᯨ᪠
             virtual insert:word = list_insert ; 楤 ⠢
                                             ; 㧫 ᯨ᪠
             virtual append:word = list_append ; 楤 -
                                             ;  㧫 ᯨ᪠
             virtual remove:word = list_delete ; 楤 㤠-
                                             ;  㧫 ᯨ᪠
             virtual first:word = list_first ; 楤 ࢮ
                                             ; 㧫 ᯨ᪠
             virtual last:word = list_last   ; 楤 ᫥-
                                             ;  㧫 ᯨ᪠
             }
             list_head     dd ?              ; 㪠⥫ 砫
                                             ; ᯨ᪠
             list_tail     dd ?              ; 㪠⥫ 
                                             ; ᯨ᪠

          ENDS

                ਬ砭: 祢  ᫮ METHOD 뢠,   
           ᯮ ७  ४⨢ STRUC  ।
           ꥪ   list (ᯨ᮪).

                ਬ砭:     ⮨     ⮤,
           , ࠧ 㪠⥫  楤 ⮤  (WORD 
            楤, DWORD  쭨 楤).  ᫥-
            ᨬ ࠢ⢠,  楤  맮 ⮣ ⮤.

           쬥  ਬ  ᬮਬ,  ந室.

          祢 ᫮ METHOD 㪠뢠  맮 ⮤.   ᫥-
      ᠭ 楤 ⮤   ꥪ. ᪮ ᯨ-
     ᮪ ⮤    ப,  ᠭ   
     䨣 ᪮ ({ }).

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 78 =


           ᠭ ⮤ ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,  -
     楤  ᫥ ᯮ짮  ࠡ  ꥪ⮬   맮
       ⮤.

          ਬ, ࢮ ᠭ 楤 ⮤:

          construct:dword = list_construct

      ⮤   consrtruct,    楤ன
     쭥  ⨯  (㪠⥫    뢠 DWORD).  ᪨
      楤 ⮤  list_construct,   ᫥ -
     । -   室 . ࡮ ᥬ ᬠ-
      ⮤  㠫,  ᫨  । 祢 ᫮
     VIRTUAL.     뢠 ⠪ ⮤,  ࡮ ᥬ 㤥
     ᪠  楤 ⮤,     ⠡,  
         ६ 㧪.  ⨢ 砥 ⮤
      ᪨ ⮤.   砥,   ࡮ ᥬ
      ।    ⠯ 樨.  ਬ,  ⮤
     construct  ᪨ ⮤,  ⮤ insert 뢠-
        㠫 ⮤.    ⮩   ᭨,  
     祣   롨 㠫  ᪨  -
     ⮤.

             ࠧ ᠭ 楤 ⮤ ।⢥
     ᫥  .   ।  ᯮ  ᨭ⠪
     ⠭⭮ ४⨢ STRUC.   ਬ ᮤন ᠭ -
     砫   ᯨ᪠.

            ᠭ ⮤  ᠭ ꥪ,      -
      㠫  ⮤,      
     ꥪ  .  ᠭ ਢ  ⮬,  ࡮ -
     ᥬ 㤥 ந ⤥ ⠡  , 
     ᮤন  ⢥ ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 祭  -
      楤  ⮤.    ꥪ    -
       ⠡,      ⠡.  
     ᤥ,  ᭨    .

             ᠭ  ⢮  㫥, ᮤঠ饬
     楤 ⮤  ꥪ ( ⠪     ᯮ-
     騩 ꥪ 室 ),     ᠬ ꥪ  -
     쭮 䠩,     (INCLUDE)   室
     .

           ४㥬   ᯮ짮  䠩   _ꥪ-
     .ASO ( 砥 ᥬ㥬 ꥪ).    䠩 ᫥
       ⮫쪮 ᠭ ꥪ.  ⮤ ꥪ ᫥ ࠧ-
       㣮 室 䠩,   祬    
     ᠭ  ꥪ ⠬,    ॡ.  ਬ,  ᠭ
     ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠  ।饬 ਬ  뫮  ࠧ-
       䠩 LIST.ASO.  । 楤 ⮤ ꥪ
      ᯮ짮 䠩 LIST.ASM.   ணࠬ, ᯮ
     ꥪ,  뫮   LIST.ASO,   LIST.ASM.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 79 =


          祢 ᫮  GLOBAL    ᠭ ꥪ ਢ  ⮬,
      ࡮ ᥬ   ଠ 饤㯭.  -
       ᯮ짮 ꥪ  㫥, ⫨筮  ⮣ ,
      ஬  ।.    ᯮ騥 ꥪ 㫨 
      ᠭ ꥪ.

                      ᠭ ஦ ꥪ
     

          ꥪ,   ᫥  ⮤   㣮 ꥪ,
     뢠 ஦ (ந) ꥪ⮬.    -
     ।    ஦饣 ꥪ,  -
      ८। ⤥ ⮤,    ᯨ᪥ ⮤
      ꥪ.

          ᨬ  ⮣,   ꥪ   ஦-
       㣮 ꥪ,   ᫥ 㣮 ꥪ. -
     㥬  ꥪ  뢠 ஦騬 (த⥫᪨) ꥪ⮬.
     ஦ ꥪ ᫥   ⮤ ஦饣  ꥪ-
     ,  ⮬    ᫥ ᯮ짮 ᫥ ⮫쪮  
     ,   ⮤      ꥪ.

          ਬ,   । ꥪ ।,   -
      ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠ (᪮ ।  ॠ-
        易 ᯨ᪠).  ਢ ਬ ⠪ ஦-
      ꥪ:

          queue STRUC GLOBAL list METHOD {
             init:DWORD=queue_init
             virtual insert:word = queue_insert ; (楤 ⠢
                                                ; 㧫 ।)
             virtual remove:word = queue_delete ; (楤 㤠
                                                ; 㧫 ।)
             virtual first:word = queue_first   ; (楤 ࢮ
                                                ; 㧫 ।)
             virtual last:word = queue_last     ; (楤 ᫥-
                                                ;  㧫 ।)
             virtual enqueue:word = list_append ; 楤 ⠭
                                                ;  ।
             virtual dequeue:word = queue_dequeue ; 楤 㤠
                                                ;  ।

          饭 । 祢 ᫮  METHOD  ꥪ    
     list (ᯨ᮪) 㪠뢠 ࡮ ᥬ,    ꥪ queue
     (।) ᫥ ⮤   ꥪ list.  饭  
     ⮬   ꥪ    㤥 ᫥ 뢠
     ꥪ⮬. ᪠ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   (ন-
      ⮫쪮 筮 ᫥).

           ꥪ  queue  ᫥      ⮤ ꥪ
     ᯨ᪠ list (᫨    ८।). ⨬,   queue
      ⠭ 㪠⥫  ⠡ 㠫 ⮤  -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 80 =

      ॡ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ 楤 init.

          ᫥㥬  ।  ᠭ  ⮤  insert,  remove,
     first  last  ᯥ  ᠭ, ⮬  -
     ⮤  㪠묨 楤ࠬ.

           । 뢠   ⮤: enqueue  dequeue.
     ⨬,    楤  ⮤   enqueue (  
     ।) ।⠢ ᮡ   ᠬ,  ᮥ  -
      ᯨ᪠.    祭  । (⬥ ⠭ 
     ।) 㦭  楤,  뢠 queue_dequeue.

          ꥪ queue  ᮤন ⥫ ,  ⫨ 
     ,   ᫥  ᯨ᪠ list.   ᫥ 㪠⥫
     砫   易 ᯨ᪠,    । ⠪ -
     ,  ᪮ ⮤ 易 ᯨ᪠ ᯮ  㦨-
      ।.

                         ᠭ 楤 ⮤a
     

          楤 ⮤ ࠡ⠥  ࠬ ꥪ.   祭
       ணࠬ,  ᪮   -
       । 맮     䥩 祭,
       ७ ࣠樨 楤 ⮤  ॡ.

          楤 ⮤  ꥪ  ᯥ稢 뢠-
     饥 㦨 ꥪ⮢,  ,    ⢥묨
     楤ࠬ,    ࠧ襭 ।⢥   -
     ⠬.  ஬  ⮣,   ஥ ⮤ ᫥ ᯮ짮
     ਭ樯 ࠪ :       맮
     楤 ⮤  室   ⮬,   ࠡ 
       ७ ࣠.

           ᠥ  㣨 ᯥ⮢,      -
     楤 ⮤   ⭮  몥   䥩, 
     筮  ᯮ ᮣ襭  맮 C++  ᪠.  -
      楤 ⠪ 롨  襬 ᬮ७.  筮 -
     室    㬥 - 㪠⥫   ꥪ-
     .   楤 ⮤  ॡ ⥫
     ࠬ஢.  ਬ,  樠  ⮤   ꥪ ᯨ᪠
     ॡ  㪠⥫  ꥪ ᯨ᪠,    ६   ⮤
     祭  ᯨ᮪ ॡ 㪠⥫  ᯨ᮪,  㪠⥫  -
      㧥  ⠢  㪠⥫  㧥,  砥 ᫥ .

           ᯮ짮 ᪨  㠫 ⮤   ᢮
     ⮨⢠  ⪨. ᪨ ⮤ ।  -
      樨,   १⮬ 㤥 ।⢥ 맮 -
       ⮤.    믮 맮 ॥   ॡ
     ᯮ짮 ஬ ॣ஢ (  ᯮ짮 -
     㠫 ⮤).  ,  ᪮  맮 । 
     ⠯ 樨,  맮 ᪨ ⮤      -
      맮 㠫 ⮤.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 81 =


          맮 㠫 ⮤ 믮 ।⢥ १
     ॠ ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ꥪ.  䠪,  -
       ᢥ,  ਢ  ⮬ ,    -
      맮 ॡ ᯮ짮  ஬  ॣ஢
     (  ᫮  ணࠬ).  訬 २⢮
      ,  맮 㠫 ⮤ ।  ⠯
     믮.  ࠧ,   믮 맮 㠫
     ⮤  ஦ ꥪ   맮  ⮤  饣
     ꥪ-"।".   ⮬  ॡ 筮 ,   -
      ꥪ-⮬   .

          ᠭ 楤 ᪨  㠫 ⮤    -
       ᮢ   ᠭ  㣮 楤,   
     ᫥饥 ᪫祭:  ᫨  㠫쭮 ⮤   ᪠
      楤,    ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ᮧ 
     樠஢ 祩,  ࡮ ᥬ  뢮  -
      ।०. ᫨ ⮤   㠫,  -
       楤  訡,  ᪮   㠫
     ⮤    ⠡.

          ਢ ਬ 楤 ⮤:

          ; ஥ ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠.
          ;  ⮤-"".
          ;  ⮤   ᪨.
          ;   DX:AX 㪠뢠  ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠,
          ;  ⨢ 砥  .
          ; ꥪ 뤥,    樠.
          list_construct PROC PASCAL FAR
          USES ds
              ; -- 뤥 ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠ --
              ;; << 믮 뤥 >>
              ret
          ENDP

                      㠫 ⮤
     

           㠫  ⮤ () ।⠢ ᮡ ⠡-
      ᮢ 楤,  믮 㠫 ⮤. 筮
       ⠡  ࠧ頥   ᥣ  ணࠬ.  
     ꥪ,  ᮤঠ騩 㠫 ⮤, ॡ, ⮡ - 
     ணࠬ 室  ⠡ 㠫 ⮤.

           ᮧ   ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ꥪ
     ᯮ ४⨢ TBLINST.  ᪮  ४⨢  ᮧ
     ⠡    ᫥ ᠭ ꥪ,   ᫥ 
     ।⢥ ᫥ ᠭ ꥪ, ਬ:

          INCLUDE list.aso
          DATASEG
          TBLINST

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 82 =


                 樠 ⠡ 㠫 ⮤
     

          ⮡   뢠 㠫 ⮤, ⮩ ॠ-
     樨 ⠡ 㠫 ⮤  筮.    ꥪ  
     㠫묨  ⮤ 砥  ᢮   㪠⥫
      ⠡ 㠫 ⮤.    ᮧ  -
        㪠⥫ 㦭 樠஢.   ⮩ 楫 
     ᯮ짮 ४⨢ TBLINST.

          樠 㪠⥫ ⠡ 㠫 ⮤   -
     ⮤ init ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          ; 樠 ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠
          ;  ⮤ "init"
          ;  ⮤   ᪨.
          list_init PROC PASCAL FAR
          ARG @@list:dword
          USES dx,bx
               lds bx,@@list
               ; --   ds:bx 樠஢ ⠡ 㠫-
               ;     ⮤.
               TBLINIT ds:bx
               ; -- 樠஢  ꥪ
               ;; <<  樠   ꥪ >>
               ret
          ENDP

                ਬ砭: ⨬,  ⮤ init   -
           ᪨, ⠪  㠫 ⮤  ꥪ  -
           뢠  ,   樠஢ 㪠⥫ ⠡
           㠫 ⮤.

                          맮 ⮤ ꥪ
     

           맮 ⮤ ꥪ ᯮ   CALL.  
     맮  楤  ⮤ ࡮ ᥬ ᯥ稢 ७
     ⠭⭮ 樨 CALL - CALL...METHOD.

                ਬ砭: ⠪ 樨 CALL  맮  -
           ᪨  㠫 ⮤ ᮢ.

                      맮 ᪮ ⮤
     

           맮 楤 ⮤,   ᫨  ,  -
        ᪨   ⮤,   ᫥   뢠   
     CALL...METHOD,    ᫨    뢠 㠫 ⮤.  
       맮 ᪨  ⮤    ⥫
     䥪⮢  ।⠢   -   -
     ᪨ ⮤  㠫  ⭮  室 -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 83 =

      맮 ⮤.  ⮩  稭   롨 ஬-
      ॣ 맮,   ᫨   ,    뢠
      ⮤  ᪨.

          맮 ᪨ ⮤ ।   ⠯ 樨
       ८ࠧ  ।⢥ 맮 㦭 楤 ⮤
     ꥪ.    믮 맮  ᫥ 뢠 -
      ⮤ ।⢥.  ⮣ ᯮ ७
      CALL...METHOD.

           ᫥饩 ⠡  ਬ 맮 ᪮ -
      init  ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠:

          CALL foolist METHOD list:init pascal,ds offset foolist
          CALL es:di METHOD list:init pascal,es di

            맮  ᮬ   ꥪ.  
       ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᨭ⠪᪨ 稭. ᪨
     㥬 ᮬ   ।⢥  맮  楤
     ⮤.

             ਬ   맮  맮 ⮤ init
     ꥪ list.    ᪨ ⮤,  믮 -
     ।⢥ 맮 楤 ⮤ list_init. ࡮ ᥬ -
       ꥪ foolist ( ⮫쪮  ।    -
     ⢥ 㬥 楤 ⮤).

             맮 ᫥  ७ ࠬ 몠
      ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢.   ࠬ   뢠 
     ⮤.    ࠬ஢ 筮  㪠⥫  -
      ꥪ.    ਬ ⮤ ਭ   ࠬ,
     騩 㪠⥫   ꥪ.

                        맮 㠫쭮 ⮤
     

           맮  㠫쭮  ⮤  ॡ ᢥ 맮
     楤 ⮤.   ⮣ ᯮ  ७  
     CALL...METHOD.    믮 맮 ࡮ ᥬ 
     ᫥騥 樨:

          1. 㦠 ஬ ॣ 㪠⥫    -
              ꥪ.

          2. 믮 ᢥ 맮 ᮮ⢥饣   ⠡-
             .

           ࠧ,   :

          CALL <> METHOD <ꥪ>:<⮤> USES <seg>:<reg>
          <맮_>

       ᫥騥 樨:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 84 =


          MOV <ॣ>, [<>.<㪠⥫_>]
          CALL [(<ᥣ><ॣ>).<⮤>] <_>

          ࢠ   㦠 ࠭ ॣ <ॣ> ᮬ
     ⠡ 㠫 ⮤   㪠⥫    -
     .   믮 ᢥ 맮 ᮮ⢥-
      ⮤  ⠡.

          ਬ, 맮  :

          CALL es:di method list:insert uses ds:bx pascal,es di,es
                 dx,es cx

      ᫥⥫쭮 :

          mov bx,[es:di.@Mptr_list]
          CALL [ds:bx.insert] pascal,es di,es dx,es cx

          ⨬,  ꥪ⮢,  ᠭ  ⠡栬 NEAR, -
     樥  CALL...METHOD  㤥  㦠  ⮫쪮 ॣ ᬥ饭.
      ॣ ᥣ  ᮤঠ ४⭮ 祭. 
     ᫥饬  ਬ ,   ᯥ ࠢ ⠭
     ᥣ⭮ ॣ:

          ;  㧥   ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠.
          ;  㠫 ⮤ "list_append".
          list_append PROC PASCAL NEAR
          ARG     @@list:dword,\
                  @@new:dword
          USES  dx,bx, es,di
                  mov ax,@Data
                  mov ds,ax
                  les di,@@list
                  sub ax,ax
                  CALL es:di method list:insert uses DS:bx pascal, es
          di,@@new,ax ax
                  ret
          ENDP

               ਬ砭:    樠   ꥪ
           㪠⥫ ⠡ 㠫 ⮤,    㠫
           ⮤ 맢 .  맢 ⥬,  㪠⥫ -
              ( ன   㦭  -
            㠫쭮 ⮤).  ࠧ, ᫨   -
           ஢ 㪠⥫  ⠡ 㠫 ⮤, 
           맮  㠫쭮  ⮤ ਢ  맮  ஬
           砩 .

           ⢥ 㣮 ਬ ᬮਬ    ꥪ  node
     (㧥),        ꥪ,  饭 
     易 ᯨ᮪  ।.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 85 =

          node STRUC GLOBAL METHOD {
             construct:dword = node_construct  ; ணࠬ
                                               ;  㧫
             destroy:dword = node_destroy      ; ணࠬ
                                               ;  㧫
             init:dword = node_init            ; ணࠬ
                                               ; 樠樨 㧫
             deinit:dword = node_deinit        ; ணࠬ
                                               ; 樠樨 㧫
          routine
             virtual next:word = node_adv      ; ணࠬ
                                               ; ᫥饣 㧫
             virtual prev:word = node_back     ; ணࠬ
                                               ; ।饣 㧫
             virtual print:word = node_print   ; ணࠬ
                                               ; ᮤন 㧫
             }
             node_next     dd ?                ; 㪠⥫ ᫥饣
                                               ; 㧫
             node_prev     dd ?                ; 㪠⥫
                                               ; ।饣 㧫
          ends

          ⮡   뫮 ᯮ짮 易 ᯨ᮪  ।,
       ।   ᫮  ꥪ⮢,  ᫥  ꥪ
     node. ਢ  ਬ:

          mlabel STRUC GLOBAL node METHOD {
              virtual print:word = label_print
              }
              label_name       db 80   dup (?)
              label_addr       db 80*2 dup (?)
              label_city       db 80   dup (?)
              label_state      db 2    dup (?)
              label_zip        db 10   dup (?)
          ENDS

          book STRUC GLOBAL node METHOD {
              virtual print:word = book_print
              }
              book_title       db 80 dup (?)
              book_author      db 80 dup (?)
          ENDS

           ᫥饬 ਬ   ꥪ⮢ label    book  뢠
     ⮤  ⥬  맮 printit.  ᫨ "।"  node,  
     ,   ꥪ । printit.    ⮤   -
      㠫 ⮤,  맮 믮 ᢥ १  -
     .   ࢮ 맮 printit,  ⠪   ।  
     ꥪ label,  뢠 楤 ⮤ label_print.  -
     ஬ 맮 printit 뢠 楤 ⮤  book_print,  -
       ।  ꥪ book.  ⨬,   ᫨ 
     ⮤ print  ᪨,    맮 node_print ᥣ -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 86 =

     뢠  楤 node_print ( ⥫쭮).

          call printit pascal,<<  ꥪ label>>
          call printit pascal,<<  ꥪ book>>
          .
          .
          .
          printit proc pascal near
          arg @@obj:dword
          uses ds,si,es,bx
               mov  ax,@data
               mov  es,ax
               lds  si@@obj
               call ds:si method node:print uses es:bx pascal,ds si
               ret
          endp

                   맮 㠫 ⮤ "।"
     

           ⮬,    ୮ ᬮ ᯮ짮 室-
      ,  ਬ 㠫 ⮤ "।"    
      뢠 ⮤ ஦ ᮢ.  ਬ,    
     ,   ।  ᯨ᪮,  । -
      ᯮ짮   ⮤ 뢮,     ᯨ᪠.   
     ᯨ᪠   :

          virtual show:word  =  list_show

        ।:

          virtual show:word  =  queue_show

          ணࠬ list_show   LIST SHOW:  ᫥-
     騬  뢮  ⤥  ⮢  ᯨ᪠.    ஦
     , ᫨ queue_show ᯮ ணࠬ ,  -
       ᮡ⢥  QUEUE SHOW:  ᯮ짮 list
     _show ⮫쪮  堭 ᫥⥫쭮 室   ᯨ  
      ⤥ ⮢. list_show  । ।-
       ⨯    ᨬ  ⮣   
     ᯨ᪠.  ᫨  ணࠬ   list_show ᬮ  㪠⥫
     ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ।  ,  ᬮ
     ।,  ᮢ  㪠⥫  㪠⥫, ⠭ 
     ணࠬ list_init  ᯨ᪮ (  ࠧ).  ᫨ 㪠-
     ⥫      㪠뢠  ⠡ 㠫 -
       ᯨ᪮,   ⭮   ஦  -
     .  list_show   믮  ஢   ᫥
     ஢:

          cmp     [([es:di]).@mptr_list],offset @TableAddr_LIST
          jne     @@not_a_list  ; ய   ᯨ᪠

                  ; ᫨   ,   ᯨ᮪,  ᫥

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 87 =

                  ; ᯥ  .
              ...
          @@not_a_list:
                  ;  뢥 ⤥  ᯨ᪠.

            맢  ᯨ᪠  ⮤ 뢮  ணࠬ-
      queue_show? ᫨   맢 list_show ।⢥,  
     ணࠬ    ஡, ᫨  ᯮ㥬
      뢮 ⮤ . (     
       맮  queue_show.)  ᫨  queue_show   ᫥騩
     :

          call(es:di) method list:show

       ᪮ 横,  ᪮,   ᯨ᮪   
     ,  ண 뢠 ⮤ 뢮, ⠪  ⮤ 뢮
      㠫, 㤥 ᯮ짮 . ᪮  
       㪠뢠    queue_show,   㫨   ⮩ 
     ணࠬ.

          訬 ᯮᮡ 맮 ⮤   ᫥騩:

          call +@table_list | show

          ᪮  ᠭ  list_show 뫮   -
     祭  뢮 @table_list,  ࡮ ᥬ ⮬᪨
     ࠭᫨    ।⢥  맮  list_show.
     ⨬,    ᯨ᪥ ⮤ 뢮 뢠  㠫-
     ,  맮 ਢ  ⮬,  ࡮ ᥬ 믮-
      ।⢥ 맮  ᬮ .

                ਬ砭: 㠫 ணࠬ 筮 뢠
           ᢥ ࠧ १ ᬮ .

           ⮬ 砥, ᫨  㦭 ᯮ짮  뢮 -
     ⮢     (ਬ,   ணࠬ 樠樨
        뢮  ⠡,  ,  ᨬ  -
     ,  ன⢮ ᯮ  뢮  ⮢ -
     ,   㤥 㪠뢠   ணࠬ),   ᯮ짮-
       ᫥騥   ( ࠡ  뢮 ⮢
       ⠡楩 㠫 ⮤):

          mov     bx,offset @TABLEADDR_LIST
          call    [(@table_list ptr es:bx).SHOW]

           筮 ᫥⥫쭮 権,   ࡮
     ᥬ ᯮ  믮 ᢥ 맮  १ .

                       -   맮 ⮤
     

             ,   室  맢
     ⮤  ஦饣 ꥪ  楤 ⮤ ஦ -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 88 =

     .   ⮣ ⠪  ᯮ짮  CALL...METHOD.

          筮 樨  CALL...METHOD    ᯮ짮
     ७ 樨 JMP  祢 ᫮ METHOD.   -
      ᯥ稢 ⨬ ४.  .  13,   -
      CALL...METHOD  JMP...METHOD ᪠뢠 ஡.

                         ꥪ
     

          ⮡ ᮧ    ꥪ,     맢 ⮤
      ꥪ ( 뤥    -
     ),  ।  ꥪ  ।। ᥣ-
      .

            ᮧ  ꥪ 筮 ⠪,   ᮧ-
       .  ᬮ,  ਬ, ᫥騥 -
      ꥪ⮢:

          foolist   list ()                ;  ᯨ᪠
          fooqueue  label queue
                    queue ()               ;  ।
                    queue (list_head=mynode,list_tail=mynode)
                                           ;  ।

            ᮧ  ꥪ,     ८।-
        ᯮ㥬  㬮砭  ꥪ ,  祭
      ।  ᠭ ꥪ, ८।  祭
       ᪮.   ८। ⮤  ᮧ 
     ꥪ .

                      ணࠬ஢  ꥪ⠬
     

           ࠭  楤 ⮤ ⤥쭮  ᠭ ⮤
     ( ⤥쭮 䠩)  ⤥쭮  , ᯮ饣  -
     .    ४㥬   楤 ⮤  䠩  ,
     ᮢ騬   ꥪ,   ७ .ASM. ਬ, -
     楤  ⮤    ꥪ  易 ᯨ᪠   
     䠩 LIST.ASM.   楤 ⮤    (  
     INCLUDE) ᠭ ⮤  䠩 .ASO.

                ਬ 楤 ⮤ ꥪ
     ᯨ᪠.  ⮡    䠩,  ਢ ࠣ
     䠩 LIST.ASM (    ਬ  ਡ⨢ -
     ):

           ;----------------------------------------------------
           ;-- । ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠ -----------
           ;----------------------------------------------------
           MODEL SMALL
           LOCALS


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 89 =

           ;** । ꥪ 易 ᯨ᪠ **

           INCLUSE node.aso

           ;**   ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ **
           ;** 易 ᯨ᪠                             **

           DATASEG

           TBLINST

           ;** ⮤ 易 ᯨ᪠ **

           CODESEG

           ;;<< 楤 ⮤>>

           饬 砥 ᫥ ᯮ짮 ᫥  ꥪ⭮
     -ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢  ࡮ ᥬ

     Ŀ
                                   ন                  
     Ĵ
     <ꥪ>.ASO  INCLUDE <஦騩_ꥪ>.ASO (᫨  ),
                   GLOBAL ᠭ ꥪ  ४⨢  GLOBAL  
                    楤 ⮤.                       
                                                                   
     <ꥪ>.ASM  INCLUDE <ꥪ>.ASO ᮤন ४⨢  TBLINST
                    ᠭ 楤 ⮤, ᮤন ⮤ init
                   c TBLINIT.                                      
     

          ⨬,      ᯮ짮  ४⨢  TBLINST  
     TBLINIT,  ᫨  ꥪ  㠫 ⮤.  ⮬ -
     砥  ⢨  믮.  ࠧ,  ४-
       ᯮ짮 ४⨢ TBLINST  TBLINIT ᨬ  -
       ꥪ 㠫 ⮤.   ४⨢ TBLINST
      ᮮ⢥騩 ᥣ ,  TBLINIT -  ⮤ 樠-
     樨 ꥪ (   ᪨).   뢠
      ⮤ । ᯮ짮  㣨 ⮤ ꥪ.

                    ਬ   ணࠬ஢
     

           ᪥  ਬࠬ ᮤন 뢠騩 ਬ ꥪ-
     -ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢,  ஬ ᯮ -
     ᠭ ࠭ ꥪ list  queue,   ⠪ ꥪ stack. ᠭ-
      ꥪ   node      ꥪ⮬      
     짮⥫, ᠭ  易 ᯨ᪥,  ।   ⥪.
     ᮪ ᮮ⢥ 䠩 ਬ ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡-
     :

           ਬ ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 90 =

                                                            4.3
     Ŀ
                                     ন                
     Ĵ
         NODE.ASO     뢠 ꥪ node  ⮤.              
         NODE.ASM     ন ⮤ ꥪ node   ⠡-
                       㠫 ⮤.                    
                                                                   
         LIST.ASO     뢠 ꥪ list   ⮤.          
         LIST.ASM     ন ⮤ ꥪ list   ⠡-
                       㠫 ⮤.                    
                                                                   
         QUEUE.ASO    뢠 ꥪ queue   ⮤.         
         QUEUE.ASM    ন ⮤  ꥪ  queue    
                      ⠡ 㠫 ⮤.                 
                                                                   
         STACK.ASO    뢠 ꥪ stack   ⮤.         
         STACK.ASM    ন ⮤  ꥪ  stack    
                      ⠡ 㠫 ⮤.                 
                                                                   
         OOP.ASM      ন ਬ ᯮ짮  ꥪ⮢. 
     




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 91 =

        5. ᯮ짮 ࠦ  祭 䨪஢
     

          ࠦ  䨪 -  ᭮    ண-
     ࠬ  몠 ᥬ.  ࠦ ᯮ  ᫥
     祭  ᮢ  .  䨪 ।⠢ ࠧ-
       祭.    뢠 ࠧ ⨯ 
     ⮢ 몠  ᪠뢠  ⮬,   ᯮ짮.

                              ⠭
     

          ⠭ ।⠢ ᮡ ᫠  ப,  ࡮
     ᥬ ,   䨪஢ ᫮   祭.
        ᯮ짮 ࠧ ⨯ ᫮ ଠ⮢, 
     , ⭠,   쬥.

                           ᫮ ⠭
     

          ᫮ ⠭    ࡮  ᥬ ᥣ 稭 
      (0-9)   ᮤঠ  ந쭮  ᫮  䠢⭮-஢
     ᨬ. ᪮  祭  ⠭    ᭮,
     ஥  롨ࠥ    樨.    ࡮  ᥬ
      ᯮ짮 筮,  쬥筮,  筮  -
     筮 ᭮,    ਢ  ⠡:

                                 ᭮                  5.1
     Ŀ
      ᭮                ⨬                     
     Ĵ
     筮                  0 1                                 
     쬥筮              0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7                     
     筮                0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9                 
     ⭠筮         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F     
     

          ⨬,   ⭠ ⠭      -
     짮 㪢   孥, ⠪    ॣ.

          ࡮ ᥬ  ।  ᭮  ᫮  ⠭,
     ஢ ᭠砫 ᫥  ᨬ.  ,  ᯮ㥬 
      ᭮  樨 ⠭, ਢ  ᫥-
     饩 ⠡:



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 92 =

                , ।騥 ᭮            5.2
     Ŀ
                         ᭮                           
     Ĵ
           B                   筮                            
           O                   쬥筮                        
           Q                   쬥筮                        
           D                   筮                          
           H                   ⭠筮                   
     

             ᭮  ᫠  ᯮ짮 ᨬ 
     孥, ⠪    ॣ.  ᫥  ᨬ  ᫮
     ⠭      祭.  ᫨ ᫥ ᨬ-
      ᫮ ⠭       ᨬ, -
      ᥬ 㤥  樨 ⠭ ᯮ짮 ⥪-
     饥 祭  㬮砭 ᭮.  㯭 ᫮ -
     ⠭   祭 ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:

                    ᫮ ⠭                      5.3
     Ŀ
     ᫮ ⠭      祭                              
     Ĵ
           77d               77 筮                         
           77h               77 ⭠筮                  
           ffffh             ⨬,  稭      
           0ffffh            FFFF ⭠筮                
           88                   ⥪饣 - 
                             㥬  㬮砭 ᭮    
     

              ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᭮
     

             ⥪饣 ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᭮
       ᯮ짮  ४⨢  RADIX    .RADIX.    ०
     Ideal ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          RADIX ࠦ

       ० MASM:

          .RADIX ࠦ

      "ࠦ"  ਭ 祭 2 (筮),  8 (-
     筮), 10 (筮)  16 (⭠筮).  ࡮ -
     ᥬ ।,    ६ ࠡ⪨ ४⨢ RADIX -
     騬 ᭮  㬮砭  ᭮ 10.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 93 =

                           ப ⠭
     

          ப ⠭  ᥣ 稭  筮  -
      窨   ᮮ⢥饩 窮. ࡮ ᥬ-
      ८ࠧ 祭  窨 ᨬ  祭 ASCII.

           ⥫쭮  ᯮ짮      ᠬ ப
     ⠭.  ⮣  ⢥   窨  ᯮ  
     ᮢ ᨬ 祪, ਬ:

          'It''s represent' It's

                           䨪
     

          䨪 ।⠢ 祭,  ஥   -
     ६, ⪮   ࠭ ᥬ㥬 樨 
     ४⨢.

                         䨪஢
     

           䨪஢  ।⠢  ᮡ ⠭ 㪢 (
     孥   ॣ),    ᯥ樠  ᨬ.  
     䨪஢   稭  . ࡮ ᥬ  -
      ஢  䨪஢   ࠧ稥  ॣ
     ᨬ   .  稬 ॣ ᨬ  -
     ࠢ     ࠬ஢   ப ࡮ ᥬ
     /ML, /MU  /MX.

           䨪஢       255  ᨬ.
      㬮砭   䨪஢  騬  32 ᨬ-
     .   ᫠  ᨬ    䨪-
        ᯮ짮 ࠬ  ப /MV.

                ਬ砭:    ᯮ짮   ࠬ஢  
           ப ᪠뢠   2.

            䨪  ᯮ짮 ᨬ ન-
      (_),    (?),   ($)  ᨬ @.  ०
     MASM ( ⮫쪮  )  ⢥ ࢮ ᨬ    
     ᯮ짮  (.).      砫 -
     䨪  樥 窨 ( ᯮ   뤥
      ),  ⮬     ᯮ짮   
     䨪஢.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 94 =

                          䨪஢
     

           䨪  ⨯,  뢠  ࠪ-
     ⨪  易   ଠ.   ᯮᮡ -
     । 䨪.  ਬ,   । -
     䨪, ।⠢騩 ᫮ ࠦ, ⥪⮢ ப, 
     楤   ६.   䨪஢,  ন
     ࡮ ᥬ஬, ᫥   5.4.

                            䨪஢             5.4
     Ŀ
        䨪        ᠭ                           
     Ĵ
                            . ⨯     
                                 ⨯ UNKNOWN,  BYTE,  WORD, DWORD, 
                                 PWORD, QWORD, TBYTE   - 
                                    ⠡  㪠 - 
                                 .   ⨯       
                                 SHORT, NEAR, FAR.                  
                                                                    
                                                                    
         ⥪⮢ ப  ⮢ ப.                  
                                                                    
         ᥢ                䨪.       
                                                                    
         ᫮ ࠦ      祭 ᫮ ࠦ.      
                                                                    
         ப          ᪮쪮 ⥪⮢  ப   - 
         ᪮쪨 ப        묨 㬥⠬.                  
                                                                    
         /ꥤ         ꥤ- 
                                 .                             
                                                                    
         ⠡                  ⨯ .              
                                                                    
          /         ⠡.     
         ⠡                                                    
                                                                    
                            ⨯ .                
                                                                    
                        .                       
                                                                    
         ᫥            ᫨ ⨯ .           
                                                                    
         ᥣ                 .                           
                                                                    
         㯯                  㯯.                            
                                                                    
         ⨯                      ⨯.                     
     


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 95 =

                          ⨯ 
     
          ⨯ 䨪஢ 뢠 䨪, ।⠢-
     騩  ,  ᫮  ..   ⨯, 
     ।ᬮ७  ࡮ ᥬ, ਢ   5.5.

                              ⨯               5.5
     Ŀ
       ࠦ ⨯    祭                                  
     Ĵ
       UNKNOWN              ।   
                         ⨯.                                   
                                                                   
       BYTE              , 뢠騩 .                  
                                                                   
       WORD              , 뢠騩 ᫮.                 
                                                                   
       DWORD             , 뢠騩 4-⮢ 稭.   
                                                                   
       PWORD  FWORD   , 뢠騩 6-⮢ 稭.   
                                                                   
       QWORD             , 뢠騩 8-⮢ 稭.   
                                                                   
       TBYTE             , 뢠騩 10-⮢ 稭.  
                                                                   
       SHORT             , 뢠騩 ⪨   ⪨/ 
                         楤.                                
                                                                   
       NEAR              , 뢠騩     ⪨/ 
                         楤.                                
                                                                   
       FAR               , 뢠騩 쭨    ⪨/ 
                         楤.                                
                                                                   
       PROC              , 뢠騩      쭨 
                          ⪨/楤,   ᨬ   
                         ⥪饩 .                           
                                                                   
       DATAPTR           , 뢠騩 ᫮,    ᫮ 
                          稭 pword,  ᨬ   - 
                         饩 ࠭ .                   
                                                                   
       CODEPTR           , 뢠騩 ᫮,    ᫮ 
                          稭 pword,  ᨬ   - 
                         饩 ࠭ .                   
                                                                   
        /    ,  뢠騩     
       ꥤ         ꥤ.                
                                                                   
        ⠡       ,  뢠騩    㪠 
                         ⠡.                                  
                                                                   
                ,  뢠騩    㪠 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 96 =

                          (, ᫮   ᫮).   
                                                                   
        ᫥  , 뢠騩  ᫨- 
                          ⨯ .                           
                                                                   
        ⨯          , 뢠騩    㪠 
                         ⨯.                                     
                                                                   
       TYPE ࠦ    , 뢠騩  , ⨯ - 
                         ண  ᮬ  ⨯  ࠦ 
                         (⮫쪮  ० Ideal).                
     

                 ᠭ ᫮ ᭮ ⨯
     

           ४⨢   뢠 ᫮ 
     ⨯.  ࠦ ⨯   ⥬,  ᯮ-
       몥 ,  ᪮  ।⠢ ᪮쪮 ஢ -
      㪠⥫. ਬ, ᫮ ࠦ ⨯:

          PTR WORD

     ।⠢ 㪠⥫  ᫮.  (  㪠⥫    
     ࠧ  ᥣ樨,   롨ࠥ   ४-
     ⨢ MODEL.)

           ᨭ⠪ ᫮  ⨯ ਢ   -
      5.6.

                           ⨯           5.6
     Ŀ
      ⠪                           祭                 
     Ĵ
      ⮩__⨯             ⨯  . 
                                                                   
       []PTR[᫮__⨯] ⥫      
                                          ᫮  ⨯, 
                                          ࠧ ண  ।- 
                                           ⥪饩  ४- 
                                            MODEL    
                                          ﭨ  (᫨    
                                          ).           
     

          易⥫ ࠬ ﭨ    ᫥-
     騬 ⥬:


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 97 =

                           ⠪ ﭨ            5.7
     Ŀ
      ⠪                           祭                 
     Ĵ
      NEAR               ᯮ   㪠⥫,   
                           16  32-ࠧ來,  - 
                           ⥪饩 .                  
                                                                   
      FAR                ᯮ 쭨  㪠⥫,   
                           32  48-ࠧ來,  - 
                           ⥪饩 .                  
                                                                   
      SMALL NEAR         ᯮ    16-ࠧ來    㪠⥫ 
                         (⮫쪮  ஢ 80386  80486).   
                                                                   
      LARGE NEAR         ᯮ    32-ࠧ來    㪠⥫ 
                         (⮫쪮  ஢ 80386  80486).   
                                                                   
      SMALL FAR          ᯮ  32-ࠧ來 쭨 㪠- 
                         ⥫ (⮫쪮    ஢  80386    
                         80486).                                   
                                                                   
      LARGE FAR          ᯮ  48-ࠧ來 쭨 㪠- 
                         ⥫ (⮫쪮    ஢  80386    
                         80486).                                   
     

           㪠뢠 ꥪ    뫮  ⨯  
      ண 易⥫. ࡮ ᥬ 㦭  ⮫쪮
     ࠧ ⨯.   ࠧ,   ᫮  뫮 ⨯ (  
      ⨯) ᪠ ०騥 뫪.

                            ࠦ
     

          ᯮ짮 ࠦ        
     , ᪮      ᨬ᪨ ।⠢  ணࠬ
     祭. ࡮ ᥬ 믮   ᫥, -
     室   (  ॡ ⮣  ).

           ᢠ  ࡮  ᥬ ᯮ ⠭⭮ -
     䨪᭮ 祭. ࠦ  ᮤঠ ࠭  㭠
       樨.  ୠ  頥 । -
      ࠭;  樨    ࠭-
     . ਬ  権    5.8.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 98 =

                              ࠦ              5.8
     Ŀ
         ࠦ           砥  ᫥          
     Ĵ
         5                  ⠭ 5                            
         -5                 ⠭ -5                           
         4+3                ⠭ 7                            
         4*3                ⠭ 12                           
         4*3+2*1            ⠭ 14                           
         4*(3+2)*1          ⠭ 21                           
     

           ਫ  B  ᮤন   ࠬ⨪  ଥ -
     -, ᯮ㥬   ᨭ⠪᪮    ࠦ  
     ० MASM    Ideal.   ࠬ⨪ ᫥⥫쭮 뢠
     ᨭ⠪ ࠦ ࡮ ᥬ,   ⠪ 設⢮ -
     権.

                          筮  ࠦ
     

          ࡮ ᥬ  ० Ideal ᥣ ᯮ  32-ࠧ-
      䬥⨪.   ० MASM ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ 16- 
     32-ࠧ來  䬥⨪,    ᨬ    롮  
     80386.  ࠧ,  ࠦ,  ᨬ  ⮣,
       롨ࠥ,    ࠧ १. -
     ਬ,  ᫥:

          (1000h * 1000h) / 1000h

     砥 1000h    롮    80386  0  롮
     ஢ 8086, 80186  80286.

                         ⠭  ࠦ
     

           ⢥  ࠭    ࠦ    ᯮ짮
     ⠭, ਬ:

          mov   ax,5          ; "5" -  ࠭-⠭

                      䨪  ࠦ
     

            ᯮ  ࠦ 䨪, 頥
     祭   ⨯ 䨪.     ᯮ짮
     䨪 ᠬ  ᥡ   ⠭  ।묨 㭠-
      ﬨ,  ᮧ  뤥 㣮 ଠ樨 
     稭, ।⠢塞 䨪஬.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                              = 99 =

                                
     

           ॣ஢  ।⠢ ॣ ஢ ᥬ⢠
     89086   ᯮ짮  ⠢ ࠦ, ਬ:

          5+ax+7

           ᫥  ࠦ 砥  祭 ax+12,
     ⠪   AX -  १ࢨ஢   ࡮ ᥬ -
      ॣ.  䨪 ॣ஢ ᫥  ᫥饬
     ᯨ᪥:

          8086          AX, BX. CX, DX, SI, DI, DP, CS, DS, ES, SS

          80186,80286    ,    8086

          80386         ॣ 8086,  EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI
                        EDI, EBP, PS, GS, CR0, CR3, CR3, DR0, DR1,
                        DR@, DR#, DR6, DR7

          80486         ॣ  80386,  TR3, TR4, TR5



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 100 =

                  ⠭ 祭 䨪஢
     

           䨪 ᥣ ।⠢  -
     祭,   ⮣, ⮡  ᯮ짮, ।  ॡ-
     .   䨪      祭  ᫥  ᫥饩
     ⠡:

                        ⠭ 䨪          5.9
     Ŀ
         䨪            祭                         
     Ĵ
         $                        祭 ⥪饣 稪 - 
                                   ணࠬ.                    
         NOTHING                  0                                
         ?                        0                                
         UNKNOWN                  0                                
         BYTE                     1                                
         WORD                     2                                
         DWORD                    4                                
         PWORD                    6                                
         FWORD                    6                                
         QWORD                    8                                
         TBYTE                    10                               
                                                                   
         NEAR                     0ffffh                           
         FAR                      0fffeh                           
         PROC                     0ffffh  0fffeh,  ᨬ-  
                                    ⥪饩 .            
                                                                   
         CODEPTR                  2  4,  ᨬ  ⥪-  
                                  饩 .                      
         DATAPTR                  2  4,  ᨬ  ⥪-  
                                  饩 .                      
     

                    祭  䨪஢
     

          ࡮ ᥬ 頥  䨪஢,   -
      ᠬ  ᥡ, ᫥騥 祭:

          祭 䨪஢, ᯮ㥬 ।⢥


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 101 =

                                                           5.10
     Ŀ
      ࠦ                     祭                       
     Ĵ
      _               頥 .                   
                                                                   
      _᫮_ࠦ  頥 祭 ᫮ - 
                               .                              
                                                                   
      _⠡ |            頥  祭    㬮砭 
       __⠡     ⠡,    - 
                                ⠡.                    
                                                                   
      /               頥 ᬥ饭   ⠡- 
       __⠡       (⮫쪮   ०- 
                                MASM).                           
                                                                   
      _               頥 ,   ன  , 
                               १ࢨ஢  ।⠢ 
                               ⮢   । , 
                               ࠢ 1,  ⠫ ࠢ 0.       
                                                                   
      _ <...>         頥 砫쭮  祭  - 
                                , ஥     
                                , ᫨   뢠 
                                ⥪⮬,  祭    㣫 
                               ᪮  (஡  ᮤঠ   
                                12).                          
                                                                   
      _ [...]         筮 ।饬.             
                                                                   
      __          頥 ᫮  ,    ஥ 
                               ᬥ饭   襣  - 
                                (祭 ᤢ).             
                                                                   
      _᫥         頥 ,   ன  , 
                               ॡ㥬  ।⠢  - 
                               쭮 祭  । - 
                               ᫥  ࠢ  1,    ⠫ 
                               ࠢ 0.                            
                                                                   
      _ᥣ             頥 祭 ᥣ.       
                                                                   
      _㯯               頥 祭 㯯.         
                                                                   
      _/           頥 ࠧ   - 
       ꥤ               ꥤ,  ⮫쪮  ⮬ 
                               砥, ᫨  ࠧ ࠢ 1, 2 
                                4;  ⨢ 砥 - 
                                0.                             
                                                                   
      _⨯                 ᫨ ⨯ ।    ᨭ 
                                 ꥤ,  - 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 102 =

                               頥 祭   ,      
                                 ꥤ.    - 
                               ⨢ 砥  頥  ࠧ 
                               ⨯ ( 0ffffh  ⮪   short   
                               near  0fffeh  ⮪ far).       
     

           㣨 ⨯ 䨪஢  祭 0.

          ⨬,    ࠦ  ᯮ   ⥪⮢
     ப, ࡮  ᥬ  ⠢  䨪
     ⥪⮢ ப 祭 ⥪⮢ ப. -
     ,   ᯮ  ᥢ, ࡮ ᥬ ⠢-
       䨪  ᥢ  祭  䨪,
     ஥ ।⠢ ᥢ.

                         ୠ  LENGTH
     

          ୠ  LENGTH 頥 ଠ  稪 
     ᫥ 稭,  ।⠢ 䨪. 頥 䠪-
     ᪮ 祭     ⨯ 䨪,    
     ਢ  ⠡:

                 祭, 頥 樥 LENGTH   5.11
     Ŀ
      ࠦ                               祭             
     Ĵ
      LENGTH _              頥 稪 ⮢, 
                                     뤥塞     । 
                                      .                 
                                                                   
      LENGTH __/ 頥 稪 ⮢, 
       ꥤ                   뤥     । 
                                      (⮫쪮 ० MASM). 
     

           ਬ    ᥬ 㣨 ⨯ 䨪஢ -
      LENGTH 頥 祭 1.  ਢ    ਬ
     ᯮ짮 樨 LENGTH:

          MSG       DB "Hello"
          array     DW 10 DUP (4 DUP (1),0)
          numbrs    DD 1,2,3,4
          lmsg = LENGTHG msg            ; =1,  樨 DUP
          larray = LENGTH nsg           ; =10, 稪 ७ DUP
          lnumbrs = LENGTH numbrs       ; =1,  樨 DUP

          ୠ  SIZE

          ୠ  SIZE 頥 ଠ  ࠧ  뤥-
        .  頥  祭   ⨯
      䨪. ᮪ 㯭  樨 SIZE -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 103 =

     祭 ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:
                 祭, 頥 樥 SZIE     5.12
     Ŀ
      ࠦ                     祭                       
     Ĵ
      SIZE _                 ०  Ideal  頥 
                                    䠪᪮ ᫮ ,  뤥- 
                                      ६  . 
                                       ०  MASM  頥 
                                    ࠧ   ⨯    _ 
                                    (UNKNOWN=0,   BYTE=1,  WORD=2, 
                                    DWORD=4, PWORD=FWORD=6,  QWORD 
                                    =8,   TBYTE=10,    SHORT=NEAR= 
                                    0ffffh,   FAR=0fffeh,     
                                     = ࠧ   - 
                                    ),  㬭    祭 
                                    LENGTH _.             
      SIZE _/           頥 ᫮ ,  ॡ- 
       ꥤ                    ।⠢  - 
                                      ꥤ.          
      SIZE _⠡              頥  ᫮  , - 
                                    室       ।⠢ 
                                    ⠡.                       
      SIZE __⠡/    頥  稭  TYPE  
                           __⠡/*   
                                    LENGTH   __⠡/ 
                                    ꥤ  (⮫쪮    - 
                                     MASM).                    
      SIZE _               頥  ᫮  ,   - 
                                    室     ।⠢ 
                                    饣 ᫠  ,  १ࢨ- 
                                    ஢   ।  - 
                                    : 1, 2  4.                
      SIZE _᫥         頥  ᫮  , - 
                                    室       ।⠢ 
                                    ᨬ쭮  祭,  - 
                                    饣    ᫥: 
                                    1, 2  4.                    
      SIZE _ᥣ             頥   ࠧ   ᥣ 
                                     .                      
      SIZE _⨯                 頥  ᫮  , - 
                                    室       ।⠢ 
                                       ⨯,     ⮬ 
                                      쭨  ⪨  - 
                                      祭   0ffffh,   
                                    쭨 - 0fffeh.              
     

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 104 =


           ਬ  ᥬ 㣨 ⨯ 䨪஢ 
     SIZE 頥 祭 0.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 105 =

                         ୠ  WIDTH
     

          ୠ  WIDTH 頥 ࠧ     -
     .  祭   ⨯ 䨪.  ⨯ -
     䨪஢   ਢ  ⠡.      㣨
     ⨯  WIDTH ᯮ짮  ᪠.

                              祭 WIDTH               5.13
     Ŀ
       ࠦ                祭                           
     Ĵ
       WIDTH _         頥 饥 ᫮  ,  -
                                ࢨ஢  । .
                                                                   
       WIDTH __    頥 ᫮ ,  १ࢨ-
                                    । -
                                .                                
                                                                   
       WIDTH _᫥   頥 ᫮ ,  室 
                                   ।⠢  ᨬ쭮 
                                祭  । enum.       
     



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 106 =

                          ୠ  MASK
     

          ୠ  MASK ᮧ   ᭮ ⮢ ,
      ஬   頥 祭 ⠭  1   -
     ⢥ ⠬    ,  ஥  ।⠢ 䨪.
     頥 祭   ⨯ 䨪,  -
       ਢ  ⠡. ⨬,    㣨 -
     䨪஢ ᯮ짮  MASK  ࠧ蠥.

                    祭, 頥 MASK            5.14
     Ŀ
      ࠦ                祭                            
     Ĵ
      MASK _          頥  ,   ன , 
                               १ࢨ஢  ।⠢   
                               ⮢   । , 
                               ࠢ 1,  ⠫ ࠢ 0.       
                                                                   
      MASK __     頥  ,   ன , 
                               १ࢨ஢    ।-
                                 ,  ࠢ 1,   ⠫ 
                               ࠢ 0.                            
                                                                   
      MASK _᫥    頥  ,   ன , 
                               १ࢨ஢   ।⠢  
                               ᨬ쭮 祭   ।- 
                                ᫥,  ࠢ  1,   - 
                               ⠫ ࠢ 0.                    
     

                    騥 䬥᪨ 樨
     

          騥 䬥᪨  樨  ᯮ    ࠡ  
     ⠭⠬, 祭ﬨ 䨪஢  祭ﬨ 㣨 
     䬥᪨ 権. 騬 ﬨ  樨 ᫮-
     , ⠭, 㬭  . 㣨 樨 ᯥ樠쭮
     ।祭  ணࠬ஢  몥 ᥬ.  ᫥-
      ࠧ  㤨   ⥬.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 107 =

                      䬥᪨ 樨
     

          ࡮ ᥬ  ন   䬥᪨ -
     樨.  ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:

                     䬥᪨ 樨        5.15
     Ŀ
       ࠦ                    祭                       
     Ĵ
       +ࠦ                   ࠦ.                     
                                                                   
       -ࠦ                   栭 ࠦ.           
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 + ࠦ_2    ࠦ_1  ࠦ_2.  
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 - ࠦ_2    ࠦ_1  ࠦ_2. 
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 * ࠦ_2    ࠦ_1, 㬭  - 
                                    ࠦ_2.                     
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 / ࠦ_2    ࠦ_1,   - 
                                    _2   (ᯮ  楫 
                                    ᫠  ).  ࠦ_2 
                                       㫥  - 
                                      ࠧ 16 .      
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 MOD ࠦ_2  ⮪   ࠦ_1 
                                     ࠦ_2. ਬ  
                                     ࠢ,    . 
     



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 108 =

                   ᪨ 䬥᪨ 樨
     

          ᪨ 䬥᪨ 樨     믮
     樨 㫥᪮  .     権 믮
     ࠧ來,  ,  ᪠  믮    
     . ᪨ 樨 ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡.

                 ᪨ 䬥᪨ 樨        5.16
     Ŀ
      ࠦ                    祭                        
     Ĵ
      NOT ࠦ                ࠧ來   ࠦ- 
                                   .                            
                                                                   
      ࠦ_1 AND ࠦ_2  ࠧ來  "".       
                                                                   
      ࠦ_1 OR ࠦ_2   ࠧ來  "".     
                                                                   
      ࠦ_1 XOR ࠦ_2  ࠧ來   "᪫- 
                                   饥 ".                      
     

                       ࠧ來 樨 ᤢ
     

          ࠧ來 樨  ᤢ  ᬥ  祭  ࠢ  
        䨪஢ ᫮ .    ᯮ짮  
     ண 믮 権 㬭     -
       ⮢   祭.   ᫥饩 ⠡ ਢ ᯨ-
     ᮪ 権 ᤢ.

                      ᪨ 樨 ᤢ           5.17
     Ŀ
      ࠦ                    祭                        
     Ĵ
      ࠦ_1 SHL ࠦ_2  ࠦ_1 ᤢ   
                                   ᫮ ,  ࠦ_ 
                                   2 (  ⥫쭮  祭 
                                   ࠦ_2  믮  ᤢ 
                                   ࠢ).                        
                                                                   
      ࠦ_1 SHR ࠦ_2  ࠦ_1  ᤢ  ࠢ 
                                    ᫮ ,   ࠦ- 
                                   _2 ( ⥫쭮  - 
                                   祭  ࠦ_2  믮 
                                   ᤢ ).                   
     



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 109 =

                           樨 ࠢ
     

          樨 ࠢ  ࠢ  ࠦ  ஢-
       ࠢ⢮  ࠢ⢮        
      㣮.    樨  ࠢ  -1,  ᫨  ᫮ ⨭
     (True),  0  ⨢ 砥.   ⠡  뢠,
       ᯮ짮  樨.

                      樨 ࠢ                   5.18
     Ŀ
       ࠦ                   祭                        
     Ĵ
       ࠦ_1 EQ ࠦ_2  -1, ᫨ ࠦ_1 ࠢ -  
                                   ࠦ_2,  ⨢  砥  
                                   0.                              
       ࠦ_1 NE ࠦ_2  -1, ᫨  ࠦ_ 1  ࠢ 
                                   ࠦ_2,  ⨢ 砥 
                                   0.                              
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 GT ࠦ_2  -1, ᫨ ࠦ_1  - 
                                   ࠦ_2,    ⨢ 砥 
                                   0.                              
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 GE ࠦ_2  -1, ᫨ ࠦ_1   
                                   ࠢ ࠦ_2,   ⨢ 
                                   砥 0.                       
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 LT ࠦ_2  -1, ᫨ ࠦ_1  - 
                                   ࠦ_2,    ⨢ 砥 
                                   0.                              
                                                                   
       ࠦ_1 LE ࠦ_2  -1, ᫨ ࠦ_1   
                                   ࠢ ࠦ_2,   ⨢ 
                                   砥 0.                       
     

          樨 EQ   NE  ࠦ,   ᫠ 
     . ਬ,  -1 EQ 0ffffh  祭 -1 (᫨ ⮫쪮  
      ࠫ  80386   ᯮ ० Ideal;  -
      砥 祭 -1  ࠦ -1 EQ 0ffffffffh).

          樨 Gt, GE, LT  LE  ࠦ,  ᫠
      .  ਬ,  1 GE -1  祭 -1,   1 GE 0ffffh
      祭 0.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 110 =

                    ᭮ ⨯ ࠦ
     

          ࡮ ᥬ ᯥ稢 樨,   
       ८। ⨯ ࠦ.   樨 -
       ᫥饩 ⠡:

                  樨 ८। ⨯            5.19
     Ŀ
          ࠦ             祭                           
     Ĵ
     ࠦ_1 PTR ࠦ_2८ࠧ ࠦ_2  ⨯, -
                                ।塞 ࠦ_1.   ⮬
                                0=UNKNOWN, 1=BYTE, 2=WORD, 4=DWORD,
                                6=PWORD, 8=QWORD, 10=TBYTE, 0ffffh=
                                NEAR,    0fffeh=FAR,        -
                                稥=UNKNOWN   (⮫쪮     ०
                                MASM).                             
                                                                   
     ⨯ PTR ࠦ_2        ८ࠧ  ࠦ   
       ⨯ ࠦ         ᭮ ⨯ (⮫쪮  ०-
                                 Ideal).                         
                                                                   
     ⨯ LOW ࠦ          ८ࠧ ࠦ    
                                ᭮ ⨯.   ᠭ  ⨯
                                     ࠧ, 祬
                                ⨯  ࠦ  ( ⮫쪮  ०
                                Ideal).                            
                                                                   
     ⨯ HIGH ࠦ         ८ࠧ ࠦ    
                                ᭮ ⨯.   ᠭ  ⨯
                                     ࠧ, 祬
                                ⨯  ࠦ.  頥 
                                ࠨ    -
                                , ᠭ  ࠦ-
                                 ( ⮫쪮  ० Ideal).     
     

          ਢ  ਬ:

          IDEAL
          big DD 12345678h
          MOV ax,[WORD big]               ; ax = 5678h
          MOV al,[BYTE PTR big]           ; al = 78h
          MOV ax,[WORD HIGH big]          ; ax = 1234h
          MOV ax,[WORD LOW big]           ; ax = 5678h
          MOV al,[BYTE LOW WORD HIGH big] ; al = 쥬  big
                                          ; = 34h
          MASM:
          MOV ax,2 PTR big                ; ax = 5678h
          MOV ax,WORD PTR big             ; ax = 5678h (WORD 
                                          ; 祭 2)


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 111 =

                        祭 ⨯ ࠦ
     

           ० MASM    ᫮ 祭 ⨯  -
     ࠦ ⥬  ᯮ짮 樨 TYPE.  ( ० MASM ⮣
     ᤥ , ᪮ ⨯  뢠 ᫮묨 祭-
     .)  TYPE  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          TYPE ࠦ

           TYPE 頥 ࠧ ꥪ,  ᠭ 
     ࠦ:

                            祭 TYPE                  5.20
     Ŀ
         ࠦ              祭                           
     Ĵ
         byte                   1                                  
         word                   2                                  
         dword                  4                                  
         pword                  6                                  
         qword                  8                                  
         tbyte                  10                                 
         short                  0ffffh                             
         near                   0ffffh                             
         far                    0fffeh                             
         /ꥤ         
                                ꥤ.                       
         ⠡                  ⠡.         
     

          ਢ ਬ:

          avar = 5
          darray dd 10 dup (1)
          x    struc
               dw ?
               dt ?
               ends
          fp label far
          tavar = TYPE avar                   ;  = 0
          tbvar = TYPE davar                  ;  = 4
          tx = TYPE x                         ;  = 12
          tfp = TYPE fp                       ;  = 0FFFFh



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 112 =

          ८। ᥣ⭮  ᭮ ࠦ
     

           ࠦ  祭,  騥  ᥣ  
     ᬥ饭.     ᥣ    ᥣ⭮ -
     . (᫨   ,   祭 㯯, ࡮ ᥬ-
      ।,    ᥣ  ॣ  㦭   ᯮ짮,
        ᭮   ।   祭   ᥣ   ॣ஢
     (ASSUME)).   ᥣ⭮  ᭮ ࠦ -
      ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ࠦ_1 : ࠦ_2

            頥 ᭮  ࠦ, ᯮ饥
      ⢥ ᬥ饭 ࠦ_2,   ⢥ ᥣ  -
      㯯 - ࠦ_1. ਬ:

          VarPtr   dd  dgroup:memvar       ; dgrout -  㯯
                   mov cl,es[si+4]         ; ८। ᥣ
          :                                ; ES

            祭 ᥣ  ᬥ饭 ᭮ ࠦ
     

           祭 ᥣ  ᬥ饭 ᭮ ࠦ  -
      ᯮ짮 樨 SEG  OFFSET.   SEG 頥
     ᥣ  ᭮ ࠦ.     ᫥騩  ᨭ-
     ⠪:

          SEG ࠦ

          ਢ ਬ 室 :

          DATASEG
          temp   DW 0
          CODESEG
          mov ax,SEG temp
          mov ds,ax
          ASSUME  ds:SEG temp

           OFFSET 頥 ᬥ饭  ᭮  ࠦ  
      ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          OFFSET ࠦ

          ⨬,    ᯮ  ᬥ饭,  㡥-
     ,  ࠦ 뫠   ४  ᥣ.  ਬ,
     ᫨  ᯮ ० MASM   ᯮ 饭 ४-
     ⨢, ࠦ:

          OFFSET BUFFER             ;  -    

       ⮦ ᠬ, :

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 113 =


          OFFSET DGROUP:BUFFER     ; Dgroup -  㯯, ᮤঠ
                                   ; ᥣ,  ᮤন BUFFER

     (᫨ ᮤঠ騩 BUFFER  ᥣ        ᥣ⮬
     㯯).

          ᫨    ८। ᥣ   樨 :,  
     ० Ideal  ⮬᪨   ⭮⥫쭮 
     㯯, ன ਭ ᥣ.  ० MASM   -
       ᯮ짮 饭 ᥣ ४⨢.   ⨢
     砥   ⭮⥫쭮 ᥣ,   ஬ -
      ꥪ,   - 㯯.

      ᭮ ࠦ, ᯮ饣 稪 権
     

           ᮧ ᭮ ࠦ, ஥ 㪠뢠  ⥪-
     騩 ᥣ  稪  権,    ᯮ짮  
     THIS.  ० Ideal  ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          THIS ⨯

          ⠪ ०  Ideal   ந ᭮ -
       ᭮ ⥪饣 ᥣ  稪 権    -
      ⨯.

           ० MASM ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          THIS ࠦ

          ⠪ ०  MASM ࠡ⠥ 筮 ० Ideal,  
      । ⨯ ᯮ ᫮ 祭  ࠦ. 
     ᫥騥 祭:  0=UNKNOWN, 1=BYTE, 2=WORD, 4=DWORD, 6=PWORD,
     8=QQORD, 10=TBYTE, 0ffffh=NEAR, 0fffeh. ਬ:

          ptr1 LABEL WORD
          ptr2 EQU THIS WORD           ; 筮 ptr1

                   । ࠪ⨪ ࠦ
     

           (ਬ,   ப) 뢠  ।
     ࠪ⨪   ࠦ.    ⮣  㦠 樨
     SYMTYPE  .TYPE.

           ० Ideal ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          SYMTYPE ࠦ

           ० MASM ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          .TYPE ࠦ

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 114 =


          樨 SYMTYPE  .TYPE    뢠饥  ࠦ
     祭-⠭.  祭 ࠧ  ⮢ , -
       ᫥饩 ⠡:

                 ⮢  権 SYMTYPE  .TYPE     5.21
     Ŀ
                      祭                                  
     Ĵ
      0       ࠦ  ⭮⥫ 㪠⥫   
              ணࠬ.                                           
                                                                   
      1       ࠦ   ⭮⥫ 㪠⥫  - 
                ணࠬ.                                     
                                                                   
      2       ࠦ ।⠢ ᮡ 祭-⠭.     
                                                                   
      3       ࠦ ᯮ אַ ० 樨.         
                                                                   
      4       ࠦ ᮤন ॣ.                          
                                                                   
      5       䨪 ।.                             
                                                                   
      7       ࠦ ᮤন 䨪, । .
     

          ᫨  2  3 ࠢ ,   ࠦ ᮤন ᢥ
     ॣ ([BX]).

          ᫨ ࡮ ᥬ   ᫨ ࠦ,  -
      SYMTYPE  頥  ᮮ⢥騥 訡.   
     .TYPE    㤥  祭 (筮 0).

     뫪  ,  ꥤ  ᬥ饭 ⮢  ⠡
     

           , ꥤ  ⠡  묨
     ६묨, 祭  ।⠢ ᮡ    ०  MASM
     ᬥ饭   ,  ꥤ  ⠡.    ०
     Ideal   ⨯  ᬠਢ,    
      ⭮襭  ⨯ .  窨 (.)   -
      ᬥ饭 ⮢.   ० Ideal ᯮ ᫥騩
     ᨭ⠪:

          ࠦ.䨪

      "ࠦ" ।⠢  , ꥤ  -
      ⠡.  "䨪"   ⮬ -
     , ꥤ   ⠡.   窨 頥 ᬥ饭
       .

           ० MASM ⠪   樨 窨.  
     㭪 筠 樨 +   ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 115 =

          ࠦ_1 + ࠦ_2

                       ᠭ ᮤন 
     

           樨   ࠧ   ᮤন
     .    , ᯮ  ᪮. -
     :
          MOV  AX,BX           ; ६ BX  AX
          MOV  AX,[BX]         ; ६  AX ᮤন 
                               ;  BX

          ਢ 騩 ᨭ⠪,   ஬ ᯮ 
     ᪮:

          [ࠦ]

           ०  MASM   ᪮  ࠦ,  
     ᠬ,  易⥫.   ⢥ ࠭ 樨 -
     ஢ 8086     ᯮ짮  .   ⮣
     ᯮ ⮫쪮 ᥣ (祭    樨  SEG)
      ᬥ饭 (祭   樨 OFFSET).

          ᫨ ᭮,    ࠦ    ᮬ,   
     ᪮  ᯮ,   ० Ideal 뢮 ।०-
     饥 ᮮ饭.  ।०   (.  12).
      襩 ࠪ⨪ ணࠬ஢   ᯮ짮
     ᪮.

                        ࠧ㬥 ᫮
     

           ० MASM ᫮ ࠦ  믮 ᪮쪨
     ᯮᮡ:     樨 ᫮ (+),    樨
     窨 (.),      ࠧ㬥  ()  ᫮
     (  ࠦ  ࠧ  묨  㣫묨 ᪮).
     ਬ:

          MOV AX,5[BX]           ; ᮤন   BX+5
          MOV AX,5[XYZ]          ; ᮤন   XYZ+5

            ᫮  ᫥騩 騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ࠦ_1 [ࠦ_2]
     
          ࠦ_1 (ࠦ_2)

        祭 祭 襣  襣  ࠦ
     
            祭 襣  襣   ࠦ

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 116 =

      ᯮ짮 樨 HIGH  LOW.   ⥫⢮ 
      ,  ਬ,  樨,  ॡ ⮫쪮 -
     訥 8  ᬥ饭 .

          ਢ ਬ 権 HIGH  LOW:

          HIGH ࠦ
          LOW ࠦ

          ਬ:

          magic equ  1234h
          mov  cl,HIGH magic                ; cl = 12h
          mov  cl,LOW magic                 ; cl = 34h

                  16-  32-ࠧ來 ࠦ
     

          ᫨ ⥪騬  ࠭ ஬   80386
      ,   ࡮ ᥬ ।⠢  樨, -
      ।, 㤥 ࠦ ஢  16-  32
     -ࠧ來  祭.   樨 SMALL  LARGE.   ᫥-
     騩 ᨭ⠪:

          SMALL ࠦ
          LARGE ࠦ

           SMALL  砥   ࠦ,      ।⠢饥
     16-ࠧ來 祭.  LARGE 砥   32-ࠧ-
      祭.  樨 ᮡ   ணࠬ,  ࠡ-
       ன    樮  ।    ᥣ 
     32-⮢묨,  㣨 - 16-⮢묨. ਬ, :

          JMP [DWORD PTR ABC]

     ।⠢ ᮡ ᢥ 室  ᮤন  ६  
      ABC.  ᫨   ࠧ襭 ᯮ짮  80386,
         ஢      쭨
     室   ᯮ짮 ᥣ  16-ࠧ來 ᬥ饭, 
       室   32-ࠧ來  ᬥ饭.    ࠭
     筮   ᯮ짮 樨 LARGE  SMALL:

          JMP SMALL [DWORD PTR ABC]

            ਢ  ᥬ஢ ࡮ ᥬ-
     ஬ 樨 室 ⠪  ࠧ,  祭, 뢠
      ABC,    16-ࠧ來 ᥣ  16-ࠧ來
     ᬥ饭.  ⮬ ࡮ ᥬ  믮  ᢥ  室
     ⨯ FAR (쭨 室).

           ᯮ짮  権 SMALL  LARGE  ᭮ 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 117 =

     ᬥ饭,  樨 㪠뢠,      32-ࠧ-
     , ਬ:

          JMP SMALL [LARGE DWORD PTR ABC]

     㪠뢠,  ६   ABC 뢠 32-ࠧ來 -
     ,   ᮤন   16-ࠧ來 ᥣ 
     16-ࠧ來 ᬥ饭.




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 118 =

     6. ४⨢ 롮   䨪 
     

           8086 ।⠢ ᮡ  ᠬ   ⮫쪮 
      ஢ ᥬ⢠ iAPx86.  ᥬ⢮ 砥  ᥡ:

          -  8088 ( ᮤন 8-ࠧ來 設 ),
            8086 (ᮤন 16-ࠧ來 設 );

          -  80186  80188 (  ࠬ  8086  
            8088,    ᮤঠ  ⥫  樨  ࠡ
            ॥ ᢮ ।⢥);

          -  80286 ( ᮤন  樨  饭
            ०);

          -   80386 (  ࠡ뢠 16-  32-ࠧ-
            來 );

          -  80486 (襭   80386, -
             ⫨砥  ᮪ ᪮ ࠡ).

          ⥬᪨ ᮯ,  ⠪  8087, 80287  80387,
     ࠡ騥  ࠬ ᥬ⢠ iAPx86,    믮
     樨  饩 窮.

           ࡮  ᥬ ।ᬮ७ ४⨢  ।।-
      䨪,    ᯮ짮 樨
     ⭮ .  ४⨢  䨪 뢠-
        .

                       ४⨢ ஢ iAPx86
     

           ᥬ⢠  iAPx86  ।ᬠਢ  ᯮ짮
     ⢠ ४⨢. ⨬,  ४⨢, 稭騥  窨,
     㯭 ⮫쪮  ० MASM.

                ਬ砭: ᮪ 権, ⨬  -
            ஢,     1.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 119 =

                ४⨢ 롮 ஢ iAPx86         6.1
     Ŀ
      ४⨢        祭                                    
     Ĵ
      P8086            蠥 ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮 権 
                        8086.                            
                                                                   
      .8086            蠥 ᥬ஢ 権 - 
                        8086  頥  樨, - 
                       㯭 ⮫쪮   80186, 80286  
                       386. 蠥 ⠪ ᥬ஢  - 
                       権 ᮯ 8087, ⠪    - 
                       樨 .8087  8087.                      
                                                                   
      P186             蠥  ᥬ஢  権 - 
                        80186.                              
                                                                   
      .186             蠥  ᥬ஢  権 - 
                        80186.                              
                                                                   
      P286             蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                        80286.                           
                                                                   
      P286N            蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢- 
                        (ॠ  ०) 権  
                       80286  権  䬥᪮  ᮯ- 
                        80287.                              
                                                                   
      P286P            蠥  ᥬ஢     ( 
                       饭 ०)   権    
                       80286    権 䬥᪮ ᮯ- 
                        80287.                              
                                                                   
      .286             蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢- 
                        権    80286 (ॠ 
                       ०)  権 䬥᪮  ᮯ- 
                        80287, ⠪   ४⨢ P287.   
                                                                   
      .286C            蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢- 
                        権   80286  (ॠ 
                       ०)   権 䬥᪮ ᮯ- 
                        80287.                              
                                                                   
      .286P            蠥  ᥬ஢   権 
                        80286 ( 饭 ०) 
                        権  䬥᪮  ᮯ 
                       80287,  ४⨢ .287  .P287.        
                                                                   
      P386             蠥  ᥬ஢   権 
                        386.                             
                                                                   
      P386N            蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢- 
                        (ॠ  ०) 権  

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 120 =

                       386.                                        
                                                                   
      P386P            蠥 ᥬ஢  ( - 
                       饭 ०) 権  386.  
                                                                   
                                                                   
      .386             蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢- 
                        権    80386 (ॠ 
                       ०),   ⥫ - 
                       樨,  権 䬥᪮ ᮯ- 
                        80387,  ४⨢ .387  P387.     
                                                                   
      .386C            蠥 ᥬ஢ 権 - 
                        80386.                                
                                                                   
      .386P            蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                        80386 ( 饭 ०) 
                        権  䬥᪮  ᮯ 
                       80387,  ४⨢ .387  P387.           
                                                                   
      P486             蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                        i486 ( 饭 ०). 
                                                                   
      P486N            蠥 ᥬ஢ ਢ஢- 
                        権    i486  (ॠ 
                       ०).                                     
                                                                   
      .486             P蠥   ᥬ஢  ⥫ 
                       権   ,     ন 
                       ஬ 80486  ਢ஢ - 
                       .  蠥 ⠪ 樨 ᮯ- 
                        3867,  ४⨢ .387  P387.       
                                                                   
      .486C            蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                        i486.                            
                                                                   
      .486P            蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                        80486 ( 饭 ०) 
                        権  䬥᪮  ᮯ 
                       80487,  ४⨢ .487  P487.           
     

                     ।। 䨪
     

           ।।   䨪   @Cpu      @WordSize
        ଠ  ⨯ ᯮ㥬 
      ࠧ ⥪饣 ᥣ. ਢ ᠭ  䨪-
     ஢.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 121 =

                           䨪 @Cpu
     

          㭪: ᫮ 祭,  饥 ଠ  ⥪-
     饬 .

          砭: 祭, 頥 @Cpu,   ⮢ 
     ଠ  ⨯ :

             Ŀ
                         ᠭ                          
             Ĵ
                0           襭 樨    
                            8086.                             
                                                              
                1           襭 樨    
                            80186.                            
                                                              
                2           襭 樨    
                            80286.                            
                                                              
                                                              
                3           襭 樨    
                            80386.                            
                                                              
                4           襭 樨    
                            i486.                             
                                                              
                7           襭 ਢ஢       
                            樨 ஢ (80286,    
                            386, 486).                        
                                                              
                8           襭 樨 ⥬-    
                            ᪮ ᮯ 8087.        
                                                              
                                                              
                10          襭 樨 ⥬-    
                            ᪮ ᮯ 80287.       
                                                              
                11          襭 樨 ⥬-    
                            ᪮ ᮯ 80387.       
             

           ।   १ࢨ஢  饣  -
     짮.    ᯮ짮 䨪 @Cpu ᪨
     ,  ᯥ ᮢ⨬ 襩 ணࠬ  騬 -
     ﬨ ࡮ ᥬ.

            ᥬ⢮ ஢ 8086  ᮢ⨬  ᭨-,
        ࠧ蠥 ⨯   ४⨢ .286,  ⮬-
     ᪨ ࠧ  ⠪  訥  ⨯  ᮯ஢   (8086,
     80186).


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 122 =

           祭  ⮫쪮  ।⠢ ଠ  ,
       ࠫ  ⠯ ᥬ஢     .286  
      ४⨢.  ,  ஬ 믮 
     ணࠬ,  㪠뢠.

          ਬ:

          IPUSH = @Cpu AND 2       ; ࠧ蠥 ।⢥
                                   ;  push 
                                   ; 186  
          IF IPUSH
          PUSH  1234
          ELSE
                mov  ax,1234
                push ax
          ENDIF



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 123 =

                         䨪 @WordSize
     

          㭪: ᫮ 祭, 㪠뢠饥 16-  32-ࠧ來
     ᥣ.

          ਬ砭: @WordSize 頥 祭  2,  ᫨  ⥪騬
     ᥣ⮬  16-ࠧ來 ᥣ,  4, ᫨  32-ࠧ-
      ᥣ.

          ਬ:

          IF @WordSize EQ 4
              mov esp,0100h
          ELSE
             mov sp,0100h
          ENDIF

                       ४⨢ ᮯ 8087
     

          騥 ४⨢   ᮯ ᫥  ᫥-
     饩 ⠡.  ⨬,   ४⨢,  稭騥   窨,
     㯭 ⮫쪮  ० MASM.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 124 =

                       ४⨢ ᮯ 8087          6.2
     Ŀ
      ४⨢        祭                                    
     Ĵ
      .287             蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                       䬥᪮ ᮯ 80287. ᯮ- 
                         ४⨢, ᫨  ,  
                         ॡ ᪠  ணࠬ   
                       設  ᮯ஬ 8087.   ४- 
                       ⨢ ਢ  ⨬樨 権.  
                       ⮬  ⠭ ᮢ⨬묨  ᮯ- 
                       ஬ 8087.  ⮬  ᯮ - 
                         ४⨢,  ᫨  ணࠬ  
                       ࠡ  ᮯ 8087.              
                                                                   
      .387             蠥 ᥬ஢    権 
                       䬥᪮ ᮯ 80387. ᯮ- 
                         ४⨢, ᫨  ,  
                         ॡ ᪠  ணࠬ   
                       設  ᮯ஬ 8087.   ४- 
                       ⨢ ਢ  ⨬樨 権.  
                       ⮬  ⠭ ᮢ⨬묨  ᮯ- 
                       ஬ 8087.  ⮬  ᯮ - 
                         ४⨢,  ᫨  ணࠬ  
                       ࠡ  ᮯ 8087.              
                                                                   
      .8087            蠥  ᥬ஢ 権 - 
                       ᪮ ᮯ    頥   
                       樨,   㯭    ᮯ஢ 
                       80287  80387.  ० 権 ᮯ- 
                         ᯮ  ࡮ ᥬ஬  
                       㬮砭.                                  
                                                                   
      P287             蠥  ᥬ஢ 権 - 
                       ᪮ ᮯ 80287.             
                                                                   
      P387             蠥  ᥬ஢ 権 - 
                       ᪮ ᮯ 80287.             
                                                                   
      P8087            蠥  ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮  - 
                       権 䬥᪮  ᮯ  8087.   
                       ࡮ ᥬ  ०  砥  
                       㬮砭.                                  
     

                       ४⨢ 樨 ᮯ
     

          ᫨   㦭  ॠ 樨  饩 窮,  
     㦭 ᯮ짮 ᮯ 8087.  ᫨   ⠭ 
     ணࠬ 樨  権   饩 窮,    
     ᯮ짮  㪠 ४⨢ EMUL. (४⨢ EMUL ࠡ-
     ⠥ 筮 ࠬ /e).

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 125 =


                ਬ砭: ४⨢ EMUL  NOEMUL ࠡ   -
            MASM, ⠪   ० Ideal.

          ਬ:

          Finit                  ; ॠ 樨 ᮯ
                                 ; 8087
          EMUL
          Fsave BUF              ; 㫨㥬 

           ᯮ짮  ᮯ 8087    㫨-
      樨  饩 窮   ४⨢ EMUL, 
     ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ᯮ짮  樨    饩 窮  -
      ४⨢ NOEMUL.  ⨬,    ᯮ짮 -
     樨 EMUL    NOEMUL,     ஢ 樨 
     饩 窮    䠩   㫨㥬  樨
      㣮.

          ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 樨 NOEMUL:

          NOEMUL            ; ᥬ஢ ॠ 樨
                            ;  饩 窮
          finit
          EMUL              ;   樨




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 126 =

       7. ᯮ짮   ணࠬ  ᥣ樨
     

            ᥬ⢠ 8086    4 ᥣ
     ॣ஢ (CS,  DS, ES  SS).  ॣ ᮤঠ 祭 ᥣ-
     ,  ஥ 뢠 䨧᪨   ꥬ    64
     (   4    80386  ).    -
       ᯮ짮  ⢥  祭  
     ᥣ ॣ஢.

           祭 ᠭ  ᥣ⭮ ॣ 뢠 ࠧ-
         ᯮ㥬   ० 樨 -
     ॠ쭮 ( ⢥ ०,   ᯮ짮 
      8086  80186),  ᥣ⭮ 祭 ।⠢
     ᮡ 䠪᪨  ࠣ,   饭 ०, 
     ᥣ ॣ ᮤন ᥫ ( 騩 ᫮ -
     ).

          樮 ⥬  । ணࠬ ।, ࠡ-
      ணࠬ  ॠ쭮  饭 ०. ᫨  ᯮ-
      饭 ० ஢ 80386  80486,   樮
     ⥬ । ⠪, ⨬  訥 ᥣ ( 4 -
     ). ࡮  ᥬ     ⥯ ন 
      樮 ।.

           砥 饩  8086 ணࠬ     
      ᥣ⮢,    ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ 䨧᪨
     ࠧ     (     ),    
        १ ᥣ ॣ.   ᭮ ⮩ 饩
     奬  ந  ந 奬.  ⮡  㯮冷
     , ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠭ 奬 .    ᮣ襭
     ਤন  모 ᮪ ஢,   ணࠬ  -
     ᥬ ⠪ ᫥  .

             祢 ᯮᮡ ⮨  ࠧ ணࠬ 
     樨 ணࠬ   .  ࠣ  ணࠬ-
        ।  樠஢ (ᮤঠ騩 砫
     祭, ਬ,  ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭)   樠஢
     ( ᮤঠ騩 砫쭮 祭). ࡮ ᥬ 筮 -
      樠஢   ⤥  ᥣ,  
      ࠧ     ணࠬ,  㬥訢 ꥬ 믮塞
     ணࠬ.

          筮 筮    樠஢ 
      ⥪.  ⠪ ᯥ樠஢, ⠪  ॣ SS  SP
      믮  ணࠬ 樠  筮  ⮬᪨
      ⥪.   ࠧ,  ⠭   ⥪
     樠,  ⤥ ᥣ.

           ⠪ ஢ ᥣ    㯯.  २⢮
     ᯮ짮 㯯 ⮨  ⮬,      ᥣ-
      祭   ᥣ⮢ 㯯.  ਬ,  樠-
      , 樠஢   ᥣ ⥪ 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 127 =

       㯯 ⠪ ࠧ,       ண-
     ࠬ  ᯮ짮     祭 ᥣ.

              뢠,   ᯮ짮  襩 ண-
     ࠬ   ᥣ,   ४⨢   .

                             ४⨢ MODEL
     

          ४⨢ MODEL     ணࠬ ᪮쪮
     ⠭  ᥣ樨.    ⠪ ᯮ짮 
       몠  楤 ணࠬ.

          ४⨢ MODEL  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          MODEL [䨪_] _
             [_ᥣ_] [,[䨪_몠] ]
                [, 䨪_]

           ०  MASM  ᯮ   ᨭ⠪,   ४⨢
       .MODEL.

          "_"   "䨪_"  ।   
     ᥣ樨 , ᯮ㥬  ணࠬ.

           ਬ塞    ࡮ ᥬ ⠭  
     ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 ᥣ :

          - ;

          - 樠஢ ;

          - 樠஢ ;

          - 樠஢  쭥 ⨯;

          - 樠஢  쭥 ⨯;

          - ⠭;

          - ⥪.

            ᮤন 筮   (  室-
       ⠪ ᮤঠ ).  楫 ᮢ⨬  몠
     ᮪ ஢ 樠஢   ⠭ -
      -ࠧ.  ᮤঠ ⠪ ,  ᮮ饭, -
       砫쭮 祭.  樠஢    ⥪
     ᮤঠ ,  砫 祭   ⢥. -
     樠஢  쭥 ⨯ (far) -   樠-
      ,       ⠭⭮ ᥣ
     ,   㯭 ⮫쪮   祭 ᥣ-
      ॣ.      ⭮   樠஢ 
     쭥 ⨯,  ⮫쪮  樠஢   -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 128 =

     ঠ 樠஢ .

          樠   ,   뫠  
     ᥣ   ᥣ ॣ஢,    ꥤ 
     㯯 (᫨   ).   ᠭ ணࠬ  
     ࠭  ᥣ ⤥쭮,  ᨬ  ࠧ  ணࠬ.
     ⥬   ꥤ ᥣ⮢  㯯    ᮮ-
      . ᫨  ࠭  ᥣ ࠧ쭮,  -
       ணࠬ  㢥稢    ࠧ,    ᯮ짮
      .

          ⢥ 易⥫ ࠬ஬ ४⨢ MODEL -
       .   ⠭⭠   뢠 
      7.1.

           "䨪_"      ⤥
     ᯥ .        室 ᪮쪮
     䨪஢ .  㯭 䨪  ਢ  
      7.2.

          ⨬,    楫 ᮢ⨬  MASM 5.2   -
      ᯥ䨪    .  ᫨   ᯮ
     ᯥ䨪 ,  ࡮  ᥬ ࠧ㬥 ᯥ䨪
     NEARSTACK  USE32 ( 롮 ஢ 80386   80486). ᫨
       ⭮,  ᭮ ⠥ DOS.

                ८। ᯮ㥬 
     㬮砭  ᥣ   ᯮ  易⥫쭮  
     "_ᥣ_". 筮         ᮥ 
       _TEXT.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 129 =

                         ⠭            7.1
     Ŀ
                ।륳ᠭ           
                               ॣ                         
     Ĵ
     TINY        cs=dgroup         -
                               ds=ss=dgroup     
                                                 㯯   
                                               DGROUP. ⠳
                                              ᯮ
                                               ணࠬ,  -
                                             ᥬ㥬  -
                                              .COM. 륳
                                             모   
                                             ন.      
                                                                
     Ĵ
     SMALL       cs=_text          ।⠢
                               ds=ss=dgroup  ᮡ  ᥣ.
                                               -
                                                 㯯 
                                               DGROUP. ⮳
                                                -
                                             , ᯮ-
                                                 ⮭
                                             ணࠬ  ᥬ-
                                             .              
                                                                
     Ĵ
     MEDIUM    쭨  cs=              ᯮ-
                               <>_text  ᪮쪮 ᥣ-
                               ds=ss=dgroup  ⮢,    
                                              .   륳
                                             室   㯯
                                               DGROUP.   
                                                                
     Ĵ
     COMPACT    쭨 cs=_text       室  -
                               ds=ss=dgroup    ᥣ.  ᥳ
                                                -
                                             室   㯯 
                                               DGROUP. 
                                             뫪     륳
                                             ᯮ  -
                                              㪠⥫.     
                                                                
     Ĵ
     LARGE     쭨 쭨 cs=              ᯮ-
                               <>_text  ᪮쪮 ᥣ-
                               ds=ss=dgroup  ⮢,    
                                              .      ᥳ
                                                -
                                             室   㯯 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 130 =

                                               DGROUP. 
                                             뫪     륳
                                             ᯮ  -
                                              㪠⥫.     
                                                                
     Ĵ
     HUGE      쭨 쭨 cs=            ,    
                               <>_text LARGE ( ᠥ
                               ds=ss=dgroup  ࡮ ᥬ). 
                                                                
     Ĵ
     TCHUGE    쭨 쭨 cs=               ⭮
                               <>_text  LARGE,   
                               ds=nothing    㣨 ।-
                               ss=nothing    ﬨ   ᥣ
                                             ॣ.         
                                                                
     Ĵ
     TPASCAL    쭨 cs=code, ds     - 
                               =data, ss=        ࠭
                               nothing       ﬨ ࡮ -
                                             .   -
                                                -
                                             .            
                                                                
     Ĵ
     FLAT        cs=_text       ,   
                               ds=ss=flat    SMALL,   室
                                              ᯮ짮 
                                             OS/2.              
     



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 131 =

                            䨪              7.2
     Ŀ
         䨪        㭪                          
     Ĵ
         NEARSTACK                뢠,  ᥣ ⥪ -
                                         DROUP  (᫨
                                  㯯 DGROUP ),  SS
                                   㪠뢠  DGROUP.      
                                                                   
         FARSTACK                 뢠,  ᥣ  ⥪  
                                      DGROUP,  SS
                                   㪠뢠    nothing (
                                  ।).                      
                                                                   
         USE16                    ,         ᥣ  
                                  ࠭     16-
                                  ࠧ來묨 ( 롮 ࠳
                                  80386  80486).                
                                                                   
         USE32                    ,         ᥣ  
                                  ࠭     32-
                                  ࠧ來묨 ( 롮 ࠳
                                  80386  80486).                
                                                                   
         DOS, OS_DOS              ,  ਪ  ணࠬ
                                  ਥ  DOS.            
                                                                   
         OS2, OS_OS2              ,  ਪ  ணࠬ
                                  ਥ  DOS.            
     

          ""   "䨪_몠"   । ᮣ襭,
     ᯮ㥬  맮 楤,   ⠪ ᯮ㥬  㬮-
     砭 ࠪ 砫  襭   楤.  -
     । ⠪     饤㯭 䨪-
      (   ᯮ   騪).  ࡮  ᥬ  㤥
     ⮬᪨ ஢  室  室   楤-
     , ᯮ   ᫥ 몮 ᮣ襭:  PASCAL,  C,
     CPP (C++),  SYSCALL, BASIC, FORTRAN, PROLOG  NOLANGUAGE ( 
     ). ᫨    ,   ࡮ ᥬ ।
     ᯮ짮 NOLANGUAGE.

          ᯮ "䨪_몠"      砫  
     襭 楤   WIndows  ૥ 稪 
     Borland.    ࠬ  NORMAL,  WINDOWS,  ODDNEAR  
     ODDFAR. ᫨    ࠬ,   ࡮ ᥬ  㬮-
     砭 ࠧ㬥 NORMAL.

                ਬ砭:  ஡   ⮬  ᪠뢠  
            16.

          ஬ ⮣,   ८। ᯮ㥬  㬮-
         䨪 몠  । 楤.  ஡-

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 132 =

       㧭   10.

            饤㯭 䨪   ⠪
     ८। .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 133 =

              䨪, 㥬 ४⨢ MODEL
     

            ᯮ ४⨢ MODEL, ࡮ ᥬ ᮧ-
       樠 ⤥ ६,  ࠦ騥 ⠫ -
     ࠭ .   ६ ⥬ ᯮ짮 ஢ -
      ᥬ஢      , 騩
      .  ⮬,   ᯮ짮  ६  -
       ᥬ஢, ᪠뢠   15.

                          䨪 @Model
     

          䨪 @Model ᮤন ᫮ 祭, ।⠢-
     饥 ⥪ ᯮ㥬 .          
     ⥪⮢ ப    ᫥ 祭:

          1  =    tiny (筠)
          2  =    small ()  flat
          3  =   compact (⭠)
          4  =  medium (।)
          5  =  large ()
          6  =  huge (஬)
          7  =  tchuge  (࡮ )
          0  =  tpascal (࡮ ᪠)

                          䨪 @32Bit
     

          䨪 @32Bit ᮤন 祭,  ।饥, -
       ᥣ  ⥪饩  16-  32-ࠧ來묨.  ᫨ 
        MODEL 16-ࠧ來 ᥣ,   祭 ࠢ-
      0,  ᫨ 32-ࠧ來 -  1.

                         䨪 @CodeSize
     

          䨪 @CodeSize  㪠뢠 ᯮ㥬  㬮砭
     ࠧ 㪠⥫   ⥪饩  . ᫨  ⠭
      0,    ᯮ  㪠⥫  ⨯ NEAR
     (e TINY, SMALL, FLAT, COMPACT, TPASCAL),  祭 1 㪠-
     ,       ᯮ  쭨 㪠⥫ FAR (
     㣨 ).

                         䨪 @DataSize
     

          䨪 @DataSize 㪠뢠 ᯮ㥬  㬮砭
     ࠧ 㪠⥫   ⥪饩  . ᫨  ⠭-
       0,    ᯮ  㪠⥫  -
      NEAR (e TINY,  SMALL, FLAT, COMPACT, TPASCAL),  祭
     1  㪠뢠,     ᯮ 쭨 㪠⥫ FAR
     ( 㣨 ).

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 134 =


                        䨪 @Interface
     

          䨪 @Interface   ଠ  몥  -
      ⥬,   ࠭   MODEL.  ⥪-
      ப ᮤন ᫮,   ண ।⠢ ᫥-
     騥 祭:

                            䨪              7.3
     Ŀ
       0-7         祭                                    
     Ĵ
         0             NOLANGUAGE                                  
         1             C                                           
         2             SYSCALL                                     
         4             PASCAL                                      
         5             FORTRAN                                     
         6             BASIC                                       
         7             PROLOG                                      
         8             CPP                                         
     

           8  㫥 祭  DOS  ࠢ 1  OS/2.

          ਬ, 祭 䨪 @Interface 뢠, 
      ࠫ 樮 ⥬ OS/2   .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 135 =

                     饭 ᥣ ४⨢
     

          ᫥ 롮     ᯮ짮 饭
     ᥣ ४⨢  ⮣, ⮡ 稭 ⤥ ᥣ.
      饭 ४⨢   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ᫥  -
     ४⨢ MODEL,       .  㫥
     ᪠ 㪠뢠 ⮫쪮 ४⨢ ᥣ樨, ᪮쪮 -
     室. ࡮ ᥬ  祭  ᥣ 
        묨  ( ᫨         
     ࠣ  ᫥  ४⨢ ᥣ樨).  祭 ४⨢
     ᮤন   7.4.

     Ŀ
         ४⨢             ᠭ                            
     Ĵ
         CODESEG []         稭  த ᥣ 
                               .     쭨 ⨯
                                   , 饥-
                                䠪᪨  ᥣ.  -
                               ⨬,    ⠪ ࠧ  ⥳
                               ஢    
                               ᥣ .                      
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .CODE []           ⭠ ४⨢  CODESEG. -
         DATASEG               ᪠ ⮫쪮    ०  MASM.
                               稭   த  
                               樠㥬   㬮砭  ᥣ-
                                .                        
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .DATA                 ⭠ ४⨢  DATASEG. -
         CONST                 ᪠ ⮫쪮    ०  MASM.
                               稭     த   ᥣ
                               ⠭ .  ﭭ  륳
                               ᥣ      (NEAR) 
                                樠஢ -
                               .                                
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .CONST                ⭠  ४⨢  CONST.  -
         UDATASEG              ᪠ ⮫쪮    ०  MASM.
                               稭   த  
                                 樠㥬     㬮砭
                               ᥣ .   ஦-
                                  砩      ᥣ
                               ⮫쪮  樠஢ ,
                                ⨢ 砥 砥 믮-
                               塞 ணࠬ 㤥  訩
                               祬 㦭 ࠧ. ᠭ ।-
                                  樠஢  
                                   12.             

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 136 =

                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .DATA?                ⭠   ४⨢   UDATASEG.
                                ⮫쪮  ० MASM.   
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         STACK [ࠧ]        稭     த  ᥣ 
                               ⥪ .  易⥫  -
                                "ࠧ" ।  ꥬ  -
                               ࢨ㥬  ⥪  ( ᫮-
                               ).  ᫨       ࠧ,
                               ࡮ ᥬ १ࢨ  㬮-
                               砭 200h ᫮ (1 ).       
                                                                   
                                ० MASM    ⪨,    
                               ,   ᫥騥     ஬
                               STACK,    ᬠਢ 
                                ᥣ ⥪.   ०-
                                Ideal  १ࢨ  ᯥ樠쭠
                               ,    ᥣ  ⥪ ⠥
                               ,   祬   ⥳
                                ⪨  㣨 樠-
                               ஢ .                  
                                                                   
                               ४⨢ ⥪ 筮 ॡ -
                               짮,  ᫨    몥
                               ᥬ   ⮭   ணࠬ.
                               設⢮  몮  ᮪ ஢
                               ᠬ ᮧ   ⥪.          
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .STACK [ࠧ]       ⭠ ४⨢  STACK.  -
                                 ० MASM.               
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         FARDATE []         稭  த  쭨 -
                               樠஢ ᥣ    
                               (FAR)   .  ᫨  
                                , ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ-
                                ᥣ⭮  FAR_DATA.   -
                               㫥  ᮤঠ   
                               樠஢  ᥣ -
                                ⨯ FAR.                       
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .FARDATA []        ⭠  FARDATA.    
                               ० MASM.                        
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         UFARDATA              稭  த 쭨  -
                               樠஢ ᥣ   
                                .  ᫨   ⥳
                               ,  ࡮  ᥬ  ᯮ

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 137 =

                                ᥣ FAR_BSS.  㫥  
                                 ᪮쪮 樠-
                                ᥣ⮢  ⨯ FAR.   
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         .FARDATA? []       ⭠   UFARDATA.   
                               ⮫쪮  ० MASM.               
     

                ਬ砭: ᫨   ॡ  䠪᪨ -
           ,   ᮢ  ࠢ ᥣ⮢, ᮧ 
           饭 ४⨢ ᥣ樨, . ਫ A.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 138 =

     䨪, ᮧ 饭묨 ४⨢ ᥣ樨
     

            ᯮ 饭 ४⨢  ।  ᥣ-
     ⮢,   ᮧ ६,  ࠦ騥 ⠫ ।
     ᥣ (筮 ⮬,     ४⨢ MODEL). -
     ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠   15.

          䨪 饭 ४⨢ ᥣ樨    7.5
     Ŀ
         䨪           祭                          
     Ĵ
         @code                     㯯,  -
                                 㬥  ᥣ CS.       
                                                                   
         @data                     㯯,  -
                                 㬥  ᥣ DS.       
                                                                   
         @fardata                 ⥪饣 ᥣ FARDATA.    
                                                                   
         @fardata?                ⥪饣 ᥣ UFARDATA.   
                                                                   
         @curseg                  ⥪饣 ᥣ.            
                                                                   
         @stack                    㯯,  -
                                 㬥  ᥣ SS.       
     



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 139 =

                          ४⨢ STARTUPCODE
     

          ४⨢ STARTUPCODE ᯥ稢  樠樨,  ᮮ-
     騩 ⥪饩    樮 ⥬.   ⬥砥
     ⠪ 砫 ணࠬ.  ४⨢  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          STARTUPCODE

     

          .STARTUP            ; (⮫쪮  ० MASM)

          ४⨢ STARTUPCODE 樠 ॣ DS,  SS   SP.
       SMALL,  MEDUIUM, COMPACT, LARGE, HUGE  TPASCAL ࡮
     ᥬ ⠭ DS  SS  @data,   SP -     ⥪.
        TINY  TCHUGE ४⨢ STARTUPCODE   ᥣ-
      ॣ஢.

                         䨪 @Startup
     

          䨪 @Startup  頥  砫  樠-
     樨,     ४⨢ STARTUPCODE.  ।⠢-
      ᮡ  , ⬥ 砫 ணࠬ.

                           ४⨢ EXITCODE
     

          ४⨢ EXITCODE ᯮ  樨   -
     , ᮮ⢥饣  ⥪饩  樮  ⥬.   
     ᯮ짮   㫥 ᪮쪮 ࠧ (   窨 室).
      ४⨢  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          EXITCODE [頥_祭]

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          .EXIT [頥_祭]

          易⥫쭮 "頥_祭" 뢠 ᫮,  -
     ஥    樮 ⥬.  ᫨   -
      頥  祭,  ࡮ ᥬ ।,  
      祭 ᮤন  ॣ AX.

                   ।  ᥣ⮢  㯯
     

          設⢮ ਪ ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 ᥣ,
     ᮧ ⠭묨 ﬨ.      ⠭
      ࠭祭.     ਪ ணࠬ 室
      ஫  樥 ᥣ⮢.    ।-
     ⠢ 騥 ᥣ ४⨢.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 140 =

                         ४⨢ SEGMENT
     

          ४⨢ SEGMENT 뢠 ᥣ.  ᫥騥  
       ४⨢ ENDS,   뢠 ᥣ,  -
     祭   ᥣ.

           ० Ideal ४⨢ SEGMENT  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          SEGMENT  [ਡ]

           ० MASM ४⨢ SEGMENT  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           SEGMENT [ਡ]

      "" -   ᥣ.   ᥣ⠬  㦭  
     ᮮ⢥⢨     ᯮ짮.  ਬ  ᥣ⮢ 
       ਫ A.

            ᥣ   ᪮쪮 ࠧ     
     ᥣ    ⥬  . ࡮ ᥬ 믮 -
     ⥭  ⥩ ᥣ.  ਡ ᥣ  㦭  
     ⮫쪮  ࢮ  ⨨.

          ਡ       ᥡ    祭
     ਡ⮢ ᥣ,  । ᫥饥:

          - ਡ ஢ ᥣ;

          - ਡ  ᥣ:

          - ਡ ࠢ ᥣ;

          - ਡ ࠧ ᥣ;

          - ਡ 㯠  ᥣ.

                ਬ砭: ⨬,   ࡮ ᥬ ࠡ뢠
           祭 ਡ⮢ ᫥-ࠢ.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 141 =

                    ਡ ஢ ᥣ⮢
     

           ਡ ஢ ᥣ⮢ ᮮ頥 騪, 
     㦭 ஢ ᥣ ࠧ 㫥,    
      .  ⨬ 祭 ਡ ஢ ᥣ -
       ᫥饬 ᯨ᪥. ⨬,  ᫨   㪠뢠-
       ਡ, ࡮ ᥬ । PRIVATE.

                      ਡ ஢ ᥣ       7.6
     Ŀ
        ਡ          祭                                  
     Ĵ
        PRIVATE            㤥 ஢  㣨- 
                          ᥣ⠬  ⥬     
                         .  㤥  믮  ⥭ 
                         ᥣ  ᥣ⠬  ⥬    
                               ࠧ   
                         뢭 ᥣ.                    
                                                                   
     Ĵ
        MEMORY            ,  PUBLIC. 㤥 믮 - 
                         ⥭  ᥣ   㣨 ᥣ⠬ 
                          ⥬          
                         ࠧ  뢭 ᥣ, 
                         ᯮ㥬  ᥣ  ⥪.  - 
                         騪  樠 ॣ SS SP - 
                         砫묨 祭ﬨ,  ⠪    㪠- 
                             ᥣ.           
                                                                   
     Ĵ
        COMMON           ᯮ  ᥣ     㣨 
                         ᥣ  ⥬      - 
                         .    ᥣ      
                         ४뢠    ᮢ⭮  ᯮ짮 
                           .    祭  - 
                          ᥣ 㤥 ࠢ ࠧ - 
                          讣 ᥣ .            
                                                                   
     Ĵ
        VIRTUAL          । ᯥ樠   ᥣ, - 
                           뢠  墠뢠- 
                         饣 ᥣ. 騪 - 
                                 ᮥ 
                           墠뢠饬 ᥣ. 㠫 
                         ᥣ ᫥ ᢮ ਡ   墠- 
                         뢠饣   ᥣ.   ४⨢  ASSUME 
                         ᬠਢ  㠫  ᥣ    
                          ஦饣 ᥣ.   - 
                          ⭮襭 㠫 ᥣ ।- 
                         ⠢ ᮡ   , - 
                          ᯮ ࠧ묨  ᥣ⠬.  
                          ࣠ ᮢ⭮ ᯮ- 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 142 =

                          ᪨ ,    - 
                           ࠧ묨  ﬨ  砥 
                         䠩.                                   
                                                                   
     Ĵ
        AT xxx           ᯮ ᥣ  ᮫⭮  
                         ࠣ.   ࠬ஬ xxx. 
                         騪  ᥣ AT   ஦ 
                            .  ᯮ - 
                         ४⨢ AT    ࣠樨  㯠   
                         䨪    䨪஢  ᠬ 
                          (ਬ,  ࠭ ᯫ   - 
                          ).                               
     

                         ਡ  ᥣ
     

          ਡ   ᥣ -  祭  窨 ப,
       騪 ।  ᮮ⢥騩 冷
     ᥣ⮢   ᮡ࠭    ணࠬ  㫥.  騪
     ꥤ     ᥣ    ⥬    
     .   ਬ஬  ᯮ짮     
     ꥤ  㯯  ᥣ⮢   ணࠬ  (筮  
     ⮣ ᯮ  CODE).    堭  -
      ⠪   樠஢ .

                      ਡ ࠢ ᥣ
     

          ਡ ࠢ  ᥣ  ᮮ頥  騪,  
     㦭 ᯥ ࠧ饭 砫 ᥣ    ࠭.
      ,  ᪮  ࠢ쭮 ࠢ   
       8086 믮 ॥. ⨬ 祭 -
      ਡ ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 143 =

                       ਡ ࠢ ᥣ        7.7
     Ŀ
          ਡ           祭                               
     Ĵ
          BYTE              ࠢ   믮.   
                            稭  ࠭ ᫥饣 . 
                                                                   
          WORD              稭 ᥣ  ࠭ ᫥饣 
                            ᫮.                                 
                                                                   
          DWORD             稭 ᥣ  ࠭ ᫥饣 
                             ᫮.                        
                                                                   
          PARA              稭 ᥣ  ࠭ ᫥饣 
                            ࠣ (ࠢ  16 ).   
                                                                   
          PAGE              稭 ᥣ  ࠭  ᫥饩 
                            ࠭ (ࠢ  256 ).   
                                                                   
          MEMPAGE           稭 ᥣ  ࠭  ᫥饩 
                            ࠭  (ࠢ  4 - 
                            ).                              
     

          ᫨    ⨯ ࠢ,  ࡮ ᥬ -
     㬥 PARA.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 144 =

                        ਡ ࠧ ᥣ
     

          ᫨ ⥪騬   ࠭   ஬     
     80386,  ᥣ   16-  32-ࠧ來묨.  -
      ᥣ  ᮮ頥 騪,   ࠧ   -
       ⭮ ᥣ.  ⨬ 祭 ਡ -
       ᫥饩 ⠡:

                    祭 ਡ ࠧ ᥣ      7.8
     Ŀ
         ਡ     祭                                      
     Ĵ
         USE16        㤥 16-ࠧ來.  ᥣ - 
                      ᮤঠ  64   .         
                                                                   
         USE32        㤥 32-ࠧ來.  ᥣ - 
                      ᮤঠ  4    .  
     

          ᫨  ० MASM  롨ࠥ   80386,    ࡮
     ᥬ । ᯮ짮 USE32.   ० Ideal ࡮
     ᥬ  㬮砭 । ᯮ짮 USE32.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 145 =

                       ਡ 㯠  ᥣ
     

           饭 ०   ᥣ    ࠢ
     㯮  ।   ,   . (-
     ⨬,    ।⢮ ন  饥 ६ ⮫쪮
     騪 Phar Lap.  ᫨ ॡ ᯮ짮 ਡ -
     㯠  ᥣ,   ஢ ᮢ⨬   ꥪ-
          ࠬ  ப /op.) ਡ -
     㯠  ᥣ  ᮮ頥  騪,      ᥣ  㦭
     ਬ ᯥ樠 ࠭祭 㯠.

          ⨬ 祭  ਡ ਢ    ᫥饩
     ⠡:

                    祭 ਡ 㯠  ᥣ    7.9
     Ŀ
         ਡ     祭                                      
     Ĵ
         EXECONLY     㯥 ⮫쪮  믮.       
                                                                   
         EXECREAD     㯥 ⮫쪮  ⥭  믮- 
                     .                                          
                                                                   
         READONLY     㯥 ⮫쪮  ⥭.           
                                                                   
         READWRITE    㯥 ⮫쪮  ⥭  .  
     

          ᫨   롨ࠥ       ਡ⮢  ᯮ
     USE32, 騪 Phar Lap ।,   ᥣ ।-
     祭  믮  饭 ०.  ᫨  롨ࠥ USE32,
           祭, ࡮ ᥬ ।
     ᯮ짮 ਡ READONLY.

                           ४⨢ ENDS
     

            ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ENDS   ᥣ,
     ᫥ 祣         .  ४⨢
     ENDS ᫥ ᯮ짮    ᥣ, ⮣
      ४⨢ SEGMENT. ,    饭 -
     ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢,  ॡ ४⨢ ENDS.

          ४⨢ ENDS  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ENDS []

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           ENDS

      ""   ᥣ,     .  ᫨

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 146 =

        ᮣ    ⥪饣 ⮣ ᥣ,  ࡮
     ᥬ 㤥 뢮 ᮮ饭  訡. ᫨   -
     , ࡮ ᥬ ࠧ㬥 ⥪騩 ᥣ.

                           ४⨢ GROUP
     

          ४⨢ GROUP  ᯮ짮   ᢠ  ᥣ-
     ⮢ 㯯.  㯯    㯠  ᥬ ᥣ-
     ⠬ 㯯   ᥣ.

           ० Ideal ४⨢ GROUP  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          GROUP  _ᥣ [, _ᥣ...]

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           GROUP _ᥣ [, _ᥣ...]

      "" ।⠢ ᮡ  㯯,   "_ᥣ" -  
      ᥣ, ஥   ᢮ 㯯.

                           ४⨢ ASSUME
     

          ᫨       ᥣ, ᥣ
     ॣ   㦠 ४ 祭 ᥣ.  
      㦭   ᠬ.  ਬ,   㧪  ॣ DS
      ⥪饣 ᥣ  쭥 ⨯   ᯮ짮-
      :

          MOV   AX,@fardata
          MOV   DS,AX

           ணࠬ 㦠  ᥣ ॣ 祭 ᥣ-
     ,   ᯮ짮  ᥣ ॣ  㯠
        ᥣ.   ⮬,   稭 뢠
      ࠧ  ࠡ⪥     ᥣ  -
      (   筮 ࠪ⨪  ணࠬ஢).

          ⮡ 㪠 ࡮ ᥬ,  㦭 易 ᥣ
     ॣ     ᥣ    㯯,  ᯮ  ४⨢
     ASSUME.    ࡮ ᥬ  "筮 ஭-
     ⥫"  ᯮ짮  㯥    ᥣ.

          ᪨, ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ  ⠪  ଠ  
     裡   ᥣ  ॣ஬    ᥣ ⠪  
     㣨 楫:  ० MASM 祭, ஥ ࠧ㬥 
     ॣ CS, ᯮ  । ᥣ  㯯,  
     ஬ ਭ ⪠.  ࠧ, ॣ CS  -
     ४⭮     ४⨢ ASSUME,   ⨢ 砥 ࡮
     ᥬ   । ⪨  楤 㤥  ᮮ-
       訡.

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 147 =


          ४⨢ ASSUME  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ASSUME ᥣ_ॣ : ࠦ [, ᥣ_ॣ : ࠦ]

     
          ASSUME nothing

      "ᥣ_ॣ" -    ॣ஢ CS, DS, ES  SS. -
          80386  80486,    ᯮ짮
     ॣ FS  GS.  "ࠦ"     ࠦ,  
     ᫥ ண 砥  ᥣ  㯯.  ⨢-
      砥  ᯮ짮 祢 ᫮ NOTHING.   -
     祢 ᫮  ⬥      ᥣ ॣ஬  
     ᥣ⮬   㯯.

          ४⨢ ASSUME NOTHING ⬥   ᥬ ᥣ-
     묨 ॣࠬ  ᥣ⮬   㯯.

            ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ASSUME  䨪樨 ᥣ-
     ⭮ ॣ   砫 楤    ⮩ 窥
     ।  ᥣ ॣ.   ࠪ⨪ ASSUME ᯮ-
      筮  砫     .  ᫨   -
       MODEL,   ࡮ ᥬ 砥 ४⨢
     ASSUME  㬮砭.

          ᫨     ४⨢ ASSUME 祭,  ࠭ -
        祭  .

          ਬ,  ᫥饬 ࠣ ணࠬ ,  -
      㧨 ⥪騩 樠஢ ᥣ    쭥
     ⨯  ॣ DS,  १  ॣ    -
     ⠭ ॣ DS  祭 ᥣ :

          MOV  AX,@fardata
          MOV  DS,AX
          ASSUME  DS:@fardata:
          MOV  BX,<६__쭥_⨯>
          MOV  AX,@data
          MOV  DS,AX
          ASSUME DS:@data

                        ८। ᥣ
     

          騪 ࣠  㯮冷稢  ᥣ, ।-
        ணࠬ.   饬 砥   稭
     ࠧ饭 ᥣ⮢   ⮬ 浪,   ஬   
      ணࠬ.   ⠪ 堭,  ஢
     ᥣ⮢   祭 ᥣ⠬ ᮢ    
     冷.

           ⠪  㣨 ᯮᮡ   冷 ᥣ-

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 148 =

     ⮢  筮 ணࠬ. ਬ,    冷, 
     ஬ ᥣ   室 㫥.   ⠪
     ४⨢,  騥  冷 ᥣ⮢.  ᫥  -
     .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 149 =

                㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  㫥
     

          冷 ᥣ⮢    㫥 । 砫쭮 ࠧ-
     饭 ᥣ⮢  ணࠬ 騪.   MASM  1.0    2.0
     ᥣ । 騪  䠢⭮ 浪.   ࡮
     ᥬ ।ᬮ७ ४⨢ (⮫쪮  ० MASM),  -
       ந  .

          ⨬,   ४⨢  ⠪ ,  ࠬ-
       ப /A  /S.

                            ४⨢ .ALPHA
     

           ४⨢ .ALPHA । 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  -
     䠢.   ४⨢ ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,  ᥣ
       ꥪ⭮ 䠩 㦭 ࠧ  䠢⭮ 浪 ( ᮮ-
     ⢨   ᥣ⮢).   ᨭ⠪:

          .ALPHA

                             ४⨢ .SEQ
     

           ४⨢ .SEQ  ।  ᫥⥫쭮 㯮冷稢
     ᥣ⮢  ᮮ頥 ࡮ ᥬ,   ᥣ 㦭  -
       ꥪ 䠩  ⮬ 浪,   ஬   
     室 䠩.  ᪮   । ࡮ -
     ᥬ஬   㬮砭,  ४⨢ .SEQ ᯮ 筮 ⮫쪮
      ८। ।饩 ४⨢ .ALPHA.  ४⨢
      ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          .SEQ

        ४⨢ DOSSEG: 㯮冷稢 ᥣ⮢  浪 DOS
     

          筮 騪 㯮冷稢 ᥣ  ᫥⥫쭮
     浪 -  ⮬ 浪,  ஬   ࠡ뢠  -
     樨 ணࠬ.  ᫨  砥    ணࠬ ४-
     ⨢ DOSSEG,      㪠뢠  騪,    ⮣
     㯮冷稢 㦭 ᯮ짮 冷 ᥣ⮢,  ਭ  
     DOS. 騪  ⮬ 믮  砥 ணࠬ ᫥-
     饥 㯮冷稢:

          - ᭠砫  ᥣ    CODE (筮 ᥣ-
             );

          - ⥬ ᫥ ᥣ,   騥   CODE  
            騥  DGROUP;

          - ᥣ, 騥  DGROUP  ᫥饬 浪:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 150 =


                1. ᥣ,  騥 ᠬ BSS  STACK (-
                    樠஢ );

               2. ᥣ   BSS (筮 樠஢ -
                  );

               3. ᥣ  STACK ( ⥪).

                ਬ砭:  ᯮ ४⨢ DOSSEG,    ண-
           ࠬ,    ⮭묨 ணࠬ  ᥬ-
           .

            㯯 DGROUP ᯮ  ⮬ 浪,   -
     ஬   ।    室  .  ਢ  ᨭ⠪
     DOSSEG:

          DOSSEG

                          ࠧ ⥪
     

          砫   騩  楤 ࠡ⠥  ॣࠬ,
     㪠뢠騬  ⥪.   80386  80486 ᥣ 
      16-  32-ࠧ來묨.   ࠧ, । 樥 -
     ४⭮ 砫쭮  饣   ࡮  ᥬ  㦭
      ४ ࠧ ⥪.

          ᫨   롨ࠥ  ⠭      ४⨢
     MODEL, ࠧ ⥪ 롨ࠥ ⮬᪨.

           ࡮ ᥬ ।ᬮ७  ४⨢,    
     ⠭  ८। ᯮ㥬  㬮砭  -
     樨 砫쭮  饣   ࠧ ⥪.  ᮪  
     ४⨢ ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:

                 ४⨢ 䨪樨 ࠧ ⥪       7.10
     Ŀ
         ४⨢           祭                              
     Ĵ
         SMALLSTACK          뢠,  ⥪ 16-ࠧ來.     
                                                                   
         LARGESTACK          뢠,  ⥪ 32-ࠧ來.     
     




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 151 =

                   8. । ⨯ 
     

          쭮 । ⨯      -
      .  ⤥ । ⨯   ⮣ ,  -
     ஬  ᯮ,          
        室 ९뢠 .  -
      ⠪ ࣠ ᨬ   ⨯     -
     ⠬.

          ࡮ ᥬ ।  ⮫쪮  ᨬ ⨯ -
     ,  ᪮쪮 ন  몠 ᮪ ஢.    
      뢠,   । ࠧ ⨯ .

                   । ᫨ ⨯ 
     

          ᫨ ⨯  ।⠢  祭,  -
       ࠭  । ᫥ .  ᨬ쭮 -
     ᠭ 祭 । 䠪᪨ 室 ᫮ .

          ਢ ਬ ᨭ⠪ ० Ideal । -
      ⨯ :

     ENUM  [६_᫥ [, ६_᫥...]]

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

      ENUM [६_᫥ [, ६_᫥...]]

           "६_᫥"  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          _६ [=祭]

            ᢠ ६ "_६" ⭮
     祭, ࡮ ᥬ,  ᫨  "祭" , -
      ᢠ  祭,  ࠢ 祭 ᫥ ६-
       ᯨ᪥,  . 祭    ⭮⥫묨
       ०騥 뫪.  ६, ᮧ ᫨-
      ⨯ (ENUM),  ।⠢ ᮡ ८।塞 ६
      쭮  ⢨.

                ।०: ᫨   ᯮ   ᫨-
            ⨯         ६,    ࢮ
           祭 ६ 㤥 ﭮ,    १ -
            訡.

          "" -     ⨯  ENUM.   祭 ࠧ筮
     ଠ樨  ᢠ 祭 ६   ⥬ -
     짮  .  ᢠ  ᫨ ⨯ 
      ࡮ ᥬ ᪠뢠   5.

           ᫨ ⨯   ⠪ ᯮ짮 

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 152 =

     ᮧ ६  뤥 .  ஡ .   
     12.

          ᫨ ⨯   ८।塞묨.  -
        ᪮쪮 ࠧ ।      ᫨-
      ⨯ .

          ஬ ⮣,  ࡮  ᥬ   । ᫨
     ⨯   訬 ᫮ ६ ᯮ  ᨭ⠪,  
     ஬  㪠뢠  ᪮쪮 ப.  砫 ⠪ ।
     ⬥砥 ᨬ {,   - ᨬ }.

           ० Ideal  ᨭ⠪  ᫥騩 :

     ENUM  [६_᫥ [, ६_᫥...]]
          {६_᫥ [,६_᫥]...]
          .
          .
          .
          {६_᫥ [,६_᫥]...] }

           ० MASM ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

      ENUM [६_᫥ [, ६_᫥...]]
          {६_᫥ [,६_᫥]...]
          .
          .
          .
          {६_᫥ [,६_᫥]...] }

          ਬ,   ਢ  ᫨ ⨯  -
     :

          foo ENUM f1, f2, f3, f4     ; 室 

          foo ENUM {                  ;   ᪮쪨 ப
            f1,
            f2,
            f3,
            f4
            }

          foo ENUM f1, f2, {
              f3, f4 }                ;  ⭠ 

                ਬ砭: ࡮  ᥬ  ᯮ  ।-
            ᫨ ⨯   ᪮쪨  ப  
           ᥢ権.

                   । ᥩ  ⮢묨 ﬨ
     

           ⨯    ।⠢ ᮡ  ⮢ .

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 153 =

      ⮢     (  )    砫쭮
     祭.   ⨯  ࠢ 㬬   .

             ᯮ짮    ⨯   ᨬ쭮
     ⭮ ।⠢  .  ਬ,    ।⠢
     㯯  16 䫠 (      ⠭
     (ON),    襭  (OFF))   16 ⤥ ,  16 ⤥
     ᫮,   , ᮤঠ 16 1-⮢  ( -
     䥪⨢ ⮤).

          ਢ ᨭ⠪ ᠭ  ⨯  ० Ideal:

          RECORD  [_ [,_...]]

           ० MASM  ᨭ⠪  :

           RECORD [_ [,_...]]

           "_"  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          _ : ࠧ_ࠦ [=祭]

      "_" -    . ࡮ ᥬ 㤥 뤥-
         ⮢  ࠧ஬ "ࠧ_ࠦ".  "-
     "  ࠧ ࠦ     ⭮⥫묨    
     ०騥 뫪.         
     ⢨  ८।  .

          "" -   ⨯ .       ᯮ짮
       㫥  祭 ࠧ筮 ଠ樨   ⨯ -
     .   ⠪ ᯮ짮   ⮣   ⤥-
       .  祭  ࠦ ࠧ    -
     ⥫묨     ०騥  뫪.      
          ⢨  묨  ८। 
     .

            ८। ⨯    ।    㫥
          ,   ⨯ , ᪮쪮 ࠧ.

            ⠪ ᯮ짮  ⨯   ᮧ
     ६  뤥 .  ஡      
     12.

          ࡮ ᥬ  ᯥ稢      ᯥ樠
     প,  ।⠢ 䫠   ᫨  -
     .   䥪⨢      ᯥ稢 -
     ७  ⥫ 樨.   楯 뢠  
      13.

           ।  ⨯ , ॡ 讣 ᫠
     ,  ࡮  ᥬ  ।ᬮ७  ७  ᨭ⠪,
      ᨭ⠪ ᫨ ⨯ .  ਬ,  
     ᫥騥 । ⨯  :

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 154 =


          foo RECORD f1:1,f2:2,f3:3,f4:4   ; 室 

          foo RECORD {                     ; , ᯮ
             f1:1,                         ; ᪮쪮 ப
             f2:2,
             f3:3,
             f4:4
             }

          foo RECORD f1:1,f2:2, {          ;  ⭠ 
              f3:3,f4:4  }

                   ।   ꥤ
     

             ꥤ    ᮢ  -
        㣠  ࠧ筮 ⨯.    ࡮ -
     ᥬ ।⠢ ᮡ ⨯ ,   ᮤন  
      ⮢ .   ⫨  ᥩ, -
         ᥣ 楫 ᫮ ,  -
      뢠   ந ᫮ .    
     ࠢ 饬 ࠧ  室   ⮢.

          ꥤ  ࠬ,    ꥤ-
            .   ꥤ -
      ࠧ 襣  ꥤ. ꥤ 
     ᯮ짮,       ।⠢  ᪮쪮
     ࠧ ⥩,       ॡ ࠧ -
     .

          ࡮ ᥬ    뢠 
      ꥤ   㣠,     ਢ    १୮
     ᫮.  ਬ,     , -
       ᠬ   ꥤ.  ⢥  -
       ⠪ ᯮ짮 .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 155 =

             ⨥ ।   ꥤ
     

           ० Ideal   ।  ⨯ -
       ꥤ ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          STRUC      UNION 

           ० MASM   ᠬ  ᤥ   ᫥饣
     ᨭ⠪:

           STRUC      UNION

          ࡮ ᥬ  ᬠਢ      -
      ।    ᮮ⢥饩  ४⨢  ENDS
        ⨯   ꥤ.

          ࡮ ᥬ    ⨯  
      ꥤ  ,   ८।塞.  㫥 
      ᪮쪮 ࠧ ।  ⨯  ⨯ ꥤ-
         ⥬  .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 156 =

                 ⮢   ꥤ
     

          ࡮ ᥬ 砥      ꥤ
     筮.    뤥     ᮧ ⮢
      ।   ꥤ ᯮ   ४-
     ⨢,    뤥   ᮧ ⮪  ⮬ ᥣ-
     . ਬ, ४⨢:

          member1        DW  1

      ⨬  ᥣ   । .   ᥣ-
        砥 "१ࢨ஢ ᫮  祭-
      1    member1".   ।   ꥤ
      砥 "१ࢨ஢ ᫮   砫  祭  1  
       member1".

          ᫨  ᥣ   뤥  
      ꥤ,    ᯮ짮 砫쭮 祭  -
      . ᫨   ।   ⠪
     ࠧ,  㪠 ⮣ ᯮ  ⢥ 祭  -
      ᨬ ? (ᨬ 樠஢ ).

          ࡮ ᥬ  ᯮ짮  ।  -
         ⮤  뤥  ,     㣨
     , ꥤ, ᥩ, ᫨ ⨯ , ⠡
       ꥪ⮢.    ஡  뤥  ᪠뢠 
      12.

           ०  MASM  Ideal  ⮢  -
      -ࠧ.  ० MASM  ⮢  -
      묨    ८।.   ० Ideal 
     ⮢   묨    ꥤ-
     .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 157 =

     । ⮪ ⮢    ४⨢ LABEL
     

          ४⨢ LABEL    ᮧ    
      뤥 . 筮 LABEL      -
       ⮩ 窥,    㦨    ᥣ.  ४⨢
     LABEL    ।    ।    ⮩
     . ਢ ᨭ⠪ ४⨢ LABEL:

          LABEL  ᫮_⨯

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           LABEL ᫮_⨯

      "" -    .  "" -   ⨯
      .    ।⠢ ᮡ  ⨬
      ⨯.  ᠭ  ᯥ䨪஢ ⨯    
      5.

                    ࠢ ⮢ 
     

           ।   ࠢ  ⮢ 
      ᮮ⢥騥  ࠭    ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ALIGN.
     ਬ:

                  ALIGN 4     ; ࠢ  ࠭  ᫮
          member  dd  ?       ; member 㤥 ࠢ  DWORD



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 158 =

             ⨥ ।   ꥤ
     

          ᫥ ⮣,    ।       
     ꥤ, 㦭  ।   ꥤ.
      ⮣ ᯮ ४⨢ ENDS.

           ० Ideal ४⨢ ENDS  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ENDS []

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᨭ⠪:

           ENDS

      "" (᫨  ) ᮮ⢥    ⮣
     ।    ꥤ.  ᫨   㪠,  
     뢠       ꥤ.

            ⠪ ᯮ짮  ४⨢  ENDS    
     ᥣ⮢.    ਢ  䫨,  ᪮ ⨥ ᥣ-
         ꥤ  ᪠.

                       ꥤ
     

          ࡮ ᥬ   ࠢ ᬥ饭ﬨ, -
     묨  ⠬ ,  ᯮ짮    ४⨢
     STRUC,  UNION    ENDS    ⮣ ।  ⨯
       ꥤ.

               稭,  -
      ।騩  .    ꥤ   
     稭  ⮣  ᬥ饭,    ।騩   .
     ᫨ ⤥        楫     ᥡ
       ꥤ,    ⢥   -
     뢠 訥 . ᠭ ४⨢ STRUC, UNION  ENDS
        ᫥饩 ⠡:



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 159 =

                       ४⨢ STRUC, UNION  ENDS        8.1
     Ŀ
         ४⨢                                            
     Ĵ
         STRUC         ᯮ짮  ⮩   
                       ꥤ    ४⨢  稭 
                       ⮢,    (墠뢠- 
                      )    ꥤ ᬠਢ- 
                      ,    .  饭 ⠬  
                        ᢠ  饬 浪. 
                        ।⠢ ᮡ 㬬 ࠧ- 
                      ஢  ⮢  .                    
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         UNION         ᯮ짮  ⮩   
                       ꥤ    ४⨢  稭 
                       ⮢,   墠뢠 - 
                        ꥤ ᬠਢ    
                      .  ⠬  ᢠ  
                         ᬥ饭.   ࠢ ࠧ 
                      襣   .                  
                                                                   
     Ĵ
         ENDS         蠥  ⮢, 稭  - 
                      饩 ४⨢ STRUC  UNION.          
                                                                   
     

          ਬ,  ᫥饬 ।  ⨯ /-
      ᮤন  饩 ᫮ 5 ⮢.

          CUNION      STRUC
          CTYPE       DB ?
                         UNION      ; 砫 ꥤ
                         ; ᫨ CTYPE = 0, ᯮ짮 ᫥饥...
                         STRUC
          CT0PAR1          DW 1
          CT0PAR2          DW 1
                         ENDS
                         ; ᫨ CTYPE = 1, ᯮ짮 ᫥饥...
                         STRUC
          CT1PAR1          DW 3
          CT1PAR2          DW 4
                         ENDS
                      ENDS           ;  ꥤ
                ENDS                 ;  ୮ ⨯

          ᮪  ⮢ ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 160 =

                                               8.1
     Ŀ
                 饭     祭  㬮砭    
     Ĵ
      CTYPE      Byte         0         ? ( 樠஢)   
      CT0PAR1    Word         1         1                        
      CT0PAR2    Byte         3         2                        
      CT1PAR1    Byte         1         3                        
      CT1PAR2    Dword        2         4                        
     

            /ꥤ ࠢ 6 ⠬.

             祭     
     

          ⮡ ᯮᮡ⢮ ᫥ ꥪ⮢,  ࡮ ᥬ
     ᯥ稢 ᯮᮡ,    ஬   ⨯   
     ꥤ,   ⮢, ࠨ  ⮥ -
     । .     ஥  
     ꥤ,  ᫨   뫨   ⮩ 窥  -
     ⮣  ।     ꥤ.   ࠧ,
     ࠨ    ꥤ   ਭ樯-
      ⫨砥  祭    ꥤ 
     㣮   ꥤ:  砥  ᥡ ⮫-
      樠஢  樠஢ ,   ६
      ࠨ   ꥤ 砥   ᥡ 
     ,    ⮢.

          ਢ ᨭ⠪ ० Ideal:

          STRUC _ ࠬ_

           ० MASM   ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          _ STRUC ࠬ_

           ⠪   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  -
       ꥤ.  "_" -   ࠭ -
          ꥤ,    .
     "ࠬ_"  ,    
      砫  (ᯮ㥬  㬮砭) 祭 祭 -
     ⮢ .  祢 ᫮ ? 㪠뢠,   ࠨ-
         㦭 ᬠਢ,   樠-
     .   ⨢  砥    "ࠬ_"  
     ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

       { [_ [=ࠦ] [,_ [=ࠦ]...]] }

      "_"  -     砥 -
     , 砫쭮 祭 ண  祭 ॡ .
     "ࠦ" ।⠢ ᮡ 祭,  ஥   
     .  稨 "ࠦ" 砫쭮 祭  ⮣  -

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 161 =

          祭 ⠭  .  ᫨
         ࠦ 祢 ᫮ ?,  砫쭮 -
       㤥 뢠   祭,   樠-
     ஢.

          ᪮  ० MASM  ⮢    
     묨,   ஢     ८।.
      ࠧ,   ० MASM 祭     
      ,       砫 ।塞 -
       ꥤ.

          筮,   ᮧ  , 㦭 ᯥ-
     ,   樠஢  ᮤঠ ⮫쪮  
     ꥤ (஡ .   12). ᪮  ࠨ-
       ᮧ   ।ᬠਢ,  -
     祭   ਬ. 樠஢   -
     ঠ ᪮쪮 ⮢ 砥 ꥤ, ਬ:

          FOO    STRUC
          ABC      DW 1
          DEF      DW 2
                   UNION
          A1           DW '123'
          A2           DW ?
                   ENDS
                 ENDS

          FOO2  STRUC
          FOO   STRUC {A1=2}  ; ந  FOO  
                              ; FOO2  ८।
                              ; ⨬,   㬮砭  FOO2
                              ; 樠  A1,  A2
          GHI   DB 3
                ENDS

          ।  FOO2  ।饬 ਬ ⭮
     ᫥饩  /ꥤ:

          FOO    STRUC
                  STRUC    ; 砫  ...
          ABC      DW 1
          DEF      DW 2
                   UNION   ; 砫  ꥤ...
          A1           DW '123'
          A2           DW ?
                   ENDS    ;   ꥤ...
                 ENDS      ;   ...
          GHI   DB 3
                ENDS

          ⨬,     ᮧ  FOO2 㦭 㡥,
      樠 ⮫쪮  祭  ꥤ.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 162 =

                ᯮ짮    ࠦ
     

          ᫥ ⮣,   ।   ꥤ, -
     ଠ    ꥤ   ࠧ묨  -
     ﬨ.   祭 ଠ樨   ࠦ ࡮ ᥬ-
        ᯮ짮  ⨯     -
     .  ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠   5.

                             । ⠡
     

           ⨯  ।⠢   ⮢  ⠡.
          ࠧ ( )  砫쭮 -
     祭.  ⠡    㠫    ᪨.
     㠫쭮   ⠡ ᢠ ᬥ饭  ⠡筮
     ⨯ .    १ࢨ       
     ⠡. ᪨    ᬥ饭.   ⠡-
      ࠭⢮    १ࢨ.

           楫 ࠧ ⠡筮 ⨯  ࠢ  㬬  ࠧ஢
      㠫 ⮢.

           ⨯  ।⠢ ⠡ ⮤,  ᯮ-
     㥬  ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢  ணࠬ஢.    ꥪ⮬
     易 筮 ஥ ᫮ ⮤,   㪠-
     ﬨ  楤,  ࠡ騥  ࠬ ꥪ⮢. 楤
     ⮤    뢠 ।⢥ (᪨ -
     ),  ᢥ,  १ ⠡  㪠⥫  楤  ⮤
     (㠫 ⮤).

           ᠭ  ⠡筮  ⨯     ० Ideal 
     ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          TABLE  [_⠡ [,_⠡...]]

          騩 ᨭ⠪ ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮  ० MASM:

           TABLE [_⠡ [,_⠡...]]

            "_⠡"  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          _⠡

     
          [VIRTUAL] _ [[ࠦ_稪_1]]
                [: ᫮_⨯ [:ࠦ_稪_2]] [=ࠦ]

      "_⠡" -   饣 ⠡筮 ⨯ ,
      ண 楫 ࠨ  ।塞  ⠡-
     . ਡ   ᨭ⠪,  ᫨   ᯮ짮
     ᫥.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 163 =

          "_" -      ⠡.  易⥫쭮
     祢 ᫮ VIRTUAL 㪠뢠,     㠫-
     ,   㦭 ᢮ ᬥ饭.

          "_⨯"   ।⠢ ᮡ  ⨬ -
     ࠦ ᫮ ⨯.  ᠭ ⨬ ⨯ ࠦ 
        5.

          ᫨     "᫮_⨯", ࡮ ᥬ -
     ࠧ㬥,   WORD ( DWORD,  ᫨ ⥪饩 ࠭  -
       32-ࠧ來 ).

           "ࠦ_稪_2" , ᪮쪮 ⮢ 
     ⨯ ।  ⠡. ।  ⠡:

          foo TABLE VIRTUAL tmp:DWORD:4

     ।  ⠡   tmp,  騩  4  
     ᫮.

           㬮砭,  ᫨      ,  "ࠦ_-
     _2"  祭 1.  "ࠦ_稪_1" -  -
     樥 ࠧ    ᨢ.    १ࢨ -
     , ꥬ,  ன । ந "ࠦ_-
     稪_2", ,   "᫮_⨯",  "ࠦ_-
     _2". ᫨    "ࠦ_稪_2",   㬮砭
      祭 ࠢ 1.  饥 ᫮ ⮢ ⠡ ।
     ந "ࠦ_稪_1"  "ࠦ_稪_2".

           ० Ideal  ⮢ ⠡    묨
      ⠡,   ० MASM    ⢨.

           ""   ⠡筮 ⨯ .   -
      ᯮ짮   㫥  祭 ଠ樨  ⠡-
      ⨯  .   祭 ଠ樨  ⠪ ᯮ짮-
       ⤥ ⮢.  ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠
       5.

           ⨯    ८।塞묨.   㫥
       ᪮쪮 ࠧ । ⠡ ⨯    
     ⥬  . ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠   12.

          ஬ ⮣,  ࡮  ᥬ  ᯥ稢  ᮮ⢥騩
     ᨭ⠪   । ⠡筮 ⨯ ,    -
      ᪮쪮 ப.

           ᨭ⠪ 祭 ᨭ⠪ ᫨ ⨯ -
     . ਢ ਬ:

          foo TABLE t1:WORD,t2:WORD,t3:WORD,t4:WORD ; 室 

          foo TABLE {                      ; , ᯮ
             t1:WORD,                      ; ᪮쪮 ப

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 164 =

             t2:WORD,
             t3:WORD,
             t4:WORD
             }

          foo TABLE t1:WORD,t2:WORD, {     ;  ⭠ 
                    t3:WORD,t4:WORD  }



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 165 =

                    ८। ⮢ ⠡
     

          ᫨      ⮬  ⠡筮 ⨯  뢠  
      ⮢   ,    ࡮  ᥬ  㤥
     ஢    ஢,  ᮣ   ࠧ  ⨯.
     ᫨   ⠪,   㤥 ஢ 訡. ࡮ ᥬ
     㤥 ᯮ짮      ᫥ 砫쭮 祭 
     ⠡.  ࠧ,   ८। 砫쭮 -
      ⠡  ⮣,   ந    ⠡.  -
     :

      FOO TABLE VIRTUAL MEM1:WORD=MEM1PROC, VIRTUAL MEM2:WORD=MEM2PROC
      FOO2 TABLE FOO, VIRTUAL MEM1:WORD=MEM3PROC ; ८।
                                                 ; ᫥㥬 MEM1

                      ।  ⨯
     

           ⨯ ।⠢   ᫮  ⨯. 
     ।   ⨯     ᯮ짮 ४⨢
     TYPEDEF. ਢ ᨭ⠪ ० Ideal.

          TYPEDEF _⨯ ᫮_⨯

           ० MASM ᨭ⠪ ᫥騩:

          _⨯ TYPEDEF ᫮_⨯

      "᫮_⨯" 뢠  ⨯    㪠⥫  ᪮쪨
     ஢ ᢥ.  ஡   ᫮ ⨯ ᪠뢠 
      5. "_⨯" ।   ⨯.

             ࠦ 㪠뢠  ⨯,   
     ⠪ ,  ⮩ ⨯ ᮮ⢥饣 ࠧ. ਬ:

          MOV ax, word ptr [bx]     ; ⮩ 
          foo TYPESEF near ptr byte ; FOO -  ᫮
          MOV ax, foo ptr  [bx]     ; ⮬  ⮦ ࠡ⠥

                          । ꥪ
     

          ꥪ ᮤন      ᯨ᮪  ᮮ⢥
     ꥪ ⮤.  ࡮  ᥬ ᯮ  ।⠢
     易   ꥪ⮬      ⨯ ,   
     ।⠢ 易  ꥪ⮬ ᯨ᪠  ⮤  -  ⠡
     ⨯ .

          । ꥪ    ४⨢  STRUC.    ०
     Ideal ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          STRUC  [䨪] [_஦饣_ꥪ]

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 166 =

            [METHOD [_⠡ [,_⠡...]]]
          _
          ENDS []

           ० MASM ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           STRUC [䨪] [_஦饣_ꥪ]
            [METHOD [_⠡ [,_⠡...]]]
          _
          ENDS []

      "" -   ꥪ. "_஦饣_ꥪ" -  -
     易⥫쭮  ஦饣 ꥪ. (࡮ ᥬ  -
     ন ⮫쪮 筮 ᫥.)   ஦-
     饣 ꥪ 㤥 ⮬᪨    
      ꥪ,  ⠡ ⮤ ஦饣 ꥪ -  ⠡-
      ⮤  ꥪ.

            "_⠡" 뢠  ⮤   -
      ⮤,  易   ꥪ⮬.  ⠪ ⮣  ⠪
     ,   । ⠡.

           "_" 뢠  ⥫ 
     ,    ।    ꥪ-
     .  ଠ 筮 ⠪,      ⮬  ।
     .

          易⥫쭮 祢 ᫮ "䨪"  ।⠢-
      ᮡ   ᫥ ᫮:



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 167 =

                         襭 䨪           8.3
     Ŀ
       祢 ᫮     祭                                 
     Ĵ
       GLOBAL             ਢ  ⮬,   ⠡  - 
                          㠫 ⮤ (᫨  )  - 
                            饤㯭.              
                                                                   
       NEAR               ⥫ 㠫쭮 ⠡ (᫨   
                           㤥 ᮤঠ ᬥ饭 (16  
                          32,   ᨬ  롮 ⥪饩 
                            USE16  USE32).              
                                                                   
       FAR                ⥫ 㠫쭮 ⠡ (᫨   
                           㤥 ᮤঠ 稭, - 
                          騥 ᥣ  ᬥ饭 (32  48 ,  
                          ᨬ   롮 ⥪饩   
                          USE16  USE32).                        
     

          ᫨    䨪, ࠧ 㪠⥫ 㠫쭮
     ⠡ (᫨  )   ⮣,    
     ⥪饩   NEAR,   FAR.

                            ४⨢ TBLPTR
     

           楯樨  ꥪ⮢ ᯮ ⠡ 㠫 -
     .  ⮩ ⠡    ꥪ, ᮤ-
     饣 㠫 ⮤.      ꥪ-
     , ᮤঠ饣 㠫 ⮤, ⠪  ᮤঠ 㪠-
     ⥫      ⠡  㠫  ⮤  ⮣  ꥪ.  ࡮
     ᥬ ⮬᪨ ᯥ稢      ꥪ
     㪠⥫ ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ (᫨  ॡ),  
      㦭      ४⨢ TBLPTR.

          ४⨢ TBLPTR ᫥ ᯮ짮  । -
       ꥪ. TBLPTR    ࠧ 㪠⥫
     ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ⠬,   .   ᫥-
     騩 ᨭ⠪:

          TBLPTR

           㪠⥫,   १ࢨ TBLPTR,  ।
     ⥬,   ⥪饩  USE16  USE32,   ⥬,  -
     䨪 ᯮ  । ꥪ.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 168 =

        䨪, ।塞 ७ ४⨢ STRUC
     

          ७ ४⨢ STRUC ।  ᯮ ᪮-
      䨪஢,    ࠦ  ।塞 ꥪ.  
     䨪   ᫥饩 ⠡:

         䨪, ।塞 ७ ४⨢ STRUC
                                                            8.4
     Ŀ
       䨪            祭                           
     Ĵ
       @Object                  ⮢ ப,  ᮤঠ
                                ⥪騩 ꥪ.                    
                                                                   
       @Table_<_ꥪ>       ⨯  ,  ᮤঠ騩
                                ⠡ ⮤ ꥪ.           
                                                                   
       @Tableaddr_<_ꥪ> ⪠,  뢠    ⠡
                                㠫 ⮤ ꥪ.       
     




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 169 =

             9.   ᯮ짮 稪 
     

          稪   ᫥    ᥬ஢  室
     䠩 ⥪騩 .         
     ᥬ஢ ணࠬ ,   室. ࡮ ᥬ-
      ।⠢ ४⨢,    ࠡ  -
     稪      㦭 祭 .

          ⪨ ।⠢ ᮡ , ᯮ騥  뫮 
       ணࠬ.  ⪠  ६  । ᢠ
     ⥪饥 祭 稪  ணࠬ.  ⪨   
       ६    ᠬ  -
     権.

             뢠 騥 ४⨢,   -
       ࠡ  稪   ᠭ ⮤  -
     饬 .

                  䨪 稪  $
     

          ।। 䨪  $ ।⠢ ⥪騩 -
     稪 .  稪  ⮨    ⥩:  ᥣ  
     ᬥ饭.   ᥬ஢  稪  ।⠢ ᮡ
     ᬥ饭  ⥪饬 ᥣ.

          稪  -   ,    㢥稢  
     ࠦ ⥪騩    ᥬ஢   -
     室 䠩. ਬ:

          helpkMessage   DB   ' ࠢ筮 ᮮ饭 ணࠬ'
          helpLength     =  $ - helpMessage

                   ப   ᥬ,   䨪
     helpLength ࠢ  ࠢ筮 ᮮ饭.

                      ४⨢ 稪  $
     

           ࡮  ᥬ ।ᬮ७ ᪮쪮 ४⨢,  -
     騩 稪 権.   ४⨢ 뢠  ᫥-
     饬 ࠧ. ⨬,    ४⨢ ࠡ   -
      MASM, ⠪   ० Ideal.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 170 =

                              ४⨢ ORG
     

              ᯮ짮  ४⨢  ORG,  ⮡  ⠭
     稪   祭 ⥪饣 ᥣ.  ४⨢ ORG 
     ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ORG ࠦ

      "ࠦ"   ᮤঠ   䨪஢ 
     ०騬 뫪.    ⠭⮩  ᬥ饭 
     䨪   ⥪饬  ᥣ,   ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮
     ⥪饣 稪 .

          । 묨  ,   㦥   ᥣ,  
      ⠭ 祭 稪 .   ᯮ짮-
            ᥩ  ⠡,  祭
       뫨   ६ । ⠡. ᯮ-
       ⮤  ஦:   ।७ -
     .

          ४⨢ ORG    ᯮ짮   ⮣,  ⮡ 易
        ᮬ.  ४⨢ ORG  ⠪  ᯮ짮-
        砫쭮  䠩 .COM. ਢ ਬ-
       ᯮ짮:

          PROG SEGMENT
               ORG 100h         ; 砫쭮 ᬥ饭 䠩 .COM
          start:
          ;
          ; ⠫쭠  ணࠬ .COM
          PROG ENDS
          end start

          ਢ 㣮 ਬ:

          PROG SEGMENT
               ASSUME cs:PROG, ds:PROG, ss:PROG, es:NOTHING
               ORG 20h
          EnvPtr       label word      ; ।   㯠
                                       ;  ᫮  PSP, ஥ 㪠-
                                       ; 뢠  ᥣ, ᮤঠ-
                                       ; 騩  樮 ।
                                       ; ( 筮 ᢮ 
                                       ; ᮧ  ⭮
                                       ; १⭮ ணࠬ)
               ORG 80h
          CmdLength lebel byte         ; ।   㯠
                                       ;    ப

               ORG @1h
          CmdLine  label byte          ; ।   㯠
                                       ;  ⥪  ப

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 171 =


               ORG 0100h
          start:

          ; ᢮  樮 ।

          mov   es, EnvPtr            ; ES ->  樮 ।
          mov   ah, 49h               ; 㭪 49h: ᢮ 
                                      ; 
          int   21h                   ; 맢 MS-DOS
          jc    error_ENV             ; 訡 ᢮ EnvBlock?

          ;   ப

          mov   al, CmdLength         ;   ப
          or    al,al                 ; ஢ઠ  0
          jz    no_params             ;  ࠬ஢
          mov   cl,al                 ;    cl
          mov   ch,0
          mov   si,offset CmdLine     ;   ப
          mov   al,' '                ; ᨬ  ᪠
          repne scasb                 ;  ࢮ ஡
          ;
          ; ⠫쭠  䠩 .COM १⭮ ணࠬ:
          PROG ENDS
          end start



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 172 =

                        ४⨢ EVEN  EVENDATA
     

            ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EVEN  㣫 -
        ᫥饣 ⭮ .  ४⨢ EVEN 
      ࠢ    䥪⨢ 㯠  ࠬ,  -
     騬 16-ࠧ來 設 . ந⥫쭮 -
     ஢, ᯮ  8-ࠧ來  設  ,  ४⨢ EVEN 
     蠥.

          ४⨢ EVENDATA 믮 ࠢ   ࠭,
      稪   樨 ,   ᯮ-
        樠஢  ᥣ⮢.  ४⨢  EVEN   
     EVENDATA ਢ  ⮬,  ᫨ ࠢ ⥪饣 ᥣ
     믮 筮 ண, ࡮ ᥬ 뢮 ।०-
     饥 ᮮ饭.

          ᫨   砥  ४⨢ EVEN 稪  
     ⭮ 祭,   ࡮ ᥬ 頥    ᥣ  
        NOP,  ⮡ 稪  ⠫ .  -
       ﬨ NOP ४⨢ EVEN    ᥣ-
      ,   뢠  ⠯ ࠡ ணࠬ 믮 -
      権. ᫨ 稪  㦥  ⭮ 祭, 
      ४⨢  .

          筮, ᫨  稪      ⭮ 祭,
      砥 ४⨢ EVENDATA,  ࡮ ᥬ 
     樠஢ .

          ਢ ᫥騩 ਬ ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EVEN:

          EVEN
          @@A:      lodsb
                    xor bl,al ; ࠢ  䥪⨢ 㯠
                    loop  @@a

          ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 ४⨢ EVENDATA:

          EVENDATA
          VAR1      DW   0        ; ࠢ  䥪⨢
                                  ; 㯠 8086



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 173 =

                             ४⨢ ALIGN
     

           ࠢ 稪    , 祭 -
      ࠢ ⥯ 2,  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ALIGN. ४⨢
     ALIGN  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          ALIGN ࠭

      "࠭"   ⥯ 2.

          ᫨ 稪     ᮮ⢥ ᬥ饭,  ஥
     ।⠢ ᮡ ந "࠭", ࡮ ᥬ, ⮡
     ᢮ 稪  㦭 ,  ⠢  ᥣ -
     樨 NOP ( 樨).

             믮  ࠢ  ࠭, -
     饥   ண,  祬 ࠢ  ᥣ,    ஬
     砥 ४⨢ ALIGN. ࠢ ᥣ , -
      ᥣ   ࠧ 稭  ४⨢ SEGMENT.

          ਬ, ᫨  । ᥣ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          CODE SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC

     ⥬      ALIGN 16 ( ⭮ PARA),   
     ALIGN 32,      ண ࠢ, 祬 ࠢ-
     ,   ४⨢ SEGMENT   PARA. ᫨ ࠢ-
      ᥣ 筮 ண,   ४⨢ ALIGN 
     ।०饥 ᮮ饭.

          ᯮ짮 ४⨢ ALIGN   ᫥饬 ਬ:

          ALIGN 4             ; ࠢ  ࠭ DWORD  386
          BignNum  DD    12345678

                            । ⮪
     

          ⪨     ᢠ  祭 䨪ࠬ.
       ᯮᮡ । ⮪:

          - ᯮ짮 樨 :;
          - ᯮ짮 ४⨢ LABEL;
          - ᯮ짮 樨 :: (MASM 5.1).

                                :
     

           : ।      ᨭ⠪:

          :


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 174 =

      ""  -   䨪,     﫨 ࠭ 
     室 .   ⪨    ࠧ   ப
     ,  ᮤন ⮫쪮  ⪠,   砫 ப ।
     樥. 筮  ⪨   ᯮ    ⢥
      室   JMP  CALL  ⮬  ᥣ.

          ᫨     ᯮ ४⨢ PUBLIC,  ⮡ ⪠ 뫠
     㯭  㣨 䠩,  㯭 ⮫쪮  ⥪饬 室
     䠩.

           ४⨢ ࠡ⠥ 筮 ⠪,   ᯮ짮
     ४⨢ LABEL  ।  ⪨  (NEAR).  ਬ,
     A: ⭮ A LABEL NEAR.

          ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 樨 :

          jne A           ; ய ᫥ 
          inc si
          A:              ; jne । ࠢ 



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 175 =

                             ४⨢ LABEL
     

          ४⨢ LABEL   ᯮ짮  । -
     䨪  ⨯.  ⨬,  ᨭ⠪  ० MASM
      Ideal ࠧ祭.  ० Ideal :

          LABEL  ᫮_⨯

           ० MASM ᯮ ᫥饥:

           LABEL ᫮_⨯

      "" -  䨪,     ।﫨 ࠭  
     室 䠩.  "_⨯"  뢠 ࠧ 䨪 
     , 뫠     .  .  5,  ன 
      쭥 ଠ  ᫮ ⨯.

          ᫨     ᯮ ४⨢ PUBLIC,  ⮡ ⪠ 뫠
     㯭  㣨 䠩,  㯭 ⮫쪮  ⥪饬 室
     䠩.

            ᯮ짮 ४⨢ LABEL  㯠  -
     ⠬ ࠧ筮 ࠧ,   ᮤঠ     .
      ਭ樯  ᫥騬 ਬ஬:

          WORDS   LABEL  WORD            ;   "BYTES"  
                                         ; WORDS
          BYTES  DB 64 DUP (0)
                 mov WORDS[2],1          ;   WORDS 1



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 176 =

                              ४⨢ ::
     

          ४⨢ ::     ।   ⢨,
     室饩  ࠬ 楤,   ன  室.  ⫨-
     砥  ४⨢ :  ⥬,   ⪨,  ।   :
       ⢨ ⮫쪮  ⥪饩 楤.  ⨬,  
     :: ⫨砥    :  ⮫쪮         
     .MODEL. ਢ ਬ (䠩 DBLCOLON.ASM):

          VERSION  M510
          .MODEL SMALL,C
          .CODE

          A PROC
                   NOP
          ASINGLE:NOP
          ADOUBLE::NOP
                   NOP
          A ENDP

          B PROC
                  NOP
                  JMP ASINGLE   ; ਢ  訡
                  JMP ADOUBLE
                  RET
          B ENDP
            END




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 177 =

                        10. ᠭ 楤
     

          ࡮ ᥬ   뢠 楤 ᪮쪨-
      ᯮᮡ.       뢠 楤 NEAR  FAR,
      몠 楤,  ᯮ짮  楤 㬥⮢
      ६,  ࠭ ॣ஢,  楤  -
      楤 ⮤  ꥪ⮢.

                     ⠪ । 楤
     

           ᠭ 楤   ᯮ짮 ४⨢ PROC.
      ० Ideal   ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          PROC [[䨪_몠] ]  [ﭨ]
             [ARG ᯨ᮪_㬥⮢] [RETURN ᯨ᮪_⮢];
                [LOCAL ᯨ᮪_㬥⮢]
                   [USES ᯨ᮪_⮢]
               .
               .
               .
          ENDP []

           ० MASM ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           PROC [[䨪_몠] ] [ﭨ]
             [ARG ᯨ᮪_㬥⮢] [RETURN ᯨ᮪_⮢];
                [LOCAL ᯨ᮪_㬥⮢]
                   [USES ᯨ᮪_⮢]
                   .
                   .
                   .
          [] ENDP

          ࡮ ᥬ ⠪ ਭ   । 楤
     ᨭ⠪ MASM. ஡  ᨭ⠪ MASM ᪠뢠  -
      3.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 178 =

                    ᠭ 楤 NEAR  FAR
     

          楤 NEAR  뢠    맮  ⨯ 
     ᮤঠ   ࠢ.   뢠  ⮫쪮
      ⮬  ᥣ,   ஬  ।. 맮  ⨯
         ⥪  ⠭ 㪠⥫  -
       (IP)   祭 ᬥ襭 楤.  ᪮ ᥣ 
     (CS)  ,  楤  室  ⮬  ᥣ-
     ,      뢠  ணࠬ.    㦨
       ⨯,     ⥪      
     ᭮ ⠭   IP.    .

          楤 FAR  뢠     맮 쭥 ⨯ 
     ᮤন  쭥 ⨯.  楤 FAR   뢠
      ᥣ,    ஬   ।.  맮 FAR  
     ⥪    ᥣ    ᬥ饭,    ⥬  ⠭
     CS:IP      楤.    㦨 
     쭥 ⨯,     ⥪ ᥣ   ᬥ饭  
       ⠭   CS:IP.

          ﭨ (NEAR  FAR), ᯮ㥬  楤  㬮-
     砭, । ⥪饩 ࠭ .    TINY,
     SMALL   COMPACT  㬮砭 楤 㤥  (NEAR). 
      㣨   㬮砭 롨ࠥ ﭨ  FAR. ᫨
        ᯮ 饭 ४⨢ । ᥣ⮢, 
      㬮砭 楤 ᥣ 㤥  (NEAR).

                ਬ砭: FAR  NEAR    ⢥ -
             MODEL.  ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠-
              7.

            ८। ᯮ㥬  㬮砭  -
     ,   㦭 ﭨ  । 楤.   ⮣
       ᯮ짮 祢 ᫮ NEAR  FAR.   祢
     ᫮ ८।  ﭨ,  ᯮ㥬    楤  
     㬮砭,  ⮫쪮  ⥪饩 楤. ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          MODEL TINY                ;  㬮砭 ﭨ NEAR
          .
          .
          .                         ; test1 -   楤
          test1 PROC FAR
                                    ; ⥫ 楤
          RET                       ;  㤥 쭨 ⮬:
          ENDP
                                    ; test2  㬮砭 
                                    ;  楤ன
          test2 PROC
                                    ; ⥫ 楤

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 179 =

          RET                       ;  㤥  ⮬
          ENDP
          .
          .
          .

           楤 NEAR  FAR ᯮ     
     RET. ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ ﭨ 楤   ।-
      ⮣,  ॡ    쭥 ⨯. -
     筮, ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ ﭨ 楤   -
      ⮣,  ॡ  뫪  楤  
      쭥 ⨯.

          .
          .
          .
          CALL test1          ;  쭨 
          CALL test2          ;   
          .
          .
          .

           믮  맮 楤  ०饩 뫪 ࡮
     ᥬ  ॡ  । ﭨ  -
      믮 ᪮쪮 室. ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          test1 PROC NEAR
          MOV ax,10
          CALL test2
          RET
          test1 ENDP

          test1 PROC FAR
          ADD ax,ax
          RET
          test2 ENDP
          .
          .
          .

           ࡮ ᥬ  ࢮ 室 ⨣  -
     樨 call test2,     㦨 test2,  ᫥⥫쭮 
      ﭨ.  ।,   ﭨ NEAR,  
      ᤥ  맮.

           ࡮  ᥬ  㦨,   test2  
     ᠬ  쭥 楤ன,   ।,   ४⭮
     樨 맮 ॡ ன 室. ᫨  ࠧ蠥 -
     쪮 室  (    ࠬ-४⥫   
     ப /m),   ᤥ ன 室. ᫨   ࠧ蠥

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 180 =

     ᪮쪮 室,   ࡮  ᥬ  㤥  뢮  訡
     'forward reference  needs  override' ('० 뫪 ॡ
     ८।').

          ⮡  ⠪ 樨 ( 㬥  ᫮ 室),
         맮 ﭨ 楤  ०饩 -
     ,  NEAR PTR  FAR PTR.

          .
          .
          .
          test1 PROC NEAR
                 mov AX,10
                 CALL FAR PTR test2
                RET
          test1 ENDP
          .
          .
          .

           ।饬 ਬ ࡮ ᥬ ᮮ頥,   㦭
     ᯮ짮 쭨 맮,  ⮬   室 
     ᪮쪨 室.

                        ᠭ 몠 楤
     

              । 楤,   ᯮ 
     ࡮ ᥬ ᮣ襭  䥩 몮 ᮪ ஢.
     襭   䥩  ন    몮 NOLANGUAGE
     (ᥬ), BASIC, PROLOG, FORTRAN, C, CPP (C++)  PASCAL.

          ࡮ ᥬ 믮  ࠡ  樨 ४⭮-
       砫 (室  楤)  襭 (室  楤-
     ), 室  ᮡ ᮣ襭  몠.

            ४⨢ MODEL    ,  ᯮ-
        㬮砭.  ஡          7.  ᫨
     ᯮ㥬  㬮砭  ,   楤,  
        㣮  ,  ᯮ ᮣ襭 祭 
     㬮砭 몠.

          ⮡ ८।  ᯮ㥬    㬮砭    
     ⭮ 楤,   몠  । 楤.
         楤,  稢 뢠饥  -
      ᫮   ᠭ 楤.  ਬ,  ।  ०
     MASM 楤 PASCAL   :

          .
          .
          .
          pascalproc PROC PASCAL FAR
                    ; ⥫ 楤

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 181 =

          pascalproc ENDP
          .
          .
          .

          ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ   楤   -
     । ⮣,  室 砫  襭 㦭 ⮬-
        ⥫ 楤.  砫   ⠭  
     ⥪  । 㬥⮢   ६ 楤-
     ,   襭 । ⮬  楤 ⠭
      ⥪.

          ࡮ ᥬ  ⮬᪨ ⠢  楤 砫-
       । ࢮ 樥 楤  । ࢮ  -
      ("⪠: 楫").

            襭  ᫥饥:

          -  ⥪ ࠭ ⥪騩 ॣ BP;

          - BP ࠨ  ⥪騩 㪠⥫ ⥪;

          - ࠨ  㪠⥫ ⥪  뤥  -
            ६;

          -   ⥪  ࠭  ॣ,    ᯥ䨪஬
            USES.

              樨 RET 楤 ࡮ ᥬ ⮬-
     ᪨ ⠢  楤  襭 ( 砥 ᪮쪨
     権 RET    襭 㤥 ⠢ ᪮쪮 ࠧ).
     ࡮ ᥬ ⠪ ⠢  襭 । 室 
      ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ⮤ (.  4).

          騩    ⢨  樠樨  -
     ⭮.   ᫥騩 ࠧ:

          -  ⥪  ॣ,  ஬ USES;

          - ࠨ 㪠⥫ ⥪,  ⮡   
            㬥;

          -  ⥪  ࠭ ॣ BP;

          - ⥪  ࠨ,  ⮡  । 㬥
            (᫨ ⮣ ॡ )  믮 .

          ᫥ 蠣  襭 (뢠 㬥⮢)  -
      ⮫쪮    몮,   ॡ 㤠 -
     ⮢ 楤 (ਬ,  ᨪ, ࠭, ᪠).  ᮣ-
     襭, ਭ  㣨 몠 (, ++, ஫), 㬥 -
       ⥪,  㤠   뢠 ணࠬ.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 182 =

          ࡮ ᥬ ᥣ ॠ    砫    襭
     楤    䥪⨢ 権 ⥪饣 -
     ࠭ 몠  .

           楤 NOLANGUAGE ࡮ ᥬ      
     砫   襭.  ᫨  ⠪ 楤  ।
     㬥⮢  ⥪,   ᠬ   砫  -
     .

           饬  砥  楤   楤 ᫥騬
     ࠧ:



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 183 =

                           楤          . 10.1
     Ŀ
             ᨪ ࠭ ᪠      ++  ஫
     Ĵ
      冷  L-R   L-R    L-R     L-R     R-L   R-L   R-L  
      -                                                  
      ⮢                                                 
      (᫥                                                 
      --                                                
      ,                                                    
      ࠢ-                                                
      )                                                
     Ĵ
      - --楤-楤-뢠-- - 
     頥 ⥪                 ﳢ
     (뢠-                             ண-  ண- ண- 
                                      ࠬ  ࠬ ࠬ 
     ணࠬ                                               
      -                                                
     楤)                                                 
     

          L-R - ᫥-ࠢ, R-L - ࠢ-.

           祭  䠩 ⨭  砫    襭  
      ᯮ짮  ࠬ  ப /la.   
      㢨 ࠧ  몠.

                ਬ砭:  ஡ ଠ     
            13.

                        䨪 몠
     

          䨪 몠 㪠뢠 ᮮ ࡮  ᥬ, 
      楤  㦭   ᯥ樠  砫  襭,
     ࣠騩 䥩  Windows    ஬  ૥  VROOM.
     ⮡  䨪 ᯮ짮, 㪠  । 몮 -
     楤  ४⨢      楤. ⨬묨
     䨪ࠬ  䨪 NORMAL,  WINDOWS,  ODDNEAR 
     ODDFAR.

          ஬ ⮣,    ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 -
     䨪 몠  ⢥ ࠬ ४⨢ MODEL.  ᫨ ᯮ-
     㥬  㬮砭 䨪 몠 ,   -
     ,     䨪 몠,  ᯮ짮
     ᮣ襭,   㬮砭.

                ਬ砭: ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠    
           7.

          ⮡   䨪  몠    ⭮ 楤,
      䨪 몠   楤. ਬ:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 184 =


          .
          .
          .
          sample PROC WINDOWS PASCAL FAR
          ENDP
          .
          .
          .
          ᫨    䨪 몠,  ࡮  ᥬ  -
      䨪 몠,     MODEL. ᫨ -
     ४⨢ MODEL ,   ᫨  䨪 NORMAL, 
     ࡮  ᥬ  㤥 ᯮ짮 ⠭  砫  -
     襭.

          ᫨  ࠫ 䨪 몠 WINDOWS,  ࡮  ᥬ
       砫  襭, 騩  롨 -
     楤  Windows. ࡮ ᥬ  ᯥ樠  -
     砫  襭 ⮫쪮  楤 FAR WINDOWS.  Windows 
       맢 楤 NEAR,  ⮬ ᯥ樠  砫
      襭    ॡ. 楤, 뢠 Windows,
     筮 ᯮ  ᮣ襭    맮,  ਭ     ᪠
     (PASCAL). ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          Winoproc PROC WINDOWS PASCAL FAR
          ARG __hwnd:WORD, __mess:WORD, __wparam:WORD, __lparam:DWORD
               ; ⥫ 楤
          ENDP
          .
          .
          .

                ਬ砭: ஡  楤 Windows  -
             㬥樨  Windows.

          䨪 몠  ODDNEAR  ODDFAR ᯮ  -
      ૥ VROOM.  VROOM   ० 権:  oddnear 
     oddfar. ⮡ 㢨  砫  襭,   ஦
      䨪,   ᯮ짮 ࠬ  -
      /la.

               । 㬥⮢   ६
     

          ࡮ ᥬ । 㬥 楤ࠬ 몠 ᮪
     ஢   ⥪,   㬥  ⥪ । 맮 -
     楤.   楤 몠 ॡ 㬥,  뢠-
        ⥪.   楤 頥 ࠢ,   
     㤠 㬥  ⥪ (ᮣ襭  맮  ᪠),  
     ।,    㬥 㤠  ⥪ 뢠饩 ண-

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 185 =

     ࠬ (ᮣ襭  맮 몠 ).

           ᠭ 楤 ।    楤  १  
     ⥪ 㬥  ४⨢ ARG. 㬥  ७-
      ।⠢   ⥫ ᬥ饭   ॣ஢  BP
      EBP.

          몮 ᮣ襭  楤  ।,   㬥
       ⥪  אַ  ⭮ 浪.  ᯨ᪥ 㬥-
     ⮢ ४⨢ ARG 㬥 㦭 㪠뢠  ⮬ 浪,   -
     ஬  㪠뢠   ᠭ  楤    몥  ᮪
     ஢.

          ४⨢ LOCAL    ᠭ  楤    ⥪
     ६,   楤.  㬥   ७
     ।⠢     ⥫  ᬥ饭  ॣ BP 
     EBP.

          뤥 ࠭⢮   ६    ⥪
        祭  楤  樠樨, ᬥ-
     饣  㪠⥫ ⥪  㦭 稭.  襭 -
     楤  뢠  譥 ࠭⢮, ⠭
     㪠⥫ ⥪. ( 楤 稭  몮 ᮣ-
     襭, ⫨   NOLANGUAGE,  ࡮ ᥬ ⮬᪨
        襭.)

          㦭   ⮬,   ࡮ ᥬ ।,  
     楤, ᯮ 㬥  ⥪, ᮤন ᮮ⢥-
     騩  樠樨,  ⠭騩 ॣ BP    EBP.
     ( 楤 稭  몮 ᮣ襭, ⫨
      NOLANGUAGE,  ࡮ ᥬ ⮬᪨   
     襭.)   ᫨  楤 ᯮ 몮 ᮣ襭
     NOLANGUAGE,  㬥    ६ 楤
        ४⨢ ARG  LOCAL.    ⮬ 砥  砫
     ( 樠樨)  襭 ⮬᪨  .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 186 =

                     ⠪ ४⨢ ARG  LOCAL
     

          ਢ ᨭ⠪  । । 楤 -
     ⮢:

          ARG 㬥 [,㬥] ... [=䨪]
              [RETURNS 㬥] [,㬥]]

           ।   ६ 楤 ᯮ
     ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          LOCAL 㬥 [,㬥] ... [=䨪]

          ⤥ 㬥  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          _㬥 [[ࠦ_稪_1]]
                     [: ᫮_⨯ [:ࠦ_稪_2]]

      "᫮_⨯" -  ⨯  㬥.     
      ⨯,   ᫮ ࠦ-㪠⥫.  ஡  
     ᨭ⠪ ᫮ ⨯ ᪠뢠    5.

          ᫨     "᫮_⨯", ࡮ ᥬ ।-
      WORD.   롮 32-ࠧ來      ।
     DWORD.

          "ࠦ_稪_2" , ᪮쪮 ⮢  ⨯
     । 㬥. ਬ,  । 㬥:

          ARG tmp:DWORD:4

     । 㬥    "tmp",  騩    4  
     ᫮.

           㬮砭  "ࠦ_稪_2"   祭 1 (஬
     㬥⮢ ⨯ BYTE.         ⥪ -
      祭,  㬥⮢ ⨯ BYTE 祭 稪  㬮-
     砭 ࠢ 2,   ᯥ稢    ⥪ ࠧ   ᫮.
      ᮣ  몠 ᮪ ஢,  
     ।  ⢥ ࠬ஢ ᨬ ६. ᫨ 
     ⢨⥫쭮   㬥,     ⥪, -
       ࠧ । 祭   "ࠦ_稪_2",
     ࠢ 1. ਬ:

          ARG realbyte:BYTE:1

          "ࠦ_稪_1" ।⠢   ᮡ  ᫮  ⮢
     ᨢ. 饥 ࠭⢮, १ࢨ㥬  㬥  ⥪,
     ࠢ ந "ࠦ_稪_2"  ,  
     "⨯_㬥"   "ࠦ_稪_1". ᫨  "ࠦ_
     稪_1"   ,    㬮砭  ࠢ 1.  饥 ᫮
     㬥⮢  ந "ࠦ"_稪_1"  "ࠦ-

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 187 =

     _稪_2".

          ᫨   蠥 ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢ ᨬ ࠢ⢠ (=)
      䨪஬,   ࡮ ᥬ  㤥  ࠢ  
     䨪   饬 ࠧ  㬥⮢ ( ). ᫨
       ᯮ ⮬᪮ ᯮ짮  ᮣ襭 몮
     ᮪ ஢  ࡮ ᥬ,   ᯮ짮 
     祭   楤  ⢥ 㬥  樨  RET.
     ⨬,     뢠  ⥪   ᥭ 㤠
     । ⮬ 㬥⮢ ( ᮣ襭  맮,  ਭ 
     ᪠).

          㬥  ६ ।  楤  ࠭
       ⭮⥫쭮 BP.  । 㬥, । 
      ४⨢ ARG,   ⥫쭮 ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮
     BP.  ६, ।   ४⨢ LOCAL,
      ⥫쭮 ᬥ饭  BP. ਢ ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          func1 PROC NEAR
          ARG a:WORD,b:WORD:4,c:BYTE=d
          LOCAL x:DWORD,y=WORD:2=z
          .
          .
          .

           a   ।,    [bp+4],  b  ।,  
     [bp+6],  c ।,   [bp+14],   d -   20.  x  -  
     [bp-2], y - [bp-6],  z - 8.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 188 =

          ⢨ 㬥⮢    ६
     

          ᫨         ।騩 䨪ᮬ
     쭮 䨪,    㬥,    
     楤, ।     ४⨢ ARG  (।-
      㬥),  RETURN  (頥  㬥)  LOCAL (-
      ६)    ⢨.

          䨪  쭮  ⢨ ࠧ蠥 ४-
     ⨢ LOCALS. ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          LOCALS
          test1 PROC PASCAL FAR
          ARG @a:WORD,@d:WORD,@c:BYTE
          LOCAL @x:WORD,@y:DWORD
             MOV ax,@a
             MOV @x,ax
             LES di,@b
             MOV WORD ptr @y,di
             MOV WORD ptr @y+2,es
             MOV @c,'a'
             RET
          ENDP

          test2 PROC PASCAL FAR
          ARG @a:DWORD,@b:BYTE
          LOCAL @x:WORD
             LES di,@a
             MOV ax,es:[di]
             MOV @x,ax
             CMP a1,@b
             jz @dn
             MVO @x,0
          @dn: MOV ax,@x
             RET
          ENDP
          .
          .
          .

                ਬ砭:   ࠢ  ⢨ -
           ஢ ஡ ᪠뢠   11.

          ᪮   ਬ ᯮ ६ 쭮
      ⢨,     ⮫쪮   ⥫  楤.
      ࠧ,    test2  ᭮ ᯮ짮  @a,  @b 
     @x.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 189 =

                          ࠭ ॣ஢
     

          設⢮ 몮 ᮪ ஢ ॡ, ⮡ 뢠
     楤 ࠭﫨 । ॣ.   ᤥ, -
          ⥪    砫 楤    ⥪  
     楤.

          ࡮ ᥬ   ⮬᪨  ஢    
     ࠭  ⠭  ॣ஢,   砥 
      砫  襭.   ॣ  㪠   
     USES,   ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          USES  [,] ...

      ""   ॣ஬  騬   ᥬ
     ⮬ ,        ⥪. 
      楤 ᪠ ᯮ짮     8  ⮢.
     ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          myproc PROC PASCAL NEAR
          ARG @source:DWORD,@dest:DWORD,@count:WORD
          USES cx,si,di,foo
              MOV cx,@count
              MOV foo,@count
              LES di,@dest
              LDS si,@source
              REP MOVSB
          ENDP
          .
          .
          .

           ࠭ ॣ஢  몠   ᪠  ஡
     㧭   18  19.

           USES  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮      楤,
      ᯮ 몮 ᮣ襭, ⫨  NOLANGUAGE.

               楤  ࠢ  ⢨
     

             뢠  楤  ,   -
     楤    ⢨, ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          test1 PROC FAR
             ;  楤

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 190 =

             CALL test2
             ;  楤
             RET
          test2 PROC NEAR
             ;  楤
             RET   ;  
          test2 ENDP
          test1 ENDP
          .
          .
          .

            ਬ  墠뢠饩 楤    뢠
     test1  test2.

          ᫨      楤, ᯮ
       쭮  ⢨, ਬ:

          .
          .
          .
          LOCALS
          test1 PROC FAR        ;  楤
             RET
          @test2 PROC NEAR      ;  楤
             RET
          @test2 ENDP
          test1 ENDP
          .
          .
          .

                ਬ砭: ४⨢ LOCALS  ࠧ蠥 䨪
            쭮  ⢨.  ஡  ⮬ ᪠-
              11.

              楤 test1     ⮫쪮
      楤 @test2.  ᪨,  ᫨   室   
     ⮩   楤   ⢮ ᪮쪮 楤  
     @test2. ਬ, ⨬ ᫥饥:

          .
          .
          .
          LOCALS
          test1 PROC FAR
             MOV si, OFFSET Buffer
             CALL @test2
             RET
          @test2 PROC NEAR           ;  
             RET
          @test2 ENDP


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 191 =

          test2 PROC FAR
             MOV si,OFFSET Buffer2
             CALL @test2
             RET
          @test2 PROC NEAR          ;  
             RET
          @test2 ENDP
          test2 ENDP
          .
          .
          .

          騩  ⨬:

          .
          .
          .
          lOCALS
          test1 PROC FAR
             MOV si,OFFSET Buffer
             CALL @test2
             RET
          test1 ENDP

          @test2 PROC NEAR
             ;  楤
             RET
          @test2 ENDP
          .
          .
          .

     ⠪  맮 @test2   䨪  楤
     test1,  ⠪ 䨪஢  .

                ᠭ 楤 ⮤  ꥪ⮢
     

           ᮧ 楤 ⮤  ꥪ⮢ ਬ -
      ᯥ樠 ᮣ襭.  楤 ⮤ ꥪ⮢  
           㯠  ꥪ,  
       ࠡ.   ࠧ,  ⢥ ࠬ -
       ᯮ짮 㪠⥫  ꥪ.

          ࡮ ᥬ    ꥪ  筮  
      ᯮ짮  । 㬥⮢ 楤ࠬ ⮤
     ࠧࠧ  ᮣ襭.    ᮣ襭 ࠭稢 ⮫쪮
     室 ⢮    ꥪ⠬,  ᮧ묨  
     몥 ᮪ ஢.

          ᫨     楤 ⮤ ꥪ  ᠬ 몥 -
     ᥬ,      ᯮ짮  ᮣ襭,
      ஬  㬥  । १ ॣ.   ⮬ 砥

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 192 =

      ᫥  楤 ⮤,  ਭ  㪠⥫
      ꥪ  ॣ   ॣ஢ ES:DI).

          ᫨   楤 ⮤,  ᯮ ᮣ-
       䥩 몠  ᮪  ஢,    楤  
     ਭ 㪠⥫  ꥪ    㬥⮢.  ⥫
     ꥪ, ।  ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ 몮 ᮪
     ஢ (⠪  ++),  ।⠢ ᮡ  㬥, -
     頥  砫 ᯨ᪠ 㬥⮢. 楤 ⮤, ᠭ
      몥  ᥬ,        ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢
     㪠⥫ ꥪ.   ⨢ 砥    ।-
      १.  㦭  ,    ᨬ  ⮣,
       ꥪ  (NEAR)   쭨  (FAR),  㪠⥫
       稭 WORD  DWORD.

              몥 ᥬ   -
     ,   㣨 ᫮.  ⮡ 㪠,  -
            믮 । ⢨,
     ++ ᯮ (  ⥫⢠)  ᯮ 㣨
      㬥.

                ਬ砭:  ᯮ㥬  ++ ᮣ襭  맮-
            ᪠뢠   18.

          ࠬ, ᠭ  몥 ᥬ,  易⥫-
      ॡ । 㪠⥫  ꥪ.  ᫨ ꥪ 
      । ᪨,   ꥪ ᥣ 㤥
     뤥   ꥪ   ᪨ ।塞 -
     .




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 193 =

            11. ࠢ  ⢨ 䨪஢
     

           ࡮ ᥬ  設⢥ 㣨 몮  ணࠬ-
      䨪  ᨬ  ⮣,   室  -
     㫥,       ࠧ   祭.   ਬ,    
     䨪        祭  ᥬ 㫥,
      㣨 । ⮫쪮  ⭮ 楤.

            ⢨   ப,    ஬
     䨪   । 祭.   ࠧࠡ⪨ ண-
     ࠬ, ᯮ ਭ樯 쭮 ணࠬ஢, ࠢ-
          ⢨ 䨪   -
     . ࠢ    ⢨   䨪,      
     ࠢ  ᯮ짮. ஬ ⮣, ࠢ 롮 -
      ⢨ 䨪  ࠭  ஡, 騥
      ⭮ । 䨪    ⥬  -
     .

                     ८।塞 䨪
     

           ⨯  䨪஢,   ন ࡮
     ᥬ, ᬠਢ   ८।塞.    砥,
              ८। 䨪
      ⨯ 㣨 䨪஬  ⨯. ⨬ ᢮⢮,
     ਬ,  ᫮ 䨪:

          foo     = 1
               mov ax,foo         ;  1  AX
          foo    = 2
               mov ax,foo         ;   AX 2

           饬 砥   ⢨    ८।塞
     䨪 稭   窥  ।  த
      ⮣ ,   ஬  ८।.    ⢨
     ᫥ ८। 䨪 砥  ᥡ 
      砫   ࢮ । 䨪. ਬ:

             mov ax,foo         ;  2  AX!
          foo  = 1
             mov ax,foo         ;  1  AX
          foo  = 2              ;  ।  
                                ; 砫 ...
             mov ax,foo         ;  2  AX

           ८।塞  䨪஢ ᫥  ᫥-
     饬 ᯨ᪥:

          - ⥪⮢ ப;

          - ᫮ ࠦ;


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 194 =

          - ப  ᪮쪨 ப;

          - /ꥤ;

          - ⠡;

          - ;

          - ᫥.

                ਬ砭:  ⮬ ஡ ᪠뢠    
           5.

                      ⢨  ࠭ 
     

          ࠭祭  ⢨ ࠭栬   -
     䨪   ⢨,  ᮮ⢥ 楤 
     㭪樨. ࡮ ᥬ ন  ⨯  ⢨ 
     ࠭ :  ⨫ MASM   ⨫ ᠬ ࡮ ᥬ.



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 195 =

                       ४⨢ LOCALS  NOLOCALS
     

          ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ  ᨬ , ᮥ-
       䨪ࠬ   䨪  ।騩,  -
     䨪  楤    ⢨.  䨪
     쭮 䨪  砥    @@.   ࠧ襭
     䨪஢,     ⢨,    -
     짮 ४⨢ LOCALS.  ᨭ⠪  ᫥騩 :

          LOCALS [䨪_䨪]

          易⥫쭮   "䨪_䨪" ᮤন -
     䨪 (ࠧ஬   ᨬ),  ࡮ ᥬ 㤥
     ᯮ짮  ⢥ 䨪 쭮 䨪.  -
     ਬ:

          LOCALS          ;  㬮砭 ࠧ㬥 ᯮ짮
                          ;  ⢥ 䨪 @@
          foo proc
          @@a:     jmp @@a ;  䨪 @@a ⭮ 
                         ; 楤 FOO
          foo endp

          bar proc
          @@a:    jmp @@a ;  䨪 @@a ⭮  -
                          ; 楤 BAR
          bar endp

          ᫨    䨪  쭮 
     ⢨,  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ NOLOCALS.   ᫥-
     騩 ᨭ⠪:

          NOLOCALS

          ⨬,     ᯮ짮  䨪    -
      ⢨  ࠭   楤.   ⮬ 砥 -
      ⢨ 䨪 । ⪠,  묨  
       ,       䨪ࠬ  -
      ⢨  ࠭ . ਬ:

          foo:            ; 砫  ⢨
          @@a:            ; ⭮   ⢨, 稭饩
                          ; FOO:
          @@b = 1         ; ⭮   ⢨, 稭饩
                          ; FOO:
          BAR:            ; 砫  ⢨
          @@a = 2         ; ⭮   ⢨, 稭饩
                          ; BAR:

                 ⢨  ࠭   MASM
     
           MASM ᨩ 5.1  5.2 ⪨ NEAR,  ।   

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 196 =

     ४⨢  (:),  ᫨  室  楤,   ᫨
      ࠫ  ४⨢  MODEL  ᮣ襭  몠,    
     ⢨  ࠭ .    䨪  
     묨 䨪ࠬ,  騬  ⢨    ࠭
     :     ணࠬ   ।  ,  祬
       . ਬ:

          varsion m510
          model small,c

          codeseg

          foo proc
          a: jmp a       ; ⭮  楤 FOO
          foo endp

          bar proc
          a: jmp a      ; ⭮  楤 BAR
          bar endp

          a = 1        ; ⨬!

                       ⪨  ⨫ MASM
     

           MASM 5.1  5.2 ।ᬮ७  ᯥ樠  䨪,
          ᯮ짮  ࠢ  ⢨
      ⮪  讬  ப.  䨪 @@,
     @F  @B.

            뢠 @@,   , ᯮ -
     稥 (:),  । 㭨 䨪  @@xxxx (
     xxxx -    ⭠筮 ᫮).  @B 뫠  ᫥
     । ⠪ ࠧ 䨪. @F 뫠  ᫥-
     騩 䨪  । ⠪ . ਬ:

          version m510
          @@:
             jmp @B         ; ३  ।騩 䨪 @@
             jmp @F         ; ३  ᫥騩 䨪 @@
          @@:
             jmp @B         ; ३  ।騩 䨪 @@
             jmp @F         ; 訡:  ᫥饣 @@




     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 197 =

                     12. । 
     

          ४⨢ ।  ᯮ  뤥 
       ᥣ.    ⠪ ᯮ짮    
      砫묨 묨  । ६ .

           ४⨢  ।         騥
     ।⢠.         ஢ 樠஢
       १ࢨ஢   樠஢ . 
     樠஢  । ஥ 砫쭮 -
     . 樠஢  ।   砫-
      祭 (,    砫쭮 祭  -
     ।).  ४⨢ ।  樠஢
      㪠뢠   ᨬ ?.   祥  ।-
     ⠢ 祭 樠஢ .   ⮬,    ᫥
     ࠧ 樠஢  樠஢ , -
     뢠   7.

          㣨 ।⢮,  ஥ ਬ      ४⨢
     । ,   ᯮ짮  㪠 -
        祢 ᫮ DUP.  ਢ  騩  ᨭ⠪
      ४⨢ । :

          [_४⨢ [ࠦ_dup [ࠦ_dup...]]

          ࡮ ᥬ  樠  "" ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡
      㪠뢠  १ࢨ㥬 ४⨢ .   -
     ६   䠪᪨ ᯮ㥬 ४⨢.

           "ࠦ_dup"   ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          - ?;

          - 祭;

          - ࠦ_稪 DUP( ࠦ_dup[,ࠦ_dup...]);

      "ࠦ_稪"  ,  ᪮쪮  ࠧ  㤥 
      .  "ࠦ_稪"     ⭮⥫  
      ०騥 뫪.

          ᫨    樠஢ , ᯮ-
      䨪 ?.  ꥬ १ࢨ㥬  栫஢-
          䠪᪨ ᯮ㥬 ४⨢.

          "祭" ।祭  䠪᪮ ᠭ ⤥쭮-
             ४⨢.    ४⨢
      祭   祭 ᫮  ᮤঠ   -
     ⮢, 㣨  ॡ ⮫쪮 ⮣ ࠦ.

           ᫥饬 ਬ ᯮ ४⨢ DW,  뤥-
      ᫮:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 198 =


          DW 2 DUP (3 DUP (1,3),5) ; ⭮ ४⨢
                                   ; DS 1,3,1,3,1,35,1,3,1,3,1,3,5

                   ४⨢ । 
     

            ।    ४⨢ DB,  DW,  DD,
     DQ, DF, DP  DT.    ᫥饩 ⠡,  ४-
      뤥   ࠧ筮 ࠧ:

        ४⨢ ।  ࠧ筮 ࠧ    12.1
     Ŀ
       ४⨢     祭                                      
     Ĵ
         DB          ।  ࠧ஬  .           
                                                                   
         DW          ।  ࠧ஬  ᫮.          
                                                                   
         DD          ।  ࠧ஬   ᫮.  
                                                                   
         DQ          ।  ࠧ஬  ⢥୮ ᫮.
                                                                   
         DF          ।  ࠧ஬  6  (48--
                      쭨 㪠⥫  80386).      
                                                                   
         DP          ।  ࠧ஬  6  (48--
                      쭨 㪠⥫  80386).      
                                                                   
         DT          ।  ࠧ஬  10 .        
     

          ⠪  "祭"     ४⨢ ࠧ-
     砥  ᭮뢠   ।⠢ ⤥ -
     稭    । ࠧ  (ਬ,  ⮢
       ஢,  ᫮  饩 窮).

           ४⨢ DB ()   ᫥騥 祭:

          - ࠦ-⠭,   祭    -128
             255 (      -128  +127; -
             ⮢ 祭    0  255).

          - 8-⮢ ⭮⥫쭮 ࠦ,  ᯮ饥  樨
            HIGH  LOW.

          -   ப  1   ᨬ  ᯮ짮
            ⠭⭮ ଠ 祭  窨 ப.   ⮬
            砥  ।  ᪮쪮 ,     
            ᨬ ப.

          祭ﬨ ४⨢ DW (᫮)  :


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 199 =

          - ࠦ-⠭    -32768   65535 (᫮
                 -32768  32767,  ᫮-
                0  65535).

          - ⭮⥫쭮  ࠦ,  饥  16      
            ( ᬥ饭  16-⮢ ᥣ,  ᥣ  -
            祭 㯯).

          - -  塠⮢ ப  ⠭⭮ ଠ (-
            , 祭  窨).

          祭ﬨ ४⨢ DD ( ᫮)  :

          - ࠦ-⠭            -2147483648  
            4294967295 ( 롮  80386)    -32768 
            65535  ⨢ 砥.

          - ⭮⥫쭮 ᭮ ࠦ, 饥  16-⮢
            ᥣ  16-⮢ ᬥ饭.

          - ப   4 ᨬ  ⠭⭮ ଠ (ப,
            祭  窨).

          祭ﬨ ४⨢ DQ (⢥୮ ᫮)  :

          - ࠦ-⠭            -2147483648  
            4294967295 ( 롮  80386)    -32768 
            65535  ⨢ 砥.

          - ⭮⥫쭮  ᭮ ࠦ,  饥  32 
              ( 롮  80386)  16    
             (  㣨 ஢).

          - ⥫쭠  ⥫쭠 ⠭,   -
                -2  63 ⥯   2    ⥯  63-1
            (⢥୮ ᫮        2  63 ⥯
             2  ⥯ 63-1,   ⢥୮ ᫮  -
              0  2  ⥯ 64-1).

          - ப   8   ⠭⭮ ଠ (ப, -
            祭  窨).

          祭ﬨ ४⨢ DF  DP  (48-⮢  쭨  㪠⥫
      80386)  :

          - ࠦ-⠭            -2147483648  
            4294967295 ( 롮  80386)    -32768 
            65535  ⨢ 砥.

          - ⭮⥫쭮  ᭮ ࠦ,  饥  32 
              ( 롮  80386)  16    
             (  㣨 ஢).


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 200 =

          - ⭮⥫쭮 ᭮ ࠦ, 饥  16-⮢
            ᥣ  16-⮢ ᬥ饭.

          - ⥫쭠  ⥫쭠 ⠭,   -
                -2  47 ⥯  2  ⥯ 48-1 (6-
            ⮢ 祭      2   47 ⥯
             2  ⥯ 47-1,  6-⮢ 祭  -
              0  2  ⥯ 48-1).

          - ப   6   ⠭⭮ ଠ (ப, -
            祭  窨).

          祭ﬨ ४⨢ DT  :

          - ࠦ-⠭            -2147483648  
            4294967295 ( 롮  80386)    -32768 
            65535  ⨢ 砥.

          - ⭮⥫쭮  ᭮ ࠦ,  饥  32 
              ( 롮  80386)  16    
             (  㣨 ஢).

          - ⭮⥫쭮 ᭮ ࠦ, 饥  16-⮢
            ᥣ  16-⮢ ᬥ饭.

          - ⥫쭠  ⥫쭠 ⠭,   -
                -2  79 ⥯  2  ⥯ 80-1 (10
            -⮢ 祭      2  79 ⥯
             2  ⥯ 79-1,   10-⮢  祭  
              0  2  ⥯ 80-1).

          - ப   10    ⠭⭮  ଠ  (ப,
            祭  窨).

          -  筠 ⠭,   祭  -
              0  99999999999999999999.

                 ਬ砭:  ࠭       襥
            祭 ᥣ 뢠 । 訬 祭.

             ᫮  ப ⠭   ४-
     ⨢ ।      ⫨    ,  
       ⠭ ࠦ ࡮  ᥬ. ਬ,
     ४⨢  DB,  DP,  DT    DQ ਭ 祭  窨
     ப,      , 祬 ப, ਭ-
       ࠦ.

          祭   窨  ப 뤥 묨 (') 
     묨 (") 窠.  ப  ࠭⥫ 㪠뢠,
       ᨬ-࠭⥫    ப,  -
     :

          'what''s up doc?'

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 201 =


     ।⠢ ᫥騥 ᨬ:

          what's up doc?

           ⢥ 祭  ४⨢ DD, DQ  DT  㪠뢠
     ᫠  饩 窮. ਢ  ਬ ⠪ ᥫ:

          1.0E30                ; 砥 1.0x10^30
          2.56E-21              ; 砥 2.5610^E-21
          1.28E+5               ; 砥 1.2810^+5
          0.025                 ; 砥 .025

          ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ   ᫠    饩  窮,
     ᪮  ᮤঠ ᫥ 砫쭮  ᨬ 窨.  MASM
      ࠢ   ᫠, ਬ:

          DD 1E30       ; ⨬ 祭  饩 窮 
                        ; ० MASM
          DD .123       ; ⨬ ⮫쪮  ० MASM

                ਬ砭:   ᭮  ४㥬 ᥣ ᯮ-
            砫    .

          ࡮ ᥬ  ᪠  ⠪ 㪠뢠  ४⨢ DD,
     DQ  DT ஢ ⢥ ᫠.  ஢ ⢥-
      ᫮ -  ⭠筮 ᫮ 筮 । .
     䨪 R 㪠뢠,   ᫮ 㤥 ஢,  -
     ஢ ⢥ ᫮.   ᫠   -
     㥬  (  ,  ᫨ 砫쭮 ன   0.
     ਬ:

          DD  12345678r        ; ⨬ ᫮
          DD  012345678r       ; ⨬ ᫮
          DD  1234567r         ; ⨬ ᫮ (᫨誮
                               ; ⪮)

          㣨 祭 䨪ᮢ (D,  H, O, B)  筮
     ⥬,  㪠뢠   ࠦ.

            ४⨢ ।  -
      㣨 ᫮ ⠭ ᮡ ࠧ. ਬ, ᫨  
      ᭮  祭  ४⨢ DT,  ࡮ ᥬ
     ᯮ 筮-筮 ।⠢ (BCD).  㣨 ४-
     ⨢ । 筮 祭:

          DD 1234            ; 筮
          DT 1234            ; BCD

          ᫨ 祭  ।⠢  ᮡ  ⥫ 
     ⥫ ⠭, ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ᭮ (-
       ४⨢ RADIX)  ਬ  ४⨢ DD,  DQ 
     DT. ਬ:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 202 =


          RADIX 16
          DW 1234           ; ⭠筮 祭 1234
          DD 1234           ; 筮 祭 1234

                ਬ砭: ᫮ ⠭  ४⨢ RADIX  -
           ஡ 뢠   5.

                  ꥤ
     

          ⮡ ᮧ  ⨯ ,  ।⠢饣  ᮡ
       ꥤ, ᯮ  ⢥ ४⨢ -
           ꥤ.  ।, -
     ਬ,   । ᫥饥:

          ASTRUC STRUC
          B   DB "xyz"
          C   DW 1
          D   DD 2
          ASTRUC ENDS

          BUNION UNION
          X   DW  ?
          Y   DD  ?
          Z   DB  ?
          BUNION ENDS

           :

          ATEST          ASTRUC         ?
          BTEST          BUNUION        ?

      ᮧ   astruc (। ६
     atest)   ꥤ  bunion (। ६ btest).  -
       ਬ 㪠뢠 祭 樠஢ 
     ?,  砫   ⥪騩 ᥣ  .



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 203 =

           樠    ꥤ
     

          樠஢      ᪮쪮   
     ᫮, 祬 樠஢.   । ,
      㦭 । ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 砫쭮 祭
          .  ( ⢥ 砫쭮 祭 
     ᯮ짮 祢 ᫮ ?, ஥ 㪠뢠,  ⭮
     砫쭮 祭  ࠭  ᫥.)   ᮧ -
      ,   ᮧ  ᯮ짮 祭 
     㬮砭  ८।塞 祭. ⥩訩 樠-
        ᮤন    ।
     砫 祭. ਬ:

          ASTRUC {}

      ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DB "xyz"
          DW  1
          DD  2

           ᪮  ({}) ।⠢ 㫥 樠 
     . 祭-樠 ।,    (᫨
      )   砫 祭,  ᫥ -
     ८।,   묨 祭ﬨ,  ᫨  뤥 -
        .  樠   䨣 ᪮-
       ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

         { [_ = 祭 [,_...]] }

      "_" -       ꥤ,
      "祭" -   祭,  ஥   ᢮ -
        .  ⮡ 㪠 ࡮  ᥬ,  
       㦭 ᯮ짮 砫쭮 祭  ।
       ꥤ,   㫥 祭.  祭 ?
     뢠,    樠஢  㦭. ࡮ -
     ᥬ ᢠ ᥬ ⠬,   㪠뢠  -
     樠, 砫쭮 祭  ।   -
     , ਬ:

          ASTRUC {C=2,D=?}

     ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DB "xyz"
          DW  2
          DD  ?

            ᯮ짮 樠    䨣 ᪮
        祭      ꥤ,
      ᫨  室     ꥤ.


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 204 =

          ꥤ ⫨   ,  ᪮    
     ꥤ ४뢠   㣠.   ,   
     樠   ,  ᪮  ᫨  ᪮쪮
     ⮢ ४뢠  㣠, ࡮ ᥬ ᪠, -
         ⮫쪮    樠饥 -
     . ਬ:

          BUNION {}

     ⨬, ᪮       । ꥤ
      樠஢묨.   ⥭ ᫥-
     饬:

          BD  4  DUP (?)

             ਬ 4  १ࢨ஢,  ᪮ ࠧ
     ꥤ ࠢ ࠧ  襣  (  -
     砥 DWORD).  ᫨ 樠஢  ꥤ  -
      訬 ⮬ ꥤ,  ࡮ ᥬ ᯮ-
      ࠧ, १ࢨ ,    , ਬ:

          BUNION {Z=1}

     ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DB  1
          DB  3 DUP (?)

          , ᪮쪮 樠஢  ⮢ ꥤ
     ਢ  訡. 饥, ਬ,  ᪠:

          BUNION {X=1,Z=2}

          ⨬,   ᫨      ꥤ  -
     砫 祭    ।  ꥤ,    ᯮ짮
     ⮣ 樠     䨣 ᪮ ⠪ ਢ 
     訡. ⮡ ஢ ⨬  ,  樠
      ⠭ ⮫쪮  祭 ?.

          ୠ⨢ ⮤ 樠樨   ꥤ-
       ᯮ짮 樠    㣫  ᪮
     (<>). 祭  ⠪ 樠  묨, 
     ᯮ  ⮬  浪,    ᮮ⢥騥  
     ।    ꥤ.   ⮣ 樠
     ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          < [祭 [,祭...]] >

      "祭" ।⠢ 㦭 祭 ᮮ⢥饣 -
       ।    ꥤ.  ⮥  祭
     㪠뢠,   㤥 ᯮ짮 砫쭮 祭  -
        ꥤ.  祢 ᫮  ?  㪠뢠,
         樠஢. ਬ:

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 205 =


          ASTRUC <"ABC"',,?>

     ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DB "abc"
          DW  1
          DD  ?

          ᫨    祭, 祬  ⮢, -
      ᥬ  樠, ᯮ  ⠫ -
     ⮢ 砫 祭  ।    ꥤ-
     .

          ASTRUC <"ABC">        ;  ,  ASTRUC <"ABC",,>

             ᯮ  樠    㣫 ᪮,
     㤥 ᮡ   ࠬ   ꥤ. 
      ஢    ⠪ 樠 ॡ 㪠-
     뢠 ᢮  㣫 ᪮,   祬 ࡮  ᥬ
     㤥 ஢    樠  
      ꥤ  ⤥  (ᮢ饥  祭 
     ). ⠢ ᮮ⢥騥 㣫 ᪮  묨,  
       ய  樠  ஢  (
          ꥤ  ᯮ  祭  
     㬮砭,   ᯮ짮 祢 ᫮ ? ( 樠-
     ஢    ꥤ).  ᬮ, -
     ਬ, ᫥    ꥤ:

          CUNION               STRUC
          CTYPE                DB ?
             UNION             ; 砫 ꥤ

             ; ᫨ CTYPE = 0, ᯮ짮 ᫥饥...
             STRUC
          CT0PAR1             DW  1
          CT0PAR2             DW  2
             ENDS

             ; ᫨ CTYPE = 1, ᯮ짮 ᫥饥...
             STRUC
          CT1PAR1             DW  3
          CT1PAR2             DW  4
             ENDS

             ENDS             ;  ꥤ
          ENDS

          樠   ᪮      /ꥤ
       ஢ .     뢠
     ᮮ⢥饩 ன 㣫 ᪮  樠, ਬ:

          CUNION <0,<<2,>,?>>

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 206 =


           ४⨢ ⭠ ᫥饬:

          DB  0
          DW  2
          DB  2
          DB  2 DUP (?)



     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 207 =

                         
     

          ⮡ ᮧ   ⨯ ,  ᯮ 
      ⨯,  ४⨢ 뤥 . ਬ, ।-
     ,   । ᫥饥:

          MYREC RECORD VEL:3=4,MODE:2,SIZE:4=15

           :

          MTEST         MYREC  ?

     㤥 ᮧ      myrec  (।  ६
     mtest).   ਬ   ᥣ  ,  ⠪ 
      樠஢  (?).

             ᥣ    ࠧ   ,  ᫮ 
      ᫮,  ᨬ  ᫠ , 뤥  ।-
     .

                    樠 ஢ 
     

           ।         
     㦭  砫쭮 祭. (࡮ ᥬ ।,
         祭 ࠢ 0.)  ⥩訩  樠-
          ᮤন     ।
     砫쭮  , ਬ:

          MYREC {}

      ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DW (4 SHL 6) + (0 SHL 4) + (15 SHL 0)
              ; SHL -   ᤢ   ࠦ

           ᪮  ({})  ।⠢ 㫥 樠饥
     祭 .  祭 樠 ।,  砫-
      祭 㦭 ८।,     祭
      ॡ ८। (᫨  뤥      -
      ).

          樠   䨣 ᪮  ᫥騩 ᨭ-
     ⠪:

          { [_ = ࠦ [,_ = ࠦ...]] }

      "_" -    ,   "ࠦ" -  -
     , ஥     ।     .
     ⮥ 祭 㪠뢠,    㤥 ᯮ짮  砫쭮
     祭   । .  祭 ? ⭮ -
     . ࡮ ᥬ ⠭   ,   㪠-

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 208 =

     뢠  樠, 砫쭮 祭,   ।-
      . ਬ:

          MYREC {VEL=2,SZE=?}

     ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DW (2 SHL 6) + (0 SHL 4) + (0 SHL 0)

          ୠ⨢ ⮤  樠樨   ஢   
      ᯮ짮 㣫 ᪮ (<>).  ⮬ 砥 ᪮-
      ࠭稢 樠. 祭 樠 
     묨,   ᯮ   ⮬  浪,    ᮮ-
     騥   । .  樠 
     ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          <[ࠦ [,ࠦ...]]>

      "ࠦ" ।⠢ 㦭 祭  ᮮ⢥饩
       । .  ⮥ 祭 㪠뢠,    
     㤥 ᯮ짮  砫쭮  祭    । .
     祢 ᫮ ?  㪠뢠,        ࠢ  0.
     ਬ:

          MYREC <,2,?>

     ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DW (4 SHL 6) + (2 SHL 4) + (0 SHL 0)

          ᫨    祭, 祬    ,
     ࡮ ᥬ 蠥 , ᯮ  ⠢ -
      砫 祭  । .

          MYREC <1>                ;  ,  MYREC <1,,>

                 ᫨ ⨯
     

            ᫨ ⨯    ᮧ,  -
       ४⨢ ।    ᫨  ⨯
     . ।, ਬ,   । ᫥饥:

          ETYPE       ENUM FEE,FIE,FOO,FUM

           :

          ETEST       ETYPE ?

     㤥 ᮧ  ᫨ ⨯  ETYPE  (-
      ६ ETEST).    ਬ, ᪮  -
     祭 樠㥬  ?,  砫      ⥪饬
     ᥣ  .

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 209 =


           ᫨ ⨯  ᥣ ।⠢ -
      ,  ᫮   ᫮,  ᨬ  ᨬ쭮
     祭, ।⠢   ᫨ ⨯.

           樠  ᫨ ⨯ 
     

            ᯮ짮  ࠦ,  ᫥ -
     ண 砥 ᫮, 㬥饥   ᫨ -
      , ਬ:

          ETYPE ?               ; 樠஢ 
          ETYPE FOO             ; 樠஢ ,
                                ; 祭 FOO
          ETYPE 255             ; ᫮  ENUM ⠪ 室

                         ⠡
     

           ᮧ  ⠡ ᯮ   ⢥  -
     ४⨢ 뤥   ⠡.  ।, ਬ, 
      । ᫥ ⠡:

          TTYPE TABLE VIRTUAL MoveProc:WORD=MoveRtn,   \த...
               VIRTUAL MsgProc:DWORD=MsgRtn,           \த...
               VIRTUAL DoneProc:WORD=DoneRtn,

           :

          TTEST           TTYPE       ?

     ᮧ  ⠡ TTYPE (। ६  TTEST).  
      ਬ, ᪮  祭 樠㥬 -
      ?, 砫   ⥪饬 ᥣ  .

                    樠 ஢ ⠡
     

            । ⠡,  㦭  砫쭮 -
         ⮢.  ⥩訩 樠஢ -
      ⠡  ᮤন        । 砫
     , ਬ:

          TTYPE {}

      ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DW MoveRtn
          DD MsgRtn
          DW DoneRtn

           ᪮ ({}) ।⠢  㫥  樠饥

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 210 =

     祭.  祭 樠 ।,   (᫨
      )  砫쭮 祭, ஥ 㦭 ८।,
           祭  ॡ ८। 
     뤥    ⠡.

          樠   䨣 ᪮  ᫥騩 ᨭ-
     ⠪:

          {[_ = ࠦ [,_ = ࠦ...]]}

      "_"  -     ⠡,   "ࠦ" -
      祭,  ஥   ।    
     . ⮥ 祭 㪠뢠,   㤥 ᯮ짮
     砫쭮 祭   ।  ⠡.  祭  ?
     ⭮ . ࡮ ᥬ ⠭   -
     ⮢,   㪠뢠  樠, 砫쭮 祭,
       । ⠡. ਬ:

          TTYPE {MoveProc=MoveRtn2,DoneProc=?}

      ⭮ ᫥饬:

          DW MoveRtn2
          DD MsgRtn
          DW ?

        樠   ⨯ 
     

           ᮧ   ⨯  ᯮ
      ⢥ ४⨢ 뤥   ⨯. ।, -
     ਬ,   । ᫥騩 ⨯:

          NNTYPE TYPEDEF PTR BYTE

           :

          NNTEST           NTTYPE       ?

     ᮧ   ⨯ NTYPE  (।  ६
     NTTEST).    ਬ, ᪮  祭 樠-
     㥬  ?, 砫   ⥪饬 ᥣ  -
     .

          ᮡ 樠樨   ⨯  
     ⨯,    ⨯ ।⠢. ਬ, NTTYPE
      ।饬 ਬ -  ᫮,  ⮬  㤥 樠-
     ,  ᫨   ᫥騬 ࠧ  ᯮ짮  ४⨢
     DW:

          NTTYPE  1,2,3    ; ।⠢ 㪠⥫ 祭 1,2,3
          DW      1,2,3    ;  ,  NTTYPE 1,2,3


     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 211 =

          , ᫨  ⨯ ।⠢   ⠡-
     ,    㦭 樠஢ ⠪,   樠
       ⠡. ਬ:

          foo STRUC
          f1  DB ?
          ENDS
          bar TYPEDEF foo
              bar {f1=1}  ;   樠 

                         ꥪ
     

             ꥪ  樠஢  -
     樠஢ ᥣ   ᮢ    ᮧ
      .  ᪨,  ꥪ    ࡮  ᥬ
     ।⠢ ᮡ   묨 ७ﬨ.   
     ⠪ ७    @Mptr_<_ꥪ>.

          ꥪ ⨯    㠫묨 ⮤ -  -
     , ᮤঠ  , 㪠뢠騩    ⠡  㪠⥫
     㠫 ⮤.     @Mptr_<_
     ꥪ>. 筮 樠     ⮤.
     ,   ந ᪨ ꥪ,  騥 -
     ,  樠㥬   樠  ᥣ
     .

          ᫨   㪠뢠  ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 祭 -
      @Mptr_<_ꥪ>,   ࡮  ᥬ  㤥  ४⭮
     樠஢  ꥪ.

          㣨 ⫨稥   ꥪ⮢  ,  ꥪ
      ᫥   । । ꥪ. 
      ᫥  ࡮  ᥬ   ,  
      .   裡  ⨬  樠樨  ꥪ
       ४ ᯮ짮 㣫 ᪮ (<>).

           ⠡ 㠫 ⮤ ꥪ
     

            ꥪ, ᮤঠ饣 㠫 ⮤, -
      稥  㯭  ⠡ 㠫 ⮤.  ࠢ쭮
     ࠧ饭  ⠡ । ⢮  䠪஢, 
     ,   ணࠬ   ᯮ,    
     ⠡ NEAR  FAR  .. ࡮ ᥬ ॡ   ⮫쪮
     ࠧ饭  ⠡.   ᫥ । -
     ⮢   ᮧ,  ᯮ ᥢ TBLINST, -
       ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

          TBLINST

          TBLINST ।  ⢥  ⠡ 㠫 -
     ⮤ ꥪ @TableAddr_<_ꥪ>.   ⭮ ᫥-

     ࡮ ᥬ 3.0/tasm/#1-2                             = 212 =

     饬:

          @TableAddr_<_ꥪ> @TableAddr_<_ꥪ> {}

